Brill’s New Pauly
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Subject: Classical Studies
Edited by: Hubert Cancik and Helmuth Schneider (Antiquity) and Manfred Landfester (Classical Tradition).
English translation edited by Christine F. Salazar (Antiquity) and Francis G. Gentry (Classical Tradition)
Brill´s New Pauly is the English edition of the authoritative Der Neue Pauly, published by Verlag J.B. Metzler since 1996. The encyclopaedic coverage and high academic standard of the work, the interdisciplinary and contemporary approach and clear and accessible presentation have made the New Pauly the unrivalled modern reference work for the ancient world. The section on Antiquity of Brill´s New Pauly are devoted to Greco-Roman antiquity and cover more than two thousand years of history, ranging from the second millennium BC to early medieval Europe. Special emphasis is given to the interaction between Greco-Roman culture on the one hand, and Semitic, Celtic, Germanic, and Slavonic culture, and ancient Judaism, Christianity, and Islam on the other hand. The section on the Classical Tradition is uniquely concerned with the long and influential aftermath of antiquity and the process of continuous reinterpretation and revaluation of the ancient heritage, including the history of classical scholarship. Brill´s New Pauly presents the current state of traditional and new areas of research and brings together specialist knowledge from leading scholars from all over the world. Many entries are elucidated with maps and illustrations and the English edition will include updated bibliographic references.
Subscriptions: see brill.com
English translation edited by Christine F. Salazar (Antiquity) and Francis G. Gentry (Classical Tradition)
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Brill´s New Pauly is the English edition of the authoritative Der Neue Pauly, published by Verlag J.B. Metzler since 1996. The encyclopaedic coverage and high academic standard of the work, the interdisciplinary and contemporary approach and clear and accessible presentation have made the New Pauly the unrivalled modern reference work for the ancient world. The section on Antiquity of Brill´s New Pauly are devoted to Greco-Roman antiquity and cover more than two thousand years of history, ranging from the second millennium BC to early medieval Europe. Special emphasis is given to the interaction between Greco-Roman culture on the one hand, and Semitic, Celtic, Germanic, and Slavonic culture, and ancient Judaism, Christianity, and Islam on the other hand. The section on the Classical Tradition is uniquely concerned with the long and influential aftermath of antiquity and the process of continuous reinterpretation and revaluation of the ancient heritage, including the history of classical scholarship. Brill´s New Pauly presents the current state of traditional and new areas of research and brings together specialist knowledge from leading scholars from all over the world. Many entries are elucidated with maps and illustrations and the English edition will include updated bibliographic references.
Subscriptions: see brill.com
Actarius
(168 words)
[German version] (
actuarius.)
Actarius can apply to
acta and also to
actus (fast movement, transportation) and can therefore designate activities in various areas: 1. In private life,
actarius (=
actuarius) refers to the ‘fast scribe’, that is of court speeches or recitations (Suet. Iul. 55; Sen. Epist. 4,4,9; Tac. Ann. 5,4), and therefore also to the bookkeeper or accountant (Petron. Sat. 53,1). A. (=
actarius) refers to a record-keeper in private and imperial households (CIL VI 5 182; VI 6 244; VI 9 106 f.). 2. In military life,
actuarii are, since Septimius Severus, sometimes h…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Acta Sanctorum
(492 words)
[German version] Title of the collection of the entire Christian hagiographical corpus. 68 volumes ordered according to the calendar (1 Jan. - 10 Nov.), as well as several supplementary volumes, have been published in the Acta Sanctorum (AS) in Antwerp and Brussels since 1643. The term AS for genuine hagiographical sources ( Martyrs and Saints' lives ) is derived from the title while praise oratory and sermons are included among homiletics. Acts of the Martyrs were initially written beginning in …
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Actia
(269 words)
[German version] Augustus founded the penteteric Actia in commemoration of the decisive victory won by him over Marcus Antonius in the sea battle off Cape Actium on 2 September 31 BC (Str. 7,325; Suet. Aug. 18; Cass. Dio 41,1); they were probably celebrated for the first time on the anniversary of the battle in 27 BC [1.105-106] and elevated to the status of
periodos. Cited in many victory rolls during the Imperial Age, sometimes in the same breath as the Olympic and Pythian games [2.275]. They comprised a programme that included gymnastics, the arts (Stat.…
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Actio
(1,458 words)
[German version] [1] in rhetoric In Roman rhetoric
actio is used as a synonym for
pronuntiatio, and signifies the delivery aspect of a speech.
Actio is the last of five stages of the speech
( partes orationis/artis/rhetorices). The performance should work on the eyes as well as on the ears; thus the rules of
actio relate to register, rhythm and volume of the voice
(figura vocis), as well as to mimicry
(vultus), gesture
(gestus), and posture and movement (
motus corporis). Preoccupation with the theory of oratory began in the 5th cent. BC in the Attic democracy. Indications…
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Actis, ab
(116 words)
[German version] Someone occupied with the documentation and care of formal and formless administrative records (
acta ) of a public authority.
Ab a. coincides only partially with the designation
act(u)arius , who held a higher rank in public service (Cod. Iust. 2,7,26). The
optio ab a. (CIL VI 3884) is a military administrative official of the imperial era; the
ab a. senatus (also
curator actorum senatus), a senator with quaestorial rank, produced the senate records in the second and 3rd cents. AD; the
procurator ab a. urbis directed the office for the
acta diurna. Commentariis, a Eck,…
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Actisanes
(47 words)
[German version] According to Diod. Sic. 1,60, Ethiopian king who freed Egypt from the rule of one Amasis and founded Rhinocoloura (El-Arish) as a penal colony. Neither his historicity nor his chronological position are certain. Jansen-Winkeln, Karl (Berlin) Bibliography A. Burton, Diod. Sic., Book I, 1972, 180 f.
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Actium
(808 words)
[German version] (τὸ Ἄκτιον;
tò Áktion, Actium). Flat, sandy promontory (medieval: Punta) opposite the modern Preveza at the entrance to the Ambracian Gulf (Str. 10,2,7; [9]), in ancient times belonging to Anactorium; location of the decisive battle between Octavianus ( Augustus) and Antonius [9]. It was also the location of the sanctuary of Apollo Actius, founded by the Corinthian settlers of Anactorium in about 600 BC; its great age is confirmed by archaeological finds (kouroi of the early 6th c…
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Actor
(342 words)
[German version] I. Personal name (Ἄκτωρ). Frequent (informative) heroic name (‘Guide’), often given to secondary figures in mythological stories, e.g. to: [No German version] [1] the father of the Argonaut Menoetius, grandfather of Patroclus, from the Locrian Opus (Hom. Il. 11,785; 23,85), husband of Aegina (Pind. O. 9,69); [No German version] [2] the son of Deion of Phocis, brother of Cephalus (Apollod. 1,86); [No German version] [3] an Argonaut, son of Hippasus, (Hyg. Fab. 14,40); [No German version] [4] the earthly father of the Actorione. [No German version] [5] In the Peleu…
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Actorione
(240 words)
[German version] (Ἀκτορίωνε;
Aktoríōne, dual). Monstrous pair of Siamese twins (Hes. fr. 18 M-W τερατώδεις); with their two heads, four arms and legs, and merged bodies, the pair are extremely strong (Hes. fr. 17; 18). In the Iliad, Nestor boasts that he would have been able to kill the Actorione Molione, Cteatus and Eurytus, if their father Poseidon had not supported them (Il. 11,750-752). On another occasion they defeat Nestor in chariot racing (Il. 23,638). The genealogy is threefold: alongside …
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Actorius
(44 words)
[German version] A. Naso, M., author of a work about Caesar and his time. This work was obviously directed against Caesar, accused him of participating in the so-called first Catiline conspiracy and also contained gossip (Suet. Iul. 9,3; 52,1). Will, Wolfgang (Bonn)
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Acts of the Apostles
(235 words)
[German version] The title (πράξεις [τῶν] ἀποστόλων;
práxeis [tôn] apostólōn or
acta/actus apostolorum), which was first documented in the late 2nd cent., is almost certainly not its original. Paul is not really considered an apostle by the author. Acts is part of the Lukan historical corpus together with the Gospel designated as πρῶτος λόγος (
prôtos lógos) in 1.1. Repetitions and contradictions (e.g. Lk 24,50-53 and Acts 1,9-11) are explained as a
variatio. The structure of Acts is presented in 1,8: spread of the gospel by ‘witnesses’ and the ‘power of the Holy Gh…
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Actus
(559 words)
[German version] [1] Legal action An action, especially a legal action (Dig. 49,1,12) i. a. defining characteristic of
alienatio :
omnis a., per quem dominium transfertur, Cod. Iust. 5,23,1. Formal legal actions in accordance with the old
ius civile , e.g. the
mancipatio , are described as
acti legitimi. Any added condition renders them ineffective. Additionally,
actus can mean a utility (
servitus ), for example the right to drive draught animals and beasts of burden over a plot of land, including the right of way (
iter, Dig. 8,3,1pr.). This
actus is a
res mancipi, and is obtained i…
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Acumenus [of Athens]
(72 words)
[German version] (Ἀκουμενός;
Akoumenós) [of Athens] Doctor from the late 5th cent. BC. As father of the doctor Eryximachus, who was a friend of Socrates and Phaedrus, A. emerges briefly as a fictitious dialogue partner in Pl. Phdr. 268a and 269a, in order to emphasize the thesis that the art of medicine comprises more than merely knowledge, which has been gleaned from books and teachers. Nutton, Vivian (London)
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Acus
(128 words)
[German version] (Greek βελόνη (
belónē), also ῥαφίς (
rhaphís) or ἀβλεννής (
ablennḗs), Ath. 7,305d; 319cd; 8,355 f.). A saltwater fish that lives in a school (Aristot. Hist. an. 8(9),2,610 b 6) (Plin. HN 32,145), the pipefish [1. 9] of the syngnathus family or the garfish (Thompson and Jones in [1]) with an interesting spawning behaviour, i.e. the laying of large eggs in winter (Aristot. Hist. an. 5,11,543b11) by reversible bursting open of the abdomen (6,13,567b22-26; Plin. HN 9,166: reference to pouch of…
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Acusilaus
(277 words)
[German version] (Ἀκουσίλαος;
Akousílaos) from Argos. Lived at the end of the 6th and first half of 5th cent. BC, was according to Hecataeus of Miletus one of the first Greek prose writers and wrote in the Ionian dialect. He is traditionally regarded as belonging to the group of so-called
logographoi (a generic term used in Thuc. 1,21,1) ( Logographer) and, as far as we can determine, was primarily concerned with mythography. His Γενεαλογίαι or Ἱστορίαι comprised three books that, it seems, corresponded to the break-up into divine, heroic and …
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Acutia
(31 words)
[German version] Wife of P. Vitellius (died AD 31), was condemned in AD 37 for
lèse-majesté (Tac. Ann. 6,47,1). PIR2 A. 102. Kienast, Dietmar (Neu-Esting) Bibliography Raepsat-Charlier 1, no. 5.
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Acutius
(77 words)
[German version] [1] A., M. Tribunus plebis 401 BC
Tribunus plebis 401 BC (MRR 1, 84). Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) [German version] [2] A. Rufus Supporter of Pompeius supporter of Pompeius (Caes. B Civ. 3,83,2). Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) [German version] [3] A. Nerva, Q. Cos. suff. in AD 100
cos. suff. in AD 100, probably identical to the governor of Lower Germany in 101/102 (CIL XIII 7697; 7715 f.; FOst 45; PIR2 A 101 [1]). Eck, Werner (Cologne) Bibliography
1 Eck, 161 f.
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Acyphas
(89 words)
[German version] (Ἀκύφας;
Akýphas). Town of the Dorian Metropolis, also called Pindus, on the Pindus river above Erineus, possibly about 5 km west of Kastelli,
c. 3 km south of Oinochori near Ano Kastelli on the upper reaches of the Kananitis, where numerous traces of ancient settlements still exist (partly used as building material in a Frankish fortress), especially dating from the Hellenistic period (Str. 9,4,10. 5,10; Steph. Byz. s. v.; SEG 27,123,12. 39,476). Doris Funke, Peter (Münster) Bibliography D. Rousset, Les Doriens de la Métropole, in: BCH 113, 1989, 199-239.
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Ada
(124 words)
[German version] Younger daughter of Hecatomnus, ruled Caria with her brother and husband Idrieus, after his death (344/3 BC) alone under Persian suzerainty. Deposed by her brother Pixodarus, withdrew to the fortress Alinda, where she remained unmolested. When Alexander [4] reached Caria (324), she handed Alinda over to him and adopted him, which secured for him the sympathies of the Carian cities and put him in view of succession. She was recognized as the Queen of Caria and she commanded Ca…
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Adaeratio
(372 words)
[German version] In late antiquity the option existed of commuting service obligations, and especially fiscal services, with monetary payments (
adaeratio, Greek ἀπαργυρισμός;
apargyrismós, ἐξαργυρισμός;
exargyrismós; complementary term:
coemptio as forced sale at predetermined prices). After precursors in the taxation system of the Republic and the Principate (
aestimatio), in the reform framework of Diocletian and Constantine the
adaeratio became a procedure granted as a privilege or commanded in fulfilment of tax obligations, which were essentially …
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Adaeus
(272 words)
(Ἀδαῖος;
Adaîos). [German version] [1] Dynast in south-eastern Thrace, (middle of the 3rd cent. BC) Dynast in south-eastern Thrace, middle of the 3rd cent. BC, probably offspring of a Macedonian governor appointed by Philip II. He minted several emissions of bronze coins. Probably identical to A., who reigned in Cypsela (Athen. 11,468 f.) and A., who was executed by Ptolemaeus III (Pomp. Trog. prol. 27; SEG 34, 1984, 878). Peter, Ulrike (Berlin) Bibliography K. Buraselis, Das hell. Makedonien und die Ägäis, 1982, 122-123, 139. [German version] [2] Macedonian epigrammatist Maced…
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Adam
(322 words)
[German version] The early Jewish and rabbinic traditions of A., the first man whom God created from the dust of the Earth (Hebr.
adama) and gave the breath of life (see the Yahwistic account of creation), mainly revolved around the original sin. Early Jewish writing emphasized A.'s original glory (Wisdom 10,1 f.; Sir 49,16; 4 Ezra 6,53 f.) and beauty (Op 136-142; 145-150; Virt 203-205), occasionally even describing him as an angel (slHen 30,11 f.). However, his sin brought death to his descendants (4 Ezra 3,7,21; 7,…
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Adamantius
(110 words)
[German version] [1] Doctor Doctor and iatrosophist, who as Jew was expelled from Alexandria in
c. AD 412, converted to Christianity in Constantinople and returned to Alexandria. Author of an abridged version of the Physiognomy of Polemon of Laodicea, (ed. R. Förster 1893). Some prescriptions, which are ascribed to him, are handed down by Oribasius (Syn. ad Eustathium 2,58-59; 3,24-25; 9,57). He is probably not the author of the treatise ‘About the Winds’, Ed. V. Rose 1864), which refers to Peripatetic meteorology and apparently dates from the 3rd cent. AD. …
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Adamas
(93 words)
(Ἀδάμας;
Adámas). [German version] [1] Thracian (4th cent. BC) Thracian, who in the 370s BC seceded from Cotys (Aristot. Pol. 5,10,1311b). The identification with A. in IG XII 5,245 is doubtful (SEG 34, 1984, 856). Peter, Ulrike (Berlin) [German version] [2] River of India on the Gulf of Bengal A river of India on the Gulf of Bengal mentioned only in Ptol. 7,1,17; 41, identical with the current Subarna rekha. The name means ‘River of Diamonds’. Inland, to this day the diamond mines of Chota Nagpur are known. Renger, Johannes (Berlin)
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Adamclisi
(187 words)
[German version] ‘Church of Men’ (Turkish), the ancient
Tropaeum Traiani in Moesia inferior or Scythia minor (CIL III 7481-84; 12461-75; 13733-36; 14214-1421418; 16,58), founded by Trajanus and settled by Traianenses Tropaeenses (CIL III 12470). It became a
municipium probably under Emperor Marcus, was destroyed at the end of the 3rd cent. AD, later rebuilt by Constantinus I and Licinius (remains of buildings from the 4th cent., partly Christian). In the 6th cent. AD destroyed by the Avares. About 1.5 km t…
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Adana
(206 words)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Ḫattusa (Ἄδανα;
Ádana). Town in Cilicia Pedias (Plin. HN 92,4; Steph. Byz. s. v. A.), on the right bank of the Sarus (modern Adana). After Persian rule had been brought to an end by Alexander [4] (the Great), A. was first under Alexander's, later under Seleucid rule. It was probably under Antiochus [5] IV that A.'s name was temporarily changed to Antioch on the Sarus [1. 81]. In 67 BC, Pompeius settled some of the pirates, whom he had defeate…
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Adane
(234 words)
[German version] (Adan, Aden), an important commercial town on the Indian Ocean in the southwestern Arabian peninsula, whose harbour lies on a bay protected by two volcanic peninsulas. The
Eudaimones nēsoi mentioned in Agatharchides,
De mari Erythraeo, 105a, at which trade ships called, probably referred to the islands of Adane. In the
Periplous maris Erythraei § 26 the settlement of
Eudaimōn Arabia is A., which is called after Arabia felix, whose most important port it was; it offered favourable anchorage and watering sites, which probably meant the ci…
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Adaptation
(4,842 words)
Stillers, Rainer (Konstanz RWG) [German version] A. Definition Translation: 3 (CT) In the narrower sense, adaptation is understood by literary scholarship to mean the arranging of a literary work according to the rules of another genre or medium. Looking at the reception of classical texts in the literature of the Middle Ages and the modern age, adaptation is, to be sure, in a broader sense an adjustment to the conditions present in another, i.e. vernacular literature. The boundaries of this expanded concept of adaptation are translation on one hand and
imitatio …
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Addicere
(248 words)
[German version] means the affirming repetition of a formal contractual declaration by the magistrate. It is already attested as such by Gell. NA 17,2,10 for Twelve Tables proceedings. Macrob. Sat. 1,16,14 refers to
do, dico, addico (
tria verba sollemnia) as the words probably ceremoniously and formally pronounced by the magistrate during the most important steps in conducting the case, which were, moreover, only permissible on
dies fasti (Varro, Ling. 6,30). The magistrate's affirmation was probably the most constitutive law-creating act, occurring for instance in
in iure cess…
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Addictus
(146 words)
[German version] is the debtor in a process of legal action who, after being convicted, had not paid the sum owed within 30 days and had consequently been brought before the magistrate by the creditor by means of
manus iniectio and had been handed over by the magistrate by
addicere to the creditor for enforcement. If the debtor did not pay or provide a
vindex at the latest before the magistrate, the creditor could take the
addictus home with him and, according to detailed terms in the Twelve Tables (3,3-5; Gell. NA 20,1,45), hold the man prisoner, albeit still as a free man. If the
addictus was un…
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Addua
(65 words)
[German version] Tributary of the Padus, modern Adda, running from the Raetic Alps through the
lacus Larius (Lake Como), forming the border between Insubres and Cenomanni (Pol. 2,32,2; Str. 4,3,3; 6,6; 12; 5,1,6; Plin. HN 2,224; 3,118; 131). Brizzi, Giovanni (Bologna) Bibliography Nissen 1, 188; 2, 188 D. Olivieri, Dizionario di toponomastica lombarda, 21961, 46, s. v. Addua C. Podestà Alberini, Municipium Cremona, 1954, 3, 38 f.
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Adeia
(75 words)
[German version] (ἄδεια;
ádeia). Generally freedom from fear; juristically freedom from punishment or prosecution, wherein the state waives per se legitimate demands for prosecution. This waiver was declared in Athens by popular edict (Demosth. 24,45; And. 1,77; 1,12; Lys. 13,55; IG I3 52B16; 370,31+33; 370,64, as an exception by council edict (And. 1,15). In papyri also: protection from injustice, discretion, permission, safety. Thür, Gerhard (Graz) Bibliography A.R.W. Harrison, The Law of Athens II, 1971, 199.
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Adeimantus
(325 words)
(Ἀδείμαντος;
Adeímantos). [German version] [1] Corinthian (5 cent. BC) Corinthian, son of Ocytus, fled in a cowardly manner, according to Herodotus (8,94), in the war against Xerxes with the Corinthian contingent before the naval battle at Salamis in 480 BC. In fact, he was probably supposed to guard an area apart from the scene of the battle, namely the western entrance to the gulf, and then became involved in the battle (cf. ML 24; Dio Chrys. 37,18; Plut. Mor. 870b-871a). His son Aristeas (Aristeus) c…
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Ademptio legati
(51 words)
[German version] The revocation of a formal legacy, initially only by formal declaration (
non do; heres ne dato) in a will, from the 2nd cent. AD also possible by informal exercise of will (e.g. disposal of the object) (Dig. 34,4). Legatum Manthe, Ulrich (Passau) Bibliography Kaser, RPR I, 755
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Ad Fines
(43 words)
[German version]
Statio on the
via Aurelia between Vada Volaterrana and Pisae on the small river Fine which, at the time of the Roman Republic, formed the northern border of Italy (Tab. Peut. 4,1). Uggeri, Giovanni (Florence) Bibliography Nissen 1, 71.
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Adfinitas
(91 words)
[German version] (relations by marriage). Gai. Inst. 1,63 speaks of
adfinitas in connection with the statement:
Item (scil. uxorem ducere non licet) eam, quae nobis quondam socrus, aut nurus, aut priuigna, aut nouerca fuit. According to this in classical Roman law (possibly since Augustus' marriage legislation) marriage to mother-in-law, daughter-in-law, stepdaughter and stepmother is forbidden. This impediment to marriage was extended in late antiquity to relations by marriage of the first degree in the collateral line (brother's wife, wife's sister) (Cod. Theod. 3,12,2). Sch…
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Ad Flexum
(116 words)
[German version] [1] Roman road station Roman road station (
statio ) between Brixia and Beneventum (It. Burd. 558,9). Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart) Bibliography Nissen 2, 981. [German version] [2] Statio, San Pietro in Fine
Statio , named after the curve in the
via Latina between Casinum and Venafrum, at the 96th milestone near Ad Flexum (CIL X 6901); today San Pietro in Fine (Caserta). Strategically significant, dominated by walls in a polygonal pattern near San Eustachio and Marena-Falascosa, in
opus quadratum and
incertum near Muraglie Abbandonate. Uggeri, Giovanni (Flo…
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Adgandestrius
(53 words)
[German version] Compound name of unclear origin with the Celtic prefix
Ad-. Prince of the Chatti, who in a letter to the Roman senate offered to poison Arminius (Tac. Ann. 2,88). Spickermann, Wolfgang (Bochum) Bibliography Evans, 128-130. E. Koestermann, Tac. ann. 1, 1963 A. v. Rhoden, s. v. A. RE 1, 359 Schmidt, 112.
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Adherbal
(236 words)
(drbl; Greek Ἀτάρβας;
Atárbas). [German version] [1] Carthaginian general, 307 BC Successful general at the defence of Carthage against Agathocles in 307 BC (Diod. Sic. 20,59; 61) [1. 9]. Günther, Linda-Marie (Munich) [German version] [2] Carthaginian general for Sicily c. 256-247 Carthaginian general for Sicily
c. 256-247 [1. 9-10], successful in battle against the Romans in 250 at Lilybaeum and in 249 at the defence of Drepana (Pol. 1,46; 49-51). Günther, Linda-Marie (Munich) [German version] [3] Carthaginian ship commander under Mago Carthaginian ship commander und…
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Adiabene
(280 words)
[German version] Term for the region between the upper and lower Zab, but also the adjacent northern regions (referred to in oriental sources as Hadjab). A. comprises essentially the old territory of Assyria along with Arbela (Plin. HN. 5,66; 6,25 ff.; Amm. Marc. 23,6; SHA Sev. 9,18; Str. 11,503; 530; 16,736; 745; Ptol. 6,1,2). As a Parthian feudal state ruled by a local dynasty that professed its faith in Judaism in the 1st cent. AD, A. gets involved in the battles between Rome and the Parthians…
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Adiatunnus
(224 words)
[German version] (Adietuanus, Adiatonnus, Adcatuannus, Adsatuannus). Celtic compound name from
ad-ia(n)tu- ‘zealously striving (for rulership)’ [3. 45-47; 5. I 41,42; III 507]. Commander of the tribe of the Sotiates based in Gallia Aquitania, who in 56 BC defended the
oppidum of the tribe, Sot(t)ium, against P. Licinius Crassus. After a failed sortie attempt with 600 of his comrades (
soldurii), A. had to capitulate to the Romans (Caes. B Gall. 3,22,1; 3,22,4). A. is also mentioned in a fragment by Nicolaos of Damascus (Ἀδιάτομος;
Adiátomos) (FGrH II A 80 [89]) recorded by At…
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Adikema
(68 words)
[German version] (ἀδίκημα;
adíkēma). Non-technical term for an illegal act committed intentionally on a private person (Aristot. Eth. Nic. 1135 b 20 f.; Rhet. 1374 b 8); if
adikema was associated with damage to property, it led to a
blabes dike . Sometimes the unlawfully gained property is also referred to as
adikema (Pl. Leg. 906d). In the papyri: marital misconduct, violent affront, peculation. Thür, Gerhard (Graz)
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Aditio hereditatis
(76 words)
[German version] According to Roman law a
suus heres acquired the inheritance left to him without any further action on his part, but an
extraneus only on accession (
aditio). The
aditio could take place by formal declaration of accession (
cretio) or by informal exercise of the will to accept (
pro herede gestio). Succession, law of III B; Abstentio Manthe, Ulrich (Passau) Bibliography
1 H. Honsell, Th. Mayer-Maly, W. Selb, Röm. Recht, 41987, 469 ff.
2 Kaser, RPR I, 715 ff.
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Adiudicatio
(122 words)
[German version] According to Gai. Inst. 4,42
adiudicatio is that part of the trial formula giving the judge legally operative powers. These were required in the three actions for partition (
familiae erciscundae, communi dividundo, finium regundorum), because they were used to divide the existing items of property among the parties, or in the case of the last-named action, to clarify the dividing line. For this purpose the judge could both allocate legal items relating to the law of property (property, mortgage, usufruct, etc.) a…
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Adiutor
(228 words)
[German version] A. designates generally the ‘helper’ or ‘assistant’, but colloquially is rather pejorative, referring to the ‘accomplice’ (Dig. 47,2,51,3) or the subordinate, less important ‘assistant’ (Hor. Sat. 1,9,46; Phaedr. 5,5,14). In legal language,
adiutor is the assistant of a functionary in civil legal tasks, e.g. as in the
tutela (Dig. 26,1,13,1), as well as in the sovereign area of magistrates, later for high officials in judicature, even for leading subordinate officials (Caes. B. Civ. 3,62,4; Tac., Ann. 3,12; Cod. lust. 1,18,5; 1,31,1). At the imperial court a
procu…
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Adlectio
(268 words)
[German version] Acceptance into a defined social group (body, class, tax class, clergy), but also into a circle of friends, a citizenry or a people (Varro, Ling. 66; Sen. Epist. 74,25 Haase; CIL XIII 1688; II 3423). In the political sphere since the Republic,
adlectio means above all the rare and honourable acceptance of previously nonofficial or insufficiently qualified persons into the circle of magistrates (
adlectio inter consulares, praetorios, quaestorios, aedilicios, tribunicios; CIL XIV 3611; IX 5533; II 4114; Plin. Ep. 1,14,5; Suet. Vesp. 9), and connected…
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Adlocutio
(173 words)
[German version] Generally
adlocutio means a greeting or address, in literature and rhetoric among other things the type of the personally encouraging or comforting speech (Greek
paraínesis) and the direct address of an auditorium by the rhetorician (Greek
apostrophḗ: Quint. Inst. 9,2,37, Sen. Ad. Helv. 1,3; Val. Max. 2,7,4; Varro, Ling. 6,57). In political and military life,
adlocutio refers to a personal address to the senate, the citizens' assembly or a military assembly (Suet. Tib. 23; Liv. per. 104; Fronto Hout, Verus 132,1:
orationes et adlocutiones nostras ad senatum). Often…
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Ad Lunam
(52 words)
[German version] Statio of the Tab. Peut. 4,1 f., possibly the modern Urspring-Lonsee (Alb-Donau-Kreis): two-phase cohort fort (1.8 hectares) from
c. AD 80 and
vicus . Coin finds until AD 153/154. Cohors; Castellum Dietz, Karlheinz (Würzburg) Bibliography Coins: Fundmz. Röm. Deutschland 2,4, 1964, no. 4550. Literature.: J. Heiligmann, Der ‘Alb-Limes’, 1990, 88-101.
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Adluvio
(240 words)
(geographical/geological alluvium, alluvial). [German version] Geography Alluvia are young soils created by sediments deposited along coastlines, in low-lying marshes and valleys, particularly extensive in river flood plains and estuaries. Thus, modern inland towns such as Pella or Ephesus and many others in ancient times were on or near the coast. As a technical term used by lawyers and
agrimensores ( Surveyors: Cic. Orat. 1,173; Cod. lust. 7,41),
adluvio refers to the increase in size through these natural processes of individual owners' land (
accessio). Sauerwein, Friedr…
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Admete
(71 words)
[German version] (Ἀδμήτη;
Ádmḗtē). Daughter of Eurystheus, Hera priestess in Argus, for whom Hercules secured the belt of Hippolyte, the queen of the Amazons (Apollod. 2,99). She fled with the cult image to Samos and there became a priestess of Hera; the cultic aetiology of the Samian festival of the Tonaia (Ath. 15,672) is dependent on this. Hera. Graf, Fritz (Columbus, OH) Bibliography M. Schmidt, s. v. A., LIMC 1.1, 216-218.
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Admetus
(297 words)
[German version] (Ἄδμητος;
Ádmētos). King in Thessalian Pherae, son of Phere and (Peri-) Clymene. Participant in the Argonaut expedition ( Argonauts; Apoll. Rhod. 1,49; Hyginus, fab. 14), in the Calydonian boar hunt ( Meleager; Hyg. Fab. 173) and in the games to commemorate the dead for Pelias. Apollo served him -- as shepherd (Apollod. 3,122; Hyg. Fab. 49-50) for one year (nine years according to Serv. Aen. 7,761) -- because of the Cyclops crime or out of love (Call. H. Apoll. 47 ff.; Lucian. sacr…
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Adminius
(36 words)
[German version] Briton; prince's son. Banned by his father Cunobellinus in AD 39/40, A. fled to Gallia and subordinated himself there to the
princeps Caligula (Suet. Calig. 44; Cass. Dio 59,25,1-5a). Kunst, Christiane (Potsdam)
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Admissio
(144 words)
[German version] Ceremonial admittance to an audience with the emperor. The responsible office (
admissionales,
officium admissionum: Suet. Vesp. 14; Amm. Marc. 15,5,18) were subordinated in the late imperial era to the
magister admissionum in the area of the
magister officiorum (Cod. Theod. 11,18,1; Not. Dign. or. 11,17). Depending on the sometimes generous (Plin. Pan. 47,3), but usually strictly formal (SHA Alex. Sev. 20) practice of the emperor, visitors were divided into classes for the
salutatio depending on their differing degree of distance to the emperor. The imperial
amic…
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Adnotatio
(158 words)
[German version] is an annotation, note, such as a prior notice to a defendant of a summons (Dig. 48,17,4) or to a convicted person of deportation (Cod. Iust. 9,51,10). At the time of the principate in particular the comment written by the emperor himself on a petition (
preces) is referred to as
adnotatio. It was probably originally interpreted as a direction to the chancellery, which on the basis of this wrote the reply to the petitioner (Cod. Theod. 1,2,1). Later practice contrasts the
adnotatio sacra with the
simplex rescriptum (Nov. Val. 19,1,3; Cod. Theod. 5,14,30). In this case
adnotat…
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Ad Novas
(137 words)
[German version] [1] Military post in Pannonia inferior Military post in Pannonia inferior (It. Ant. 246,3; Not. Dign. occ. 32,9: Novas; 32,28: equites Dalmatae, Novas; 32,40: Auxilia Novensia, Arsaciana (Antiana?) sive Novas; cf. CIL III 10665). Remains of buildings, graves, ceramics and finds of coins north-east of Zmajevac near Osijek are presumed to represent the remains of Ad Novas. Burian, Jan (Prague) Bibliography A. Graf, Übersicht der antiken Geographie von Pannonien, 1932, 112 TIR L 34, 25. [German version] [2] Military post in Moesia Superior Military post in Moesi…
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Adolenda
(303 words)
[German version] In the records of the
Arvales
fratres of the year 183 in the lists of sacrifice receivers, Adolena, Commolenda, Deferunda appear twice (8 February, 13 May); in those of the year 224 Admetus and Coinquenda [1]. Each time the sacrifice is a
lustrum missum, the one offered in the year 183 is for the removal (
deferre), splitting up (
commolere) and burning (
adolere) of the fig tree growing on the roof of the temple of Dea Dia, which was damaging the roof; the one in the year 224 is for the hacking up (
coinquere) and burning of those trees struck by lightning in the grove. Since Marini […
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Adolius
(77 words)
[German version]
Silentiarius at the court of Justinian I, Armenian, son of the proconsul of Armenia I Arsacius, who was murdered in AD 539. Participant in campaigns against the Persians, in 542 under Belisarius, whom he supported through tactical manoeuvres at the conquest of Callinicus on the Euphrates, in 543 under Martinus, after whose defeat at Anglon in Armenia he was killed while fleeing (Proc. Pers. 2,3; 21; 24 f.). Tinnefeld, Franz (Munich) Bibliography Rubin 1, 340-43.
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Adonai
(107 words)
[German version] Literally: ‘my Lords’. The plural suffix presumably recurs as an adjustment to the Hebrew word for God, Elohim, which is grammatically a plural form. When early Judaism tabooed the divine name Yahweh for fear of an abuse of its utterance (cf. i.a. Ex 20.7),
adonai became a substitute. Thus, the Septuagint expresses the name ‘Yahweh’ as the divine predicate ‘Lord’ (κύριος;
kýrios). The Masoretes (
c. 7th-9th cents. AD), who initially set the text of the Hebrew Bible which only consisted of consonants and supplied its vowels, vocalized the tetra…
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Adonis
(867 words)
[German version] (Ἄδωνις;
Ádōnis). Mythical shepherd youth, of Phoenician origin, who at the threshold to adulthood loses his life in a boar hunt. Despite his human genealogy he was worshipped in Greek private cultic veneration as a god. Attested for Greece from Sappho onwards (fr. 140; 168 Voigt), for Athens from the 5th cent. BC onwards. From Hellenistic times the cult became especially widespread in the eastern Mediterranean area. In the myth [1. 40 ff.] A. is the incestuously conceived son of a Phoenician King -- either Phoenix (Hes. fr. 139 MW), or Theias (A…
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Adoption
(952 words)
[German version] Taking a member of another family into one's own family; usually in antiquity only adults were adopted. In adoption the concern was not the well-being of the adopted person but the continuation of the agnatic family association into which the adopted person was introduced. Adoption was used above all if there was no male heir. Adoption was already documented in Cretan inscriptions (IC IV 20; IV 21) of the 7th/6th cents. BC; it was comprehensively regulated in Gortynian law (X 33-XI 23) with almost no restrictions on adoption. In Athens there were three types of adopt…
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Adoptive emperors
(398 words)
[German version] The term adoptive emperor (AE) is applied to the emperors from Nerva to Marcus Aurelius because they each adopted their respective successor. The special characteristic was that the successor supposedly came from outside the family:
sed Augustus in domo successorem quaesivit, ego in re publica ( Galba in his speech at the adoption of L. Calpurnius Piso Frugi, Tac. Hist. 1,15,2). Among the Julio-Claudian dynasty, Rome was supposed to have been
unius familiae quasi hereditas. The reason why the successor,
per adoptionem, should be the ideal form of rulership…
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Adoratio
(145 words)
[German version] literally ‘adoration’, refers to an especially respectful address, not only to the prayer to the gods (Fest. 162,19). 1. In the Roman imperial court,
adoratio is the greeting to the emperor by prostrating oneself introduced into court ceremony by Diocletian according to Achaemenid and Hellenistic models ( προσκύνησις,
proskýnēsis: Eutr. 9,26). 2. Pejoratively,
adoratio is understood as a special form of courtly or also other flattery (
adulatio). 3. Since the beginning of the imperial era,
adoratio also stands for the veneration of the
genius Augusti and the
divi Au…
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Adoulis
(88 words)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: India, trade with Situated on the Arabian Gulf, A. was for a long time the only port town in the Axum kingdom. The export of high quality ivory ran through A., while textiles and metal goods were imported from Egypt and India (Peripl. M. Eryth. §§ 4 and 6). A. later became a Christian town, but appears to have been destroyed in the 7th/8th cents. Pahlitzsch, Johannes (Berlin) Bibliography E. Littmann, s. v. Adule, RE Suppl. 7, 1 f.
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Ad Pirum
(152 words)
[German version] Important
statio between Fluvio Frigido and Longaticum (It. Burd. 560,3 f.), on the Augustan military route (cf. Fest. p. 7) which was built across the karst mountains (867 m) in order to shorten travel time from Aquileia and Tergeste to Emona by two days. The native name (disputed) was understood to be ‘under the pear tree’, therefore the modern names of Hrušica, Birnbaumer Wald, Selva del Pero. A. was a posting station (Tab. Peut. 4,5), a
statio of
beneficiarii consulares (Inscr. Ital. 10,4,348), and one of the fortifications within the
praetentura Italiae et Al…
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Adramys
(25 words)
[German version] (Ἄδραμυς;
Ádramys). Lydian, son of the king Sadyattes, unequal half-brother of Alyattes (Nic. Damas. FGrH 90 F 63). Högemann, Peter (Tübingen)
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Adramyttium
(482 words)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Xenophon | Pergamum | Persian Wars (Ἀδραμύττιον;
Adramýttion or Ἀτραμύττιον;
Atramýttion). The polis of A. was discovered and identified in the 19th cent. to the west of the village of Kemer on Cape Karatas (modern Ören) opposite Lesbos. The early history is subject to contradictory evidence (regarding an earlier settlement). It is also unclear whether Thracian or Lydian initiative had led to its foundation. Steph. Byz. s. v. A. names Adramys, a brother of the Lydian king Croesus, as its founder [1. 185 f.]. Within the Ly…
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Adrana
(21 words)
[German version] Probably the modern Eder, river in the territory of the Chatti (Tac. Ann. 1,56,3). Dietz, Karlheinz (Würzburg)
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Adranodorus
(116 words)
[German version] (Ἀδρανόδωρος;
Adranódōros). Son-in-law of Hieron II of Syracuse. In 215 BC (with others) made guardian of Hieronymus, the 15-year-old grandson and successor of Hieron II, he was responsible for the radical turning of Syracusian politics to the Carthaginians. After the death of Hieronymus in 214, he secured Ortygia and received the office of
strategos . His plan to attain leadership of Syracuse, which was supported by his wife Demarete, led in the same year to his murder in the city hall of Syracuse (Pol. 7,2,1; 5,4 f.; Liv. 24,4,3 f.). Meister, Klaus (Berlin) Bibliogra…
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Adranum (Hadranum)
(159 words)
[German version] (Ἀδρανόν/
Adranón, Hadranum). Founded
c. 400 BC by Dionysios I near the Siculan sanctuary of Adranus on the western slopes of the volcano Aetna [1] (Diod. 14,37,4) on the Adranus (coins), a tributary of the Symaethus; modern Adrano, ancient remains. Timoleon, in alliance with A., defeated Hicetas near there (Diod. 16,68-69). A. was conquered by the Romans in 263 BC (Diod. 23,4,1); A. was given
Ius Latii (Plin. 3,91). Near A. was the Siculan centre of Mendolito with inscriptions (IG XIV 567-572), coins and prehistoric pottery ware (Siculan collect…
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Adranus
(49 words)
[German version] (Ἀδρανός) City deity of the Sicilian city of the same name. Founded by Dionysius I, with temple and dog sacrifice (Diod. Sic. 14,37,5; Ael. NA 11,20). According to coin evidence, A. is a river god [1]. Graf, Fritz (Columbus, OH) Bibliography
1 B. V. Head, Historia Numorum, 1911, 119.
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Adrastea
(266 words)
[German version] (Ἀδράστεια;
Adrásteia). Goddess related to the mountain mother of Asia Minor, Cybele. She had a cult at Cyzicus (actually on the
Adrásteia óros outside the city, Str. 12,8,11; 13,1,13) and on the Trojan Mount Ida (Aesch. fr. 158 TGF). A. was compared to Artemis (Demetrius of Scepsis apud Harpocr. 6,9; Solin. 7,26) and revered in Athens in association with Bendis (IG I3 383,142; cf. 369,67). In mythic poetry she was associated with the birth of Zeus: as daughter of Melisseus, sister of Ide and of Curetes, she helps with the care of the chil…
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Adrastus
(673 words)
(Ἄδραστος;
Ádrastos). [German version] [1] Mythical figure, leader of the campaign of the Seven against Thebes Leader of the campaign of the Seven against Thebes. A. originally possessed connections to Sicyon, where his cult was old (see below). In the canonical history, however, he comes from Argus. According to the most detailed report of his youth (schol. Pind. N. 9,30 partly according to Menachmus of Sicyon, FGrH 131 F 10), he was the son of king Talaus, the son of Bias and leader of one of the three rulin…
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Adrasus
(116 words)
[German version] (Ἀδρασός;
Adrasós). Settlement in upper Isauria ( Isauria; Hierocles, Synekdemos 710,6: Δαρασός;
Darasós), modern Balabolu (derived from Palaiopolis), 27 km west of Mut ( Claudiopolis); localized from its position on the list by Hierocles, from the oronym Adras Dağı and from epigraphical evidence of Ἀδρασσεύς (
Adrasseús) in the surrounding area [2. 127]. Badly preserved Roman-Byzantine settlement with fortifications, two churches (diocese [3]), to the north-west extensive necropolis with various types of tombs, partly with…
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Adsertor
(90 words)
[German version] is a free citizen who pleads in court the case, in particular the liberation, of a slave, who is incapable of being a party to a lawsuit: as plaintiff in the
vindicatio in libertatem including the
manumissio vindicta, as defendant in the
vindicatio in servitutem. On the possibilities of abuse in liberation cases Liv. 3,44 ff. Following preceding relaxation, Justinian ultimately declared slaves capable of acting in liberation cases (Cod. Iust. 7,17). Vindicatio; Manumissio Paulus, Christoph Georg (Berlin) Bibliography E. Ferenczy, in: Studi Donatuti, 1973,…
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Adsessor
(174 words)
[German version] is the name of the permanent legal advisor of a magistrate, and in fact already that of the republican praetor in his office as magistrate of the court. A young trained lawyer (
iuris studiosus) acted as
adsessor. On difficult questions he enlisted the advice of his tutor (
iuris consultus) and thus occupied an important intermediary position between theory and practice. The
adsessor was particularly indispensable to the provincial governor in executing jurisdiction and administration. He drafted the magistrate's edicts and decrees and dealt …
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Adsiduus
(306 words)
[German version] (
assiduus, from
adsideo) meaning ‘settled’. As a technical term in legal language it was considered a synonym of
locuples, the opposite term was
proletarius (Varro in Non. p. 67 M.). Therefore, it described ‘someone who was settled on his property’. The XII Tables decreed:
Adsiduo vindex adsiduus esto. Proletario iam civi (or
civis)
qui volet vindex esto (Gell. NA 16,10,5).
Adsiduus and
proletarius are one of the pairs of opposites so frequently encountered in the archaic legal language of Rome [4.182]. As their etymological discussion suffi…
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Adsignatio
(374 words)
[German version] 1. The signing or sealing of a document (Gai. 2,119; Cod. Theod. 11,1,19; Dig. 45,1,126), 2. The written regulation of rights to things and persons (Dig. 50,16,107; 38,8) as well as the contractual handing-over of possessions (Dig. 4,9,1,8; 50,12,1,6), and 3. The judicial assignment of a right to an applicant (Dig. 10,2,22,1). As the assignment of a right to land ownership, the
adsignatio gains importance in the political arena with the assignment of land to Roman citizens, especially to groups for founding colonies (
adsignatio coloniaria), since the 1st cent. BC…
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Ad Solaria
(76 words)
[German version] [1] Statio in Etruria on the via Cassia
Statio in Etruria on the
via Cassia between Florentia and Pistoriae (
regioVII - Tab. Peut. 4,2; Geogr. Rav. 4,36). Uggeri, Giovanni (Florence) [German version] [2] Statio in Liguria on the via Aemilia Scauri A further
statio of the same name was in Liguria on the
via Aemilia Scauri between Luna and Genoa (
regioIX -- Tab. Peut. 3,5; Geogr. Rav. 4,32). Uggeri, Giovanni (Florence)
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Adstipulator
(151 words)
[German version] In contracting a debt by means of
stipulatio the creditor (
stipulator) could bring in a confidential agent as
adstipulator, who by a renewed promise by the debtor was also accorded full creditor's rights, including the possibility of filing or waiving the claim, but who was bound by internal relationship to the instructions of the main creditor. In infringements of this obligation the
adstipulator was responsible to the main creditor, originally under the
lex Aquilia (Chap. 2), in the classical period under
mandatum . According to the repo…
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Aduatuci
(100 words)
[German version] Descending from the Cimbri and Teutoni (Caes. B Gall. 2,29,4 f.), the A. lived among the Germani Cisrhenani, without being part of them, between the Nervii and the Eburones in Gallia Belgica on both banks of the Maas river between Liège/Namur and Limbourg. The main town was Aduatuca (Tungrorum), modern Tongeren, with an early Roman garrison [1]. Dietz, Karlheinz (Würzburg) Bibliography
1 A. Vanderhoeven (et al.), Tongern, Tongres, Tongeren, in: Spurensicherung, 1992, 387-402, 579. J. R. Marichal, Les frontières des Aduatiques et des Germains cisrhé…
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Adulterium
(329 words)
[German version] Adultery (
a.) in Roman law according to the
l. Iulia de adulteriis coercendis was a matter for public criminal proceedings (
iudicium publicum). The factual proximity of this ruling to Augustus' other marriage legislation suggests that the law on adultery originates from the same year as the
l. de maritandis ordinibus (18 BC). According to a report by Paulus (Coll. 4,2,2), from the late classical period, several earlier laws were rescinded by the
l. Iulia. So
adulterium must already have been prosecuted at the time of the Republic, probably by the holder of authority (
pat…
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Adultery
(581 words)
[German version] I. Greece Prosecuted as μοιχεία (
moicheía) in Ancient Greece, adultery was together with rape one of the sexual offences, which were understood as an attack on the marriage bond (φιλία,
philía). Therefore, according to Xenophon, most Greek communities permitted killing the adulterer (Hier. 3,3). In Attic court oratory adultery was linked to questions of citizens' rights and capital crimes. In the defence speech for Euphiletus, who killed the seducer of his wife and had to justify himself before court to escape banishment, i…
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Adventus
(211 words)
[German version] ‘Arrival’ (of a person) or ‘entrance’ (of an event or case) and especially the politically important or ceremonial arrival of a victorious commander, an official or guest of the state or the emperor in Rome and in other places (Verg. Aen. 6,798, Plin. Pan. 22).
Adventus in caelo means the apotheosis of the emperor (Sen. Apocol. 5; Claud. Carm. 1,242). In the triumphal ceremony, the
adventus of the imperator at the
pomerium and at the Capitol Temple has essential significance (Liv. 28,9,7; Cass. Dio 43,21, 2). In the religious realm,
adventus refers to both the appearan…
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Adversus Iudaeos
(242 words)
[German version] Title of several patristic treatises that discuss Christianity's relationship to Judaism in apologetic terms ( Tertullianus, Cyprianus, Iohannes Chrysostomos, Augustine) and other works of similar content ( Epistle of Barnabas, the Epistle to Diognetus, Justinus' Dialogue, the Passa Homily of Melito etc.). Instruction within Christianity and religious teaching that attempted to legitimize the content of the Christian faith in the presence of Judaism (which was considered a p…
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Advertizing
(4,449 words)
Mergenthaler, Volker [German version] I. Definition and Systematization (CT) Economically, advertizing denotes an instrument of a company's marketing policy; from the viewpoint of communications theory, it is a specific practice of the communicative use of signs. It has an ulterior goal, viz. to strengthen the advertized product's position in the market. In more recent times, this exclusively or predominantly heteronomous determination of advertizing has been qualified with a view to its artistic charact…
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Advertizing
(528 words)
[German version] Probably the simplest and most effective way of advertising a product or announcing something was shouting aloud in market-places and streets (cf. propaganda). Moreover, the geographical origin of a product spoke for its quality; there is, for instance, a tradition of formulations such as 'Tarentine' or 'Amorgian cloth', 'Chian wine', 'Falernian wine', etc. as a seal of approval or a mark of quality. Advertising could also occur in a written form on the walls of buildings (Graffiti), in letters, epigrams, etc. In contrast to commercial advertising are the kalo…
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Advocatus
(520 words)
[German version] The
advocatus, as ‘one called on’, developed from adviser to the ultimate legal adviser in the late classical period (around AD 200). At first
advocatus referred to a usually influential person, who supported someone as an act of friendship in court proceedings (both in criminal and -- notorious for being more boring, Cic. Opt. Gen. 9 f. -- civil law) -- simply by his presence or by his legal knowledge (general knowledge acquired through his training and education); cf. Ps.-Asc. on Cic. in Caec. 11. Here he is distinguished (at least theoretically) from the
patronus, who …
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Aea
(294 words)
[German version] (Αἶα). Mythical island of exploration in the Oceanus (in the land of the Aethiopeans: Mimn. fr. 5 Poetae Elegiaci Gentili/Prato), in which Helios has a thalamos for his rays, originally the goal of Jason (Mimn. fr. 10). In A. (etymologically, ‘Earth, Land’ [1. 22, 39]) is the city of Aeetes, the ‘husband of A.’ (Mimn. fr. 10, cf. Pherecyd. fr. 105). Knowledge that the Pontus is an inland lake resulted in A. being shifted to the river (Phasis) connecting it with the sea (Hes. fr. 2…
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