Brill’s New Pauly

Get access Subject: Classical Studies
Edited by: Hubert Cancik and Helmuth Schneider (Antiquity) and Manfred Landfester (Classical Tradition).
English translation edited by Christine F. Salazar (Antiquity) and Francis G. Gentry (Classical Tradition)

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Brill´s New Pauly is the English edition of the authoritative Der Neue Pauly, published by Verlag J.B. Metzler since 1996. The encyclopaedic coverage and high academic standard of the work, the interdisciplinary and contemporary approach and clear and accessible presentation have made the New Pauly the unrivalled modern reference work for the ancient world. The section on Antiquity of Brill´s New Pauly are devoted to Greco-Roman antiquity and cover more than two thousand years of history, ranging from the second millennium BC to early medieval Europe. Special emphasis is given to the interaction between Greco-Roman culture on the one hand, and Semitic, Celtic, Germanic, and Slavonic culture, and ancient Judaism, Christianity, and Islam on the other hand. The section on the Classical Tradition is uniquely concerned with the long and influential aftermath of antiquity and the process of continuous reinterpretation and revaluation of the ancient heritage, including the history of classical scholarship. Brill´s New Pauly presents the current state of traditional and new areas of research and brings together specialist knowledge from leading scholars from all over the world. Many entries are elucidated with maps and illustrations and the English edition will include updated bibliographic references.

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Aeaceon

(4 words)

see  Aeacus

Aeaces

(136 words)

Author(s): Patzek, Barbara (Wiesbaden)
(Αἰάκης; Aiákēs). [German version] [1] Father of the tyrants  Polycrates and  Syloson of Samos (6th cent BC) Father of the tyrants  Polycrates and  Syloson of Samos (Hdt. 3,39). His identification with A., son of Brychon, erector of a statue in the Heraeum, is doubtful. Patzek, Barbara (Wiesbaden) [German version] [2] Tyrant of  Samos (beginning of 5th cent, BC) Grandson of the foregoing, son of Syloson. Tyrant of  Samos and vassal of Darius (Hdt. 4,138). Deprived of his power in the Ionian rebellion, by order of the Persians he convinced several Samia…

Aeacides

(161 words)

Author(s): Graf, Fritz (Columbus, OH) | Zahrnt, Michael (Kiel)
(Αἰακίδης; Aiakídēs). [German version] [1] Patronym for mythical descendents of Aeacus, the Molossian king Patronym for mythical and historical figures, who traced their lineage back to Aeacus: Peleus, Achilles, Neoptolemus, the Molossian kings [1]. Graf, Fritz (Columbus, OH) Bibliography 1 P. R. Franke, Die ant. Mz. von Epirus, 1961, 270.42 (literature). [German version] [2] Molossian king Son of the Molossian king  Arybbas and father of   Pyrrhus (Plut. Pyrrhus 1,5 ff.; Paus. 1,11,1; Diod. Sic. 16,72,1); after the death of Alexander [6] he succ…

Aeacus

(309 words)

Author(s): Kearns, Emily (Oxford)
[German version] (Αἰακός; Aiakós). Son of Zeus and  Asopus' daughter Aegina, was regarded as the founding hero of the island of Aegina. The history of the inhabitants or the re-inhabitants of the island is generally associated with him; for his benefit Zeus transformed all the ants into people (Hes. fr. 205 M-W). By his wife Endeis, A. fathered   Peleus and  Telamon; many stories give him a further third son with the name Phocus (seal), whose mother was the  Nereid Psamathe. Phocus lost his life th…

Aeaea

(31 words)

Author(s): Graf, Fritz (Columbus, OH)
[German version] (Αἰαία). ‘The woman from  Aea’, the corresponding epithet of Circe (Hom. Od. 9,32; Verg. Aen. 3,386), Calypso (Prop. 3,12,31), Medea (Apoll. Rhod. 3,1136). Graf, Fritz (Columbus, OH)

Aeane

(168 words)

Author(s): Errington, Robert Malcolm (Marburg/Lahn)
[German version] (ᾈανή; Aianḗ). Macedonian town in  Elimea, 23 km south of the modern Kozani on the left bank of the  Haliacmon. Excavations have pointed to a prosperous settlement of the late Bronze Age to the 1st cent. BC, still verifiable for AD 100 [4. 15]. It was an important town in the classical and Hellenistic periods (myth of its foundation: Steph. Byz. s. v. A.), probably a royal seat with two stoas, and columned buildings with finds of imported Attic ceramics of the 5th cent. BC. Probably seat of the   koinon of the Elimiotae [1. 35, 36]. Resettled and re…

Aeantides

(57 words)

Author(s): Pressler, Frank (Heidelberg)
[German version] (Αἰαντίδης; Aiantídēs, CAT A 5 b, 4) or Aiantiades (CAT A 5a, 5). Tragedian regarded as belonging to the pleias of tragic writers under Ptolemy Philadelphus (282-46 BC); he is perhaps the same writer as the one named in DID A 3a, 64 (cf. TrGF 107). Pressler, Frank (Heidelberg) Bibliography Mette, 163 TrGF 102.

Aeantis

(190 words)

Author(s): Lohmann, Hans (Bochum) | Graf, Fritz (Columbus, OH)
[German version] [1] 9th of the 10 Attic phylae (Αἰαντίς; Aiantís). The 9th of the 10 Attic phylae, dating from the phyle reforms of  Cleisthenes (Hdt. 5,66). Named after the hero  Ajax [1], son of Telamon, king of  Salamis. In the 4th cent. BC it included four paralia demes as well as one   asty- and one mesogeia deme ( Phalerum and  Aphidna), which, on account of their size, each represented one trittýs. In 307/6 BC, the A. gave none of its demes to the new Macedonian phyles, but later gave one each to the  Ptolemais,  Attalis and  Hadrianis. In the case of the mesogeiatrittýs of A., there is e…

Aebutius

(340 words)

Author(s): Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum)
Roman nomen gentile, used since the 5th cent. BC. According to the fasti, members of the family of the Helvae served as consuls several times in the 5th cent. [German version] [1] Tribunus plebis (end of 2nd, beginning of 1st cent. BC) ) Probably tribunus plebis before 63 BC and after the Gracchi. Author of a lex Aebutia, which prohibited those proposing a law and their relatives from taking over a function created by the law (Cic. Leg. agr. 2,21 [1]). If A. still belongs to the second century, he may also be the author of a lex Aebutia about the introduction of formulaic procedure in trial …

Aecae

(81 words)

Author(s): Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Coloniae Town in  Apulia on the via Traiana (Tab. Peut. 6,3), modern Troia. In the Second Punic War, it was at times allied with Hannibal, 214 BC recaptured by Rome (Liv. 24,20,5). In the later imperial period colonia Augusta Apula Aecae. Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart) Bibliography Nissen 2, 844 L. Vendola, Su alcune iscrizioni latine di Aecae (Troia), in: Annali della Facoltà di Lettere e Filosofia di Bari 27/28, 1984/85, 23-39.

Aec(u)lanum

(228 words)

Author(s): Uggeri, Giovanni (Florence)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Socii (Roman confederation) Town of the  Hirpini in Samnium ( Samnites) in the central Calore valley, on the crossing of the via Herdonitana (or Aeclanensis) with the   via Appia , c. 22 km south-east of  Beneventum (It. Ant. 102,2; Tab. Peut. 6,5), modern Grotte near Passo di Mirabella Eclano. Oscan inscriptions, amongst them a dedication to  Mefitis. Captured by Sulla in 89 BC,   municipium of the tribus Cornelia, regioII. In the 2nd cent. AD colonia Aelia Augusta A., under the administration of the   corrector Apuliae et Cala…

Aedepsus

(158 words)

Author(s): Kalcyk, Hansjörg (Petershausen)
[German version] (Αἰδηψός; Aidēpsós). The spa of A. on  Euboea, famous even in antiquity because of its hot (78°C) mineral springs, sacred to  Heracles, was located about 3 km north of the modern resort of Loutra Aidepsou, location of the polis of A. A. was initially part of the polis of  Histiaea which, in its prime, dominated the entire north of the island. The earthquake of 427 BC caused the springs to run dry for three days (FGrH 85 Demetrius of Callatis fr. 6). As early as in the 3rd cent. BC,…

Aedes

(4 words)

see  Temple

Aedesius

(208 words)

Author(s): Hadot, Pierre (Limours) | Portmann, Werner (Berlin)
[German version] [1] Neoplatonist from Cappadocia Neoplatonist from Cappadocia († before AD 355), pupil of  Iamblichus. Only source: Eunapius, Vitae philosophorum et sophistarum. After the death of Iamblichus, he apparently took over Iamblichus' pupils and then retired back to Cappadocia, and finally ended up teaching in Pergamum together with the philosopher Sosipatra. As he considered himself too old, after a short time he transferred the responsibility of the philosophical education of Julian, the future emperor, …

Aedia Servilia

(31 words)

Author(s): Eck, Werner (Cologne)
[German version] Wife of M'.  Acilius [II 3] Aviola, cos. ord. AD 54. Eck, Werner (Cologne) Bibliography G. Camodeca, in: L. DiCosmo, A. M. Villucci (ed.), Il territorio Allifano, 1990, 136 f. Raepsaet-Charlier, no. 6.

Aedicula

(140 words)

Author(s): Höcker, Christoph (Kissing)
[German version] In Roman culture, aedicula either refers to a cult-related shrine ( Lararium), often in a sepulchral context ( Tombs), which contained urns or pictures of the deceased, or a building structure flanked by columns for the housing of statues or paintings. In the latter case either as an individual building usually placed on a podium as high as a man or as a niche integrated into a façade arrangement. Rear and side walls are without windows, the roof with a flat slope has a gable displaying ornaments. The   naiskos is comparable in Greek culture. Höcker, Christoph (Kissing) Bibl…

Aediles

(712 words)

Author(s): Gizewski, Christian (Berlin)
[German version] The original scope of duties of the aediles is still unexplained. Aediles points to aedes (temple) and thus to public buildings; the usual equation in Greek of   agoranomoi leads to an association with market duties (Just. Epit. 21,5,7). Roman tradition (Liv. 3,55,6 f.) places the first two aediles (plebeii) at the side of the tribuni plebis active since 494 BC, probably as assistants in administrative duties at the Temple of Ceres ( aedes Cereris Liberi Liberaeque), the cultic centre of the   plebs , and during market business at the nearby F…

Aedinius Iulianus, M

(97 words)

Author(s): Eck, Werner (Cologne)
[German version] By this name are known a praefectus Aegypti in AD 222/3 [1. 308 f.], a senatorial patron in the album of Canusium (CIL IX 338 = ILS 6121) and a legatus Augusti of the Lugdunensis, who later became praef. praetorio (before 238, CIL XIII 3162; [2]). Presumably all evidence points to one person; the mixed senatorial-knightly career can probably be placed in the time of  Elagabalus. Eck, Werner (Cologne) Bibliography 1 G. Bastianini, Lista dei Prefetti d'Egitto dal 30a al 299p, in: ZPE 17, 1975, 263-328 2 H. G. Plaum, Marbre de Thorigny, 1948. Dietz, 40 f. Leunissen, 100,…

Aedituus

(258 words)

Author(s): Graf, Fritz (Columbus, OH)
[German version] ‘Temple guardians’, older, aeditumus (discussions of the word form Varro, ling. 7,12; rust. 1,2,1; Gell. NA 12,2; ThLL 1,934,6 ff.). The aedituus (inscriptions attested for women also: CIL VI 2209. 2213) is especially responsible for access to the temple -- he opens the temple, gives admittance to private individuals, even to the cult idol itself (Sen. Epist. 41,1), and can also, when directed by the responsible magistrate, open the temple on exceptional occasions, for instance for thanksgiving festi…

Aedius

(110 words)

Author(s): Eck, Werner (Cologne)
[German version] [1] [M. Ae]dius Ba[ --], senator from Allifae (1st half 1st cent. BC) [M. Ae]dius Ba[ --], senator from Allifae, legate of  Tiberius (CIL IX 2344. 2341); CIL IX 2342 = ILS 944 probably refers to him, consequently per commendationem Ti. Caesaris Augusti ab senatu co(n)s(ul) dest(inatus) [1. 137 ff.]. Eck, Werner (Cologne) [German version] [2] [M. Aedi]us Celer, probably son of [1] [M. Aedi]us Celer, probably son of [1], lengthy senatorial career in the Augustan-Tiberian era, which led to the proconsulate of Creta-Cyrene (CIL IX 2335 = ILS 961; [1; 2] 125 ff.]). Eck, We…

Aedon

(137 words)

Author(s): Schachter, Albert (Montreal)
[German version] (Ἀηδών; Aēdṓn). Daughter of Pandareus, who out of jealousy towards Niobe tried to murder her oldest nephew. But she inadvertently killed her and Zethus' son, Itylus/Itys and was changed into a nightingale (Hom. Od. 19,518-523) [1]. Theban version of the story of Procne and Philomela: Hes. Op. 568 and Sappho fr. 130 V; Attic version: Soph. Tereus: TrGF 4 p. 435-437 and Apollod. 3,193 [2]. Ant. Lib. 11 transfers the incident to Ephesus. A. designates the personified nightingale. Olde…

Aedoneus

(81 words)

Author(s): Graf, Fritz (Columbus, OH)
[German version] (ᾈδωνεύς; Aidōneús). Another name of   Hades. In a rationalistic interpretation of the myth of how Theseus and Peirithous descend into the underworld, in order to steal Persephone, and in so doing were overcome and chained, he is the king of the Molossians, whose wife the two heroes wanted to abduct (Plut. Theseus 31,4. 35, according to an Atthidographer [1]). Graf, Fritz (Columbus, OH) Bibliography 1 C. Ampolo, in: Id, M. Manfredini, Plutarco. Le vite di Teseo e di Romolo, 1988, 252.

Aeetes

(190 words)

Author(s): Dräger, Paul (Trier)
[German version] (Αἰήτης; Aiḗtēs). King of Aea/Colchis, son of Helios and Perse(is), brother of Circe, Pasiphae and Perses. Spouse of Idyia or Asterodeia (or Eurylytes: Naupact. fr. 6-7 EpGF), father of Chalciope (whom he married to Phrixus), of Medea, of Apsyrtus/Phaethon (as well as of Circe and Aegialeus in Diod. Sic. 4,45,3 and Dion. Scyt. fr. 20 Rusten): Hom. Od. 10,138 f.; Hes. Theog. 956 ff.; Apollod. 1,83, 129, 147; Apoll. Rhod. 3,240 ff. A. tries to kill Jason for the Golden Fleece, since his power depends on its possession (Val. Fl. 5,236 ff. = Diod. Sic.…

Aeficianus

(88 words)

Author(s): Nutton, Vivian (London)
[German version] Greek doctor and philosopher, teacher of  Galen, lived about AD 150 in Asia Minor (Gal. 19,58, CMG V 10,2,2, 287). A long-standing student of  Quintus (Gal. 18A, 575) and follower of  Hippocrates, he interpreted at least some of their teachings in a Stoic sense, e.g., from the field of psychology, in which he followed the Stoic Simias (Gal. 19,58; 18b, 654]. The Hippocratic commentary, which is ascribed to him in the Galen edition by Kühn at Gal. 16,484, is a Renaissance forgery. Nutton, Vivian (London)

Aefulae

(82 words)

Author(s): Quilici Gigli, Stefania (Rome)
[German version] Settlement in   Latium vetus (Tac. Ann. 4,5,3), probably on Mons Aeflanus, the modern Monti di S. Angelo in Arcese, south of Tivoli. Fortfications were discovered there which would have allowed the  Anio valley to be closed off. Defensive structures mentioned in 211 BC (Liv. 26,9,9), no further record of it at the time of Pliny (Plin. HN 3,69); but the cult of  Bona Dea continued (CIL XIV 3530).  Fortifications Quilici Gigli, Stefania (Rome) Bibliography C. F. Giuliani, Tibur 2, 1966, 171-192.

Aegae

(587 words)

Author(s): Errington, Robert Malcolm (Marburg/Lahn) | Schwertheim, Elmar (Münster)
[German version] [1] Residence and burial place of the Macedonian Argead kings This item can be found on the following maps: Achaemenids | Dark Ages | Macedonia, Macedones | Macedonia, Macedones | Persian Wars | Education / Culture (Aegeae, Αἰγαί, Αἰγέαι [ Aigaí, Aigéai]). Residence and burial place of the Macedonian Argead kings near present-day Vergina. Starting point for the Macedonian conquering of Pieria and  Bottiaea and main seat of the king until  Pella was expanded for this purpose in the 4th cent. BC. From then onwards the site…

Aegaeon

(4 words)

see  Hecatoncheires

Aegaleos

(139 words)

Author(s): Lohmann, Hans (Bochum)
[German version] (Αἰγάλεως; Aigáleōs). Range of hills (up to 458 m) between the plains of Athens and of  Eleusis (Thuc. 2,19; in parts belonging to the demos  Colonus: FGrH 334 Ister fr. 17), from where  Xerxes in 480 BC observed the naval battle near  Salamis (Hdt. 8,90,4). In ancient times covered by forest (Stat. Theb. 12,620) or maquis (Callim. Fr. 238,23 Pf.; Suda s. v. μᾶσσον; mâsson). Separated from  Parnes by a pass near Fili (formerly Chassia) which is closed off by the so-called Dema, the A. forms a further defile in the south near the monastery of D…

Aegeae

(301 words)

Author(s): Täuber, Hans (Vienna)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Limes (Ἀἰγέαι; Aigéai). The modern Yumurtalık, a port in  Cilicia Pedias east of the mouth of the  Pyramus (Str. 14,5,18; Stadiasmus maris magni 157 f.; Ptol. 5,8,4). Despite claims of a common origin with Argus [5. 119-128], it was a Macedonian foundation [1. 53-96]; a mint since at least the reign of Antiochus [5] IV [6. 146-150]. A new era began in the autumn of 47 BC ( Eras) [47. 2-22]; oppidum liberum in Plin. HN 5,91. Consecutively or even simultaneously, A. had several imperial names or epithets; as a …

Aegean Koine

(4,109 words)

Author(s): Niemeier, Wolf-Dietrich (Heidelberg) | Deger-Jalkotzy, Sigrid (Salzburg)
[German version] A. Definition In contrast to modern conditions, caused by political problems between Greece and Turkey, the Aegean sea in antiquity always had a connecting function between the Greek mainland, the islands of the Aegean and the west coast of Asia Minor. In the Aegean Bronze Age, cultural traits and ideas spread across the sea lanes several times to such an extent that each time, one can speak of the existence of an Aegean koine (AK). These Aegean koinai show differing forms. The one from the early Bronze Age (middle to second half of the 3rd millennium BC) …

Aegean Sea

(158 words)

Author(s): Kalcyk, Hansjörg (Petershausen)
[German version] (Αἰγαῖον πέλαγος; Aigaîon pélagos). The ‘Aegean Sea’ (AS), first mentioned in Aesch. Ag. 664; Hdt. 2,97; 4,85; 7,55; Ps.-Scyl. 58, extended according to Hdt. 2,113; Str. 10,4,2 from the opening of the Hellespontus to the island of Crete. According to other sources, it extended only as far as the island of Cos (Str. 7,7,4; 2,5,21), or ended west of Sounion (Plin. HN 4,9,19). Str. 2,5,21 reports the AS to be 4,000 stades ( c. 708 km) long and 2,000 stades wide ( c. 354 km). The frequent separation of the Icarian Sea defines the south-eastern extent along the arch…

Aegeis

(135 words)

Author(s): Lohmann, Hans (Bochum)
[German version] (Αἰγηίς; Aigēís). Following the reforms by  Cleisthenes A. was the second of the ten Attic phyles (IG II/III2 1740 ff.), named after the eponymous hero  Aegeus. In the 4th cent. BC, Aegeis comprised the following demes: eight   asty- , five   paralia- and eight   mesogeia . In 308/7 BC, four of those changed over to the Macedonian phyles of  Antigonis or  Demetrias; following their dissolution in 201/200 BC, they rejoined the A.  Cydantidae transferred in 224/3 BC to the  Ptolemais,  Icarium in 201/200 BC t…

Aegestus

(77 words)

Author(s): Graf, Fritz (Columbus, OH)
[German version] (Αἴγεστος; Aígestos). Son of Trojan parents who had fled to Sicily; fights with Elymus at Troy and founds Egesta/Segesta after his return (Dion. Hal. Ant. Rom. 1,52). According to another tradition, son of Sicilian river god   Crimisus and the Trojan nymph Egesta/Segesta (Serv. Aen. 1,550). Virgil recounts in Aen. 5, how A. (whom he calls Acestes) receives Aeneas as a guest. Graf, Fritz (Columbus, OH) Bibliography C. Arnold-Biucchi, s. v. A., LIMC 1.1, 357 f.

Aegeus

(399 words)

Author(s): Kearns, Emily (Oxford)
[German version] (Αἰγεύς; Aigeús). Mythical king of Athens, one of the 10   eponymoi and father of Theseus. The canonical history depicts him as a son of king  Pandium, of Attica, who shared Attica between A. and his brothers Pallas, Lycus and Nisus. A. received the region around Athens. But his appearance there could also have occurred later: Beazley ARV2 259.1 shows the other brothers with Orneus, not with A. As king he was childless for a long time. Upon enquiring from the Delphic Oracle, he was told ‘not to open the tap of the wine skin, until back …

Aegiale

(79 words)

Author(s): Kalcyk, Hansjörg (Petershausen)
[German version] [1] City on Amorgos (Αἰγιάλη; Aigiálē). One of the poleis of this island was situated in the north of  Amorgos (Steph. Byz. s. v. Ἄμοργος; Ámorgos). Remains of the sprawling town were found in the villages of Tholaria and Langada. Known as Giali in popular tradition, the place is today once again called A. (coins: HN 481). Kalcyk, Hansjörg (Petershausen) Bibliography H. Kaletsch, s. v. A., in: Lauffer, Griechenland, 83. [German version] [2] see  Aegialea see  Aegialea

Aegialea

(135 words)

Author(s): Graf, Fritz (Columbus, OH)
[German version] (Αἰγιάλεια; Aigiáleia). In prose also Aegiale, daughter of Adrastus (Hom. Il. 5,412) and Amphithea (Apollod. 1,79), and wife of Diomedes. In order to avenge herself for being wounded by Diomedes (Il. 5,330 ff,) Aphrodite coerces her, during Diomedes' absence in Troy, into getting involved with many young men in Argus. Upon returning home, Diomedes wants to murder A., or he flees in abhorrence to Calydon, and then to Italy. The myth establishes Diomedes' Italian adventure with the a…

Aegialeus

(178 words)

Author(s): Graf, Fritz (Columbus, OH)
(Αἰγιαλεύς; Aigialeús). [German version] [1] Figure from Greek myth, Son of Adrastus Son (or father) of   Adrastus the Argive, the only epigone at Thebes who fell in battle. Father or brother of   Aegialea. A. was venerated as a hero in Pagae in Megaris (Pind. Pyth. 8,53-55; Apollod. 1,103 and passim; Hyg. Fab. 71) [1]. Graf, Fritz (Columbus, OH) [German version] [2] Eponymous hero of Aegialea, name of part of Sicyon. also other name for Achaia Indigenous inhabitant who founds the oldest part of Sicyon, Aegialea, and gives the name Aegialus to the entire Peloponnese (Pau…

Aegidae

(222 words)

Author(s): Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum)
[German version] (Αἰγεῖδαι; Aigeîdai). Designated by Herodotus (4,149) as ‘great phyle in Sparta’, but also (4,147) brought in connection with Cadmean Thebes. In Aristotle (fr. 532 Rose) the A. appear as φρατρία Θηβαίων ( phratría Thēbaíōn) and in Pindar (I. 7,15) as ‘Thebans’ (cf. Androtion FGrH 324 F 60; schol. Pind. Pyth. 5,101). According to the Schol. of Pindar I. 7,18 they are supposed to have originally been Phlegraei. Whether here ‘Phlegyans’ are meant [1. 28] is uncertain. Supposedly the A. migrated with the Heraclidae t…

Aegidius

(121 words)

Author(s): Johne, Klaus-Peter (Berlin)
[German version] Gallic aristocrat, named comes et magister utriusque militiae per Gallias by emperor  Maiorianus in AD 456 or 457, lost Cologne to the Franks, wrested Lyon from the Burgundians in 458 and defended Arles against the West Goths, whom he defeated in 463 in league with the Salic king Childerich at Orléans. In 461 he refused to recognize Maiorianus' successor and created for himself in North Gallia an independent power base centred in Soisson, which he, until his death in 464/65, asserted above…

Aegila

(153 words)

Author(s): Kalcyk, Hansjörg (Petershausen)
[German version] (Αἰγιλία, Αἰγιαλία; Aigilía, Aigialía). Island in the southern  Aegean Sea; Plin. HN 4,57; Plut. Cleom. 31), with an area of 22 km2. In Byzantine times called Antikythera, under Venetian rule Cerigotto. The seemingly sole ancient settlement was located near Palaiokastro in the north-east of the island. To the north of A., an ancient shipwreck was discovered in AD 1900, where the ‘Youth of A.’ and other bronze and marble statues have been found (nowadays at the National Museum in Athens). Amongst the f…

Aegilia

(155 words)

Author(s): Lohmann, Hans (Bochum)
[German version] (Αἰγιλιά; Aigiliá). Attic   paralia (coastal) deme of the phyle Antiochis, later Ptolemais. Six   bouleutai [5. 23, 53, Table 10], located on the south-western coast of Attica (according to Str. 9,1,21 between Thorae and Anaphlystus), though not north-east of the Olympus [1. 69 ff.] near Hagios Panteleimon [5. 53; 3. 50 ff.], but to the west, probably near Phoinikia [2. 243 annotation 10; 4. 829]. Famous for its figs (Ath. 14,652E; Theoc. 1,147). A., together with a large part of the southern paralia, was probably depopulated quite early. ( Atene) [3]. Lohmann, …

Aegilips

(68 words)

Author(s): Strauch, Daniel (Berlin)
[German version] (Αἰγίλιψ; Aigílips). In Homer's catalogue of ships (Hom. Il. 2,633) listed as a place under Odysseus' rule, its exact location controversial even in antiquity (Str. 10,2,10: on  Leucas; Steph. Byz. s. v. Κροκύλειον; Krokýleion: on  Ithaca; Suda s. v. A.: on  Cephallenia), modern searches concentrate on Ithaca. Strauch, Daniel (Berlin) Bibliography E. Visser, Homers Katalog der Schiffe, 1997 R. H. Simpson, J. F. Lazenby, The catalogue of ships, 1970, 103 f.

Aegimius

(325 words)

Author(s): Graf, Fritz (Columbus, OH) | Selzer, Christoph (Frankfurt/Main) | Nutton, Vivian (London)
(Αἰγιμιός; Aigimiós). [German version] [1] Mythical progenitor of the Dorians in the Oete mountains Son (or father) of Dorus, father of Dyman and Pamphilus (Hes. fr. 10a 7). Progenitor of the Dorians in the Oete mountains (Pind. Pyth. 1,64;5,72; Str. 9,427 after Ephoros, FGrH 115 F 15). He adopted Hercules' son Hyllus after the death of his father, in addition to his own sons, to show his appreciation of Hercules' help. The three Dorian phyles were given the names Hylleis, Pamphiloi, Dymanes, after them. Othe…

Aegimurus

(109 words)

Author(s): Huß, Werner (Bamberg)
[German version] (Αἰγίμουρος; Aigímouros). Island west of Cape Bon, c. 30 miles (Liv. 30,24,9) or 230 stades from  Carthage (It. Ant. 492,13; 515,1), modern Ile Zembra (Liv. 29,27,14; Str. 2,5,9; 6,2,11; 17,3,16; Ptol. 4,3,44: Αἰγίμιος / Aigímios; Steph. Byz.: Αἰγίμορος; Aigímoros). Plin. HN 5,42 had knowledge of duae Aegimoeroe (Ile Zembra and Ile Zembretta). Verg. Aen. 1,109 and Plin. HN 5,42 referred to both islands as arae [1. 250 annotation 270]. In this context, see also the remark by Serv. Aen. 1,108: saxa haec..., in quibus aiunt Poenorum sacerdotes rem divinam facere solitos.…

Aegina

(1,277 words)

Author(s): Kalcyk, Hansjörg (Petershausen)
[German version] (Αἴγινα; Aígina). The island of A. (83 km2), named after the nymph A. (favourite daughter of the river god Asopus), lies almost in the centre of the Saronic Gulf; the port of A. is only 16 nautical miles from  Piraeus. The island is stony, arid, but not entirely barren. According to Str. 8,6,16, it had a circumference of 180 stades ( c. 32 km), and its ancient inhabitants numbered between 13,000 and 20,000. The oldest traces of settlements (end of the 4th millennium BC) have to date been found near Cape Skenderotti (Kolonna). In about 2500 …

Aegina

(2,199 words)

Author(s): Gauß, Walter (Athen RWG)
Gauß, Walter (Athen RWG) [German version] A. Sanctuary of Apollo (CT) (Fig.1,1) Since the end of the 17th cent. travel accounts have mentioned temple remains on the island of Aegina (A.). The first investigations in Colonna took place in 1811 after the excavations at the site of the Sanctuary of Aphaea. These were discontinued after three days by C.R. Cockerell since the hoped-for sculptural finds failed to appear. In 1829 the temple foundations were, for the most part, removed for the construction of the …

Aeginetan Marbles

(6 words)

see  Architectural sculpture

Aeginetan Standard

(7 words)

see  Coinage, standards of

Aeginium

(140 words)

Author(s): Strauch, Daniel (Berlin)
[German version] (Αἰγίνιον; Aigínion). Town in Tymphania, originally taken as belonging to Epirus (Str. 7,7,9), but from 191 BC belonging to Macedonia, from 167 BC to the Thessalonian Hestiaiotis. Strategically important location in the upper valley of the Peneius (impregnable according to Liv. 32,15,4), destroyed by the Romans in the Third Macedonian War in 167 BC (Liv. 45,27). Its localization close to the modern Kalambaka [3. 121-123; 1. 898] (medieval Stagoi [4. 262 f.]) seems to be certain, de…

Aegira

(364 words)

Author(s): Lafond, Yves (Bochum)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Achaeans, Achaea | Macedonia, Macedones | Oracles (Αἴγειρα; Aígeira). Town in  Achaea, c. 1.3 km from the coast (Pol. 4,57,5) and c. 2.2 km from the port of the same name (Paus. 7,26,1), west of the modern village of Derveni. Protected on three sides by steep hills and on the fourth approachable only via a narrow ridge, A. was easy to defend and, at the same time, controlled the coastal road. The hilltop settlement ( c. 416 m), inhabited since the late Mycenaean period (12th cent. BC), was originally called Hyperesia …

Aegis

(445 words)

Author(s): Parker, Robert (Oxford)
[German version] (Αἰγίς; Aigís). In Homer, a common attribute of Zeus, who is regularly described as ‘Aegis-bearer’, and of Athena (Il. 2,446-9; 5,738 ff.; 21,400 f.; Od. 22,279). Its appearance -- a metal shield, a goatskin shield or a cloak -- cannot be clearly determined, because there was no firm tradition. The aegis is said to be ‘completely unkempt’ (Il. 15,309) and to have ‘tassles’ (100 of gold in Il. 2,448); the gods carry it, although Athena throws it around her shoulder, in place of a sh…

Aegissus

(109 words)

Author(s): von Bredow, Iris (Bietigheim-Bissingen)
[German version] (Αἰγισσος; Aígissos). Thracian fortress (1st cent. BC, Ov. Pont. 1,8,13), modern Tulĉa (Romania) in the Danube delta. Necropolis from the 6th to 1st cents. BC. Under  Rhoemetalces at the time of Augustus controlled by Rome (Cass. Dio 54,20,1-3). In about 12 BC destroyed by northern tribes, but rebuilt; from the 2nd cent. BC onwards, growing in military and civilian importance.   Statio between Noviodunum and Salsovia (It. Ant. 226,2). Fortified under Justinian (Procop. Aed. 4,7,20). von Bredow, Iris (Bietigheim-Bissingen) Bibliography G. Simion, Les Gètes de …

Aegisthus

(149 words)

Author(s): Auffarth, Christoph (Tübingen)
[German version] (Αἴγισθος; Aígisthos). Pre-Grecian name [1]; neologism in the epic, short for αἰγι-σθένης [2]. In the Odyssey, son of Thyestes (only Od. 4,518); usurps the throne and wife of  Agamemnon. He murders (Od. 3,266-71) the conqueror of Troy on his homecoming. Thereafter he rules for seven years as king in Mycenae, until Orestes takes revenge for his father. A. is placed there as a negative (the murderer as king ὑπὲρ μόρον Od. 1,29-43; ἀμύμων, ‘good-looking’ instead of ‘beyond reproach’ […

Aegium

(380 words)

Author(s): Lafond, Yves (Bochum)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Dark Ages | Hellenistic states | Achaeans, Achaea | Macedonia, Macedones | Natural catastrophes (Αἴγιον; Aígion). Town in  Achaea on the Corinthian Gulf (Hom. Il. 2,574; Hdt. 1,145; Ps.-Scyl. 42; Str. 8,7,5, and also Ptol. 3,16,5; Hierocles 647; Geogr. Rav. 5,13). A. rose in three terraces above sea level, at the edge of a plateau with a slight drop to the west, which extended to the mountains in the south, at a safe anchorage between the mouths of two rivers…

Aeglanor

(37 words)

Author(s): Ameling, Walter (Jena)
[German version] From Cyrene, συγγενής ( syngennḗs) and allegedly official of  Ptolemaeus Apion; his daughter Aretaphila murdered the Cyrenian tyrant Nicostratus ( c. 88-81 BC). Ameling, Walter (Jena) Bibliography A. Laronde, Cyrène et la Libye hellénistique, 1987, 421 f.; 455.

Aegle

(191 words)

Author(s): Graf, Fritz (Columbus, OH)
(Αἴγλη; Aíglē). Suggestive name (‘glory’, ‘radiance’) for youthful radiant heroines, who can have genealogical connections to Helios: [German version] [1] Naiade, with Helios, mother of the Charites Naiade, with Helios, mother of the Charites (Paus. 9,35,5; Verg. Ecl. 6,20). Graf, Fritz (Columbus, OH) [German version] [2] Daughter of Helios One of the Heliades, daughter of Helios and Clymene, who was turned into a poplar tree together with her sisters, after the death of her brother Phaethon (Hyg. Fab.154; 156, following Hesiod). Graf, Fritz (Columbus, OH) [German version] [3] He…

Aegocerus

(4 words)

see  Constellations

Aegosages

(167 words)

Author(s): Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt)
[German version] (Αἰγοσάγες/ Aigoságes). Celtic tribe recruited by Attalus [4] I in 218 BC for the battle against Achaeus [5] in Thracia and taken to Asia Minor (Pol. 5,77 f.; 5,111,1-7; [1. 233, 243]). In Aeolia (Aeolians [2]) and Mysia, Attalus I operated successfully with the A. who, however, started a mutiny at the Macestus due to a lunar eclipse. Attalus kept his word to the A. and settled them at the Hellespontus where they proceeded to plunder the surrounding cities and finally occupied Iliu…

Aegospotami

(5 words)

see Aigos Potamos

Aegosthena

(241 words)

Author(s): Antonetti, Claudia (Venice)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Achaeans, Achaea | Attica (τὰ Αἰγόσθενα; tà Aigósthena, Xen. Hell. 5,4,18; 6,4,26; Scyl. 39; Plin. HN 4,23; Steph. Byz. s. v. Αἰγοσθένεια / Aigosthéneia; Ptol. 3,15,18; epigraphically also τὰ Αἰγόστενα; tà Aigóstena: IG 7,1), northernmost town in Megara, located in the bay of Porto Germeno, inhabited from the Mycenaean to the late antique period [3. 20-23]. Its circular wall with towers, dating from the 5th and 4th cents. BC, is partially preserved in its full height and is …

Aegritudo Perdicae

(158 words)

Author(s): Smolak, Kurt (Vienna)
[German version] Epyllium (250 hexameters) preserved in the Codex Harleianus 3685 (15th cent.), in which Perdicas' disastrous love for his mother on his return from his studies in Athens is treated. with considerable empathy, as a psychic illness (see 174 ). The cause is a neglected sacrifice to Venus. Perdicas overcomes the goddess's and Amor's lust for revenge by deciding to commit suicide so as also to destroy the god of love raging within him. The material may well stem from a Hellenistic sour…

Aeiphygia

(95 words)

Author(s): Thür, Gerhard (Graz)
[German version] (ἀειφυγία; aeiphygía). Permanent banishment; in Athens archaic punishment for φόνος ( phónos, homicide), τραῦμα ( traûma, bodily harm) and τυραννίς ( tyrannís), pronounced by the Areopagus as a ‘special court’ (not by the Heliaia in normal dikasteria). There was a family liability, so the living members of a house went into exile, the dead were torn from their graves and property was confiscated (Demosth. 21,43 on IG I3 104; 20,2. Plut. Sol. 12). Thür, Gerhard (Graz) Bibliography U. Kahrstedt, Staatsgebiet und Staatsangehörige in Athen, 1934, 97 ff. P. J. Rhodes, …

Aeisitoi

(100 words)

Author(s): Rhodes, Peter J. (Durham)
[German version] (ἀείσιτοι; aeísitoi). Aeisitoi are entitled, not just occasionally but regularly, to participate in the banquets prepared by the Greek states (cf. Poll. 9,40). In Athens one so honoured was accorded   sitesis in the  Prytaneion (e.g. IG II/III2 I 1,450b) [2; 3]; as aeisitoi were designated also the officials who were assigned to the council and who ate with the   prytaneis (e.g. Agora XV 86) [1]. Rhodes, Peter J. (Durham) Bibliography 1 Agora XV, 1974, 7-8 2 A. S. Henry, Honours and Privileges in Athenian Decrees, 1983, 275-78 archontes 3 M. J. Osborne, Entertainmen…

Aelia

(294 words)

Author(s): Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) | Eck, Werner (Cologne) | Leppin, Hartmut (Hannover)
[German version] [1] Second wife of Sulla Second wife of Sulla (Plut. Sull. 6,20). Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) [German version] [2] Galla Wife of one Postumus (Augustan period) Wife of one Postumus = ? C. Propertius Postumus, Prop. 3,12,38; related to members of the senatorial Aelii of the Augustan period [1; 2]. Eck, Werner (Cologne) [German version] [3] Paetina, second wife of  Claudius Ae. Paetina. Probably daughter of Sex. Aelius Catus; second wife of  Claudius, who separated from her (Suet. Claud. 26,2). They had a daughter  Antonia [5].  Narcissus …

Aelianus

(806 words)

Author(s): Burckhardt, Leonhard (Basle) | Bowie, Ewen (Oxford) | Baltes, Matthias (Münster) | Lakmann, Marie-Luise (Münster)
[German version] [1] Greek military author Greek military author, wrote the τακτικὰ Αἰλιανοῦ; Taktikà Ailianoû, a textbook addressed to Trajan, in which the tactics and structure of the Greek and specifically the Macedonian armies of the classical and Hellenistic eras are explained. A. was a theoretician without any practical experience and it is for this reason that his work appears mechanical. By his own admission (1,2), he drew on the work of many older authors (Aeneas Tacticus, Pyrrhus of Epirus, Posidoni…

Aelius

(3,107 words)

Author(s): Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) | Giaro, Tomasz (Frankfurt/Main) | Will, Wolfgang (Bonn) | Kierdorf, Wilhelm (Cologne) | Eck, Werner (Cologne) | Et al.
Name of a Roman plebeian house (originally Ailius), verifiable from the 4th cent. BC until the late imperial era. The most important families are the Paeti (since the 4th cent. BC), Tuberones (since the 2nd cent. BC), and from the 1st cent. also the Galli and Lamiae. In the imperial era, especially since Hadrian, the most famous bearer of the name, the name Aelius is so widespread that it -- just like Flavius and Aurelius -- loses its character as nomen gentile. I. Republic [German version] [I 1] Ae. Unknown author of a lex Aelia, mid 2nd cent. BC unknown author of a lex Aelia (mostly mentioned t…

Aelius Promotus

(91 words)

Author(s): Nutton, Vivian (London)
[German version] A., of Alexandria, worked during the first half of the second cent. as doctor and writer. He wrote about medicines and sympathetic remedies [1; 2]. The manuscripts also count among the writings of A. a treatise about toxicology [3], the core of which originated in A.'s time and which was apparently one of the main sources for  Aetius [3] of Amida, even if it shows signs of revisions in the meantime. Nutton, Vivian (London) Bibliography 1 E. Rohde, KS vol.1, 1901, 380-410 2 M. Wellmann, in: SBAW 1908, 772-777 3 S. Ihm, 1995.

Aello

(4 words)

see  Harpies

Aemilia

(261 words)

Author(s): Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) | Eck, Werner (Cologne)
[German version] [1] Vestalis maxima probably 178 BC Vestalis maxima probably 178 BC (Obseq. 8; Val. Max. 1,1,6-7; Dion. Hal. Ant. Rom. 2,68,3-5 [1]). Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) [German version] [2] Vestal, died 114 BC Vestal, condemned in a sensational trial and executed in 114 BC, because of incest, with other colleagues (MRR 1,534; 537). Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) [German version] [3] Wife of Pompey Daughter of M. Aemilius Scaurus (cos. 115 BC), first married to M'. Acilius Glabrio (cos. 67), forced by Sulla 82 (?) to marry Pompey (Plut. Sull. 33,4; Pompon. 9,1). Elvers, Karl-Lu…

Aemilianus

(404 words)

Author(s): Degani, Enzo (Bologna) | Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) | Birley, A. R. (Düsseldorf)
[No German version] I. Greek Degani, Enzo (Bologna) Bibliography GA 2,1,11 f.; 2,2,13-16. [German version] [I 1] Epigrammatic poet of Nicaea. Author of three interesting epigrams from the ‘Garland’ of Philippus: the astounding lament of a ship that -- having escaped shipwreck -- returns to port ‘with a cargo of corpses’ (Anth. Pal. 9,218), and two descriptions of works of art, the first (Anth. Pal. 7,623) a famous painting by Aristides of Thebes (Plin. HN 35,98), the second (Anth. Pal. 9,756) seems to illustrate …

Aemilius

(4,870 words)

Author(s): Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) | Will, Wolfgang (Bonn) | Eck, Werner (Cologne) | Courtney, Edward (Charlottesville, VA) | Giaro, Tomasz (Frankfurt/Main)
[German version] Nomen gentile Name of a very old patrician line (more often written Aimilius), after which the tribus Aemilia, one of the oldest rustic tribes, is also named. Republican pseudo-genealogy traced the gens back to Mamercus, said to be the son of Pythagoras or of Numa, or to Trojan ancestors: Aemilia, a daughter of Aeneas; Aimylos, a son of Ascanius; or to King Amulius himself (Plut. Aemilius 2; Numa 8; Romulus 2; Fest. 22 L; Sil. Pun. 8,294-296) [1]. The Aemilii belonged to one of the most respected lines in the R…

Aemilius Asper

(169 words)

Author(s): Schmidt, Peter L. (Constance)
[German version] The grammarian A., most likely from the late 2nd cent. AD, sums up the tension between archaistic and classical tendencies of the school canon in the 2nd cent. with his explanations of  Terentius,  Vergilius and  Sallustius. In his exegesis, the interest in historical-linguistic detailed phenomena takes second place to textual criticism, stylistics and the comparison with Greek classics. In late antiquity, he together with  Probus and  Terentius Scaurus constitutes a triad of gram…

Aemulatio

(4 words)

see  Intertextuality

Aenarete

(27 words)

Author(s): Graf, Fritz (Columbus, OH)
[German version] (Αἰναρέτη). Wife of  Aeolus (Hes. fr. 10a 31; Schol. Pl. Min. 315c), who is called Enarete in Apollod. 1,51. Graf, Fritz (Columbus, OH)

Aenea

(157 words)

Author(s): Zahrnt, Michael (Kiel)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Delian League (ᾌνεια; Áineia). Situated on the north-west coast of the  Chalcidice peninsula, close to the modern Nea Moudania, of unknown origin. Taking coins as evidence, A. was seen as a foundation by  Aeneas [1] as early as 500 BC. In the 5th cent. BC, it joined the  Delian League, and remained a member beyond 432 BC. At the latest in 349/8 BC, it became Macedonian. In 315 BC, it lost a number of its inhabitants to the new foundation of Thessalonica, but continued to exist. A. is further mentioned on a Delphian list of theorodokoi (a…

Aeneas

(1,657 words)

Author(s): Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld) | Heckel, Hartwig (Bochum) | Burckhardt, Leonhard (Basle) | Hadot, Pierre (Limours)
[German version] [3] Stratēgos of the Arcadians around 366 BC (Αἰνέας; Ainéas). From Stymphalus. Stratēgos of the Arcadians around 366 BC (Xen. Hell. 7,3,1). Whether identical to  Aeneas [2] Tacticus, cannot be clarified.  Thebae Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld) Bibliography D. Whitehead, Aineias the Tactician, 1990, 10-13 A. Winterling, Polisbegriff und Stasistheorie des Aeneas Tacticus, in: Historia 40, 1991, 191-229, 201. [German version] [1] Myth Mythical figure from Trojan war (Αἰνείας, Αἰνέας [Aineías, Ainéas]; Latin Aeneas). Thraco-Illyrian name [17. 311 f.]. Hecke…

Aeneatores

(102 words)

Author(s): Le Bohec, Yann (Lyon)
[German version] were the musicians of the Roman legions and were already documented in the Servian centuria regulation. They included the tubicines, cornicines and bucinatores, who transmitted the officers' orders in the camp, while marching and during battle. The word aeneatores appeared only once in the imperial period (CIL XIII 6503): in the 4th cent. AD they were mentioned in Amm. Marc. 16,12,36 and 24,4,22.  Bucinatores;  Cornicines;  Tubicines Le Bohec, Yann (Lyon) Bibliography 1 A. Baudot, Musiciens romains de l'Antiquité, 1973 2 R. Meucci, Riflessioni di archeolog…

Aenesidemus [of Cnossus]

(418 words)

Author(s): Frede, Michael (Oxford)
[German version] (Αἰνησίδημος; Ainēsídēmos) [of Cnossus] Originally a member of the Academy (Phot. 212, 169 b 33) and the founder of Pyrrhonism. The exact dates of his life are disputed, but A.'s critique of the Academy points to the beginning of the 1st cent. BC.The fact that Cicero does not mention him and deems Pyrrho's philosophy dead is not significant as long as we clearly distinguish between Pyrrho and Pyrrhonism. None of A.'s writings survive, but Phot. 212 presents a summary of ‘Pyrrhonian…

Aeneus

(31 words)

Author(s): Graf, Fritz (Columbus, OH)
[German version] (Αἰνεύς; Aineús). Son of Apollo and Stilbe the daughter of Peneius; husband of the Aenete (Αἰνήτη), father of   Cyzicus (Apoll. Rhod. 1,948). Graf, Fritz (Columbus, OH)

Aeniana

(119 words)

Author(s): Brentjes, Burchard (Berlin) | Treidler, Hans (Berlin)
[German version] A place in Armenia on the upper Araxes (present-day Aras), recorded only by Str. in books 11,7,1; 14,14. It was incorrectly associated with the southern Thessalian Αἰᾶνες ( Aiânes). An inland area of Armenia called Hani, a place with the same name located south-west of Lake Urmia and also Ani, a place on the upper Aras, are all very old indigenous names which led to this incorrect conclusion. Also, the district Οἰταία ( Oitaía) and the mountain Οἴτη ( Oítē) were associated with the Οὐίτιοι ( Ouítioi) tribe and the Οὐιτία ( Ouitía) area in the Araxes region. This resulted…

Aenianes

(603 words)

Author(s): Kramolisch, Herwig (Eppelheim)
[German version] (Αἰνιᾶνες; Ainiânes). Small tribe, related to the  Myrmidones and the Achaeans of  Phthia, originally settled in the vicinity of the  Perrhaebi at the river Titaresius and in the surrounding plains, then driven south by the Thessalians advancing from the north; in historical times, they settled in the Aenis region in the upper valley of the Spercheus between the Dolopes, the Achaeans of Phthiotis, the  Malieis and the  Oetaei (Hom. Il. 2,749; Hdt. 7,198; further sources [1; 2]). Th…

Aenona

(133 words)

Author(s): Šašel Kos, Marjeta (Ljubljana)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Prehistoric settlement of the  Liburni on a small island (modern Nin, Croatia); attested in the name A., in copious grave finds, and in the native cult of the epigraphically verified  Venus Anzotica. Important town in the early Roman period ( Illyricum, later province  Dalmatia); probably Augustan   municipium of the tribus Sergia (CIL III 3158), 18 km north-west of  Iader, opposite the island of Cissa (modern Pag) at the foot of Mons Albius (modern Velebit) (Plin. HN 3,140; Ptol. 2,16,3). Sur…

Aenus

(328 words)

Author(s): von Bredow, Iris (Bietigheim-Bissingen) | Dietz, Karlheinz (Würzburg)
[German version] [1] Modern Enez This item can be found on the following maps: Byzantium | Thraci, Thracia | | | Colonization | Moesi, Moesia | Pergamum | Persian Wars | Pompeius | Delian League | Athenian League (Second) (Αἶνος; Aînos). The place today known as Enez on the Turkish bank of the Maritza, mentioned by Hom. Il. 4,520 as the home of  Peirous. The name Poltymbria (Str. 7,7,1) is a later construct. Systematic archaeological investigation is not possible because of buildings built over the relevant sites. Traces of a prehisto…

Aeolia

(131 words)

Author(s): Graf, Fritz (Columbus, OH)
[German version] (Αἰολία sc. νῆσος; Aiolía nêsos). Residence of  Aeolus [2], the lord of the winds. It is a floating island, which is hedged around by steep cliffs and a bronze wall (Hom. Od. 10.3 f.); in a certain contrast to these fairy-tale motives -- especially the floating of the island -- is the very Greek idea that the city and the ‘beautiful houses’ of A. and his family are on this island (loc. cit.13). Since the 5th cent. it is sited in actual geography and in particular identified with the Liparic or Aeolic Islands (Αἰόλου νῆσοι) (Antiochus of Syracuse FGrH 555 F 1; Thuc. 3,88). Graf, Fri…

Aeoliae Insulae

(294 words)

Author(s): Bernabò Brea, Luigi (Syracuse)
[German version] (Αἰόλου νῆσοι, Αἰολίδες; Aiólou nêsoi, Aiolídes, Hephaistiades, Volcaniae). Seven volcanic islands north-east of  Sicily ( Strongyle and Hiera with active volcanoes), modern Eolie or Lipari ( Lipara/Lipari,  Didyme/Salina,  Euonymos/Panarea,  Strongyle/Stromboli,  Erikussa/Alicudi,  Phoinikussa/Filicudi,  Hiera Hephaistou or  Thermessa/Vulcano). From 1948, systematic excavations by the Mus. Eoliano di Lipari. Lipara and Didyme were inhabited from the mesolithic (obsidian from Lipara), …

Aeolians

(2,474 words)

Author(s): Gschnitzer, Fritz (Heidelberg) | Schwertheim, Elmar (Münster)
[German version] [1] Name of one or more Greek tribes (Αἰολεῖς; Aioleîs). Gschnitzer, Fritz (Heidelberg) [German version] A. Etymology A. (Sg. Aioleus), older form Aiwolēwes (Sg. Aiwoleus), is the name of one or several Greek tribes and its (their) members, of which the first mention is probably in a late Mycenean text found in Cnossus (Ws 1707) and then next in Hesiod (Op. 636; fr. 9 M.-W.). The name of the tribe and the mythological personal name   Aeolus are both derived from the adjective αἰ()όλος, which was already in use in Mycenean times (as the name of a bull a3-wo-ro/ Aiwolos/KN Ch 8…

Aeolic (Lesbian).

(595 words)

Author(s): García-Ramón, José Luis (Cologne)
[German version] Lesbian (called ‘Aeolian’ in antiquity) is documented in inscriptions from Lesbos (locations: Mytilene, Methymna, Eresus), Aeolis (Aegae, Cyme) and Troas (Assus), also, sometimes reliably, in the lyric poets ( Alcaeus [4],  Sappho,  Iulia Balbilla). Aside from a Mytilenian contract from the 5th cent. BC, the more important inscriptions originate primarily in the 4th and 3rd cents.: but they already contain Attic and κοινή forms, as well as mixed forms, especially the official documents; toward the end of the 2nd …

Aeolidae

(68 words)

Author(s): Graf, Fritz (Columbus, OH)
[German version] (Αἰολίδαι; Aiolídai). Not only the sons of Aeolus, such as Sisyphus, Athamas and Cretheus, but also their descendants, e.g. Bellerophontes and Jason in Pindar, Minyas, Phrixus, Idmon in Apoll. Rhod. In Virgil's Aeneid (6,529) Anchises calls Odysseus Aeolides, in accordance with the tradition which makes him the son of Sisyphus (since Soph. Phil. 417). Graf, Fritz (Columbus, OH) Bibliography M. Scarsi, s. v. Eolide, EV 2,324.

Aeolis

(298 words)

Author(s): Graf, Fritz (Columbus, OH) | Strauch, Daniel (Berlin)
[German version] [1] Name of a goddess associated with agrarian wealth in the imperial period Name of a goddess associated with agrarian wealth ( karpophóros) in the imperial inscriptions of Lesbos and Aegae; identified with Agrippina I and II (as Θεὰ Αἰολὶς Σεβαστή; Theà Aiolìs Sebastḗ, IG XII suppl. 134). She corresponds to the Αἰοληία θεά ( Aiolēía theá) mentioned in Alc. fr. 129 LP, who was worshipped together with Zeus and Dionysus Omestes in the main Lesbian sanctuary at Messa. Graf, Fritz (Columbus, OH) Bibliography L. Robert, Recherches épigraphiques V. (Inscriptions de L…

Aeolou nesoi

(6 words)

see  Aeolae insulae

Aeolus

(508 words)

Author(s): Scheer, Tanja (Rome) | Bremmer, Jan N. (Groningen) | Graf, Fritz (Columbus, OH)
(Αἴολος; Aíolos). [German version] [1] Eponym of the Aeolean tribe Eponym of the Aeolean tribe. Son of Hellen (Hes. fr. 9 MW), grandson of  Deucalion, whose many genealogical connections help to give structure to the mythical worldview of the Greeks, including geographically. His brothers Dorus and Xythos emigrate, A. is king in the paternal Magnesia/Thessaly. By Enarete, daughter of Deimachus, he has many children: the sons Cretheus, Athamas,  Sisyphus, Salmoneus and Perieres (Hes. fr. 10 MW; Apollod. 1,…

Aepytus

(216 words)

Author(s): Graf, Fritz (Columbus, OH)
(Αἴπυτος; Aípytos). [German version] [1] Arcadian hero Arcadian hero, son of Elatus, father of Peirithous (Hes. fr. 166). His grave, known already to Homer (Il. 2,604) was displayed on Mount Sepia at Cyllene, where he had been bitten by a snake. Pindar (O. 6,30) gives his residence as Phaesane at Alpheius; Pitane promises him her daughter by Poseidon, Evadne, who, by Apollo, will become mother of the seer Iamus. Graf, Fritz (Columbus, OH) [German version] [2] King of Arcadian Trapezus King of Arcadian Trapezus, son of Hippothous, father of Cypselus. He went blind because he…

Aequi

(240 words)

Author(s): Marasco, Gabriele (Pisa)
[German version] Oscan Samnite tribe in central Italy between  Latini,  Marsi, and  Hernici. In the 5th and 4th cents. BC, the A. fought against Rome. They occupied Latin towns and attempted to gain control of the Algido valley where, in 458 BC, they encircled the army of the consul L. Minucius, but were defeated by  Cincinnatus (Liv. 3,25-29; Dion. Hal. Ant. Rom. 10,22-25). In 431 BC, they suffered defeat at the hand of the dictator A. Postumius Tubertus (Liv. 4,27-29; Diod. Sic. 12,64; Plut. Cam…

Aequimelium

(96 words)

Author(s): Förtsch, Reinhard (Cologne)
[German version] Non-built-up district in Rome, regio VIII, in the south of the Forum Boarium near the northern foothills of the capitol. According to a widespread tradition (Varro, Ling. 5, 157; Liv. 4, 16, 1; Cic. Dom. 101; Dion. Hal. Ant. Rom. 12, 4; Val. Max. 6, 3, 1; Quint. Inst. 3, 7, 20), the house of the rich grain merchant Sp. Maelius was demolished here in 432 BC by order of the senate because he was said to have aspired to kingship. Förtsch, Reinhard (Cologne) Bibliography Richardson, 3 G. Pisani Sartorio, in: LTUR 1, 21.

Aequinoctium

(4 words)

see  Kykloi

Aequitas

(674 words)

Author(s): Schiemann, Gottfried (Tübingen)
[German version] The word aequitas has several meanings. There is a particularly fluid transition to iustum. The latter usually tends to refer to fidelity to positive law, aequitas to justice characterizing and penetrating the whole of law. Linguistic kinship to the horizontal points to equality in the sense of the corollary of performance and counter-performance, misconduct and sanction. Additionally aequitas includes the meaning of proper appropriation of facts as equal or unequal to the cases already decided in positive law. Going still further at th…

Aequitas

(2,059 words)

Author(s): Repgen, Tilman (Cologne)
Repgen, Tilman (Cologne) [German version] A. The concept (CT) Since the late Middle Ages, the legal concept of aequitas has been translated by equity, although a differentiation was made between the two terms, particularly in the 19th cent. Equity can best be described as a source of law, which claims validity in addition to the positive legal system and helps to decide individual cases. Martinus Gosia (*around 1100), for instance, designated equity as fons et origo iustitiae (‘source and origin of justice’). As a particular manifestation of justice, equity is both a mea…

Aequum

(206 words)

Author(s): Šašel Kos, Marjeta (Ljubljana)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Coloniae | Moesi, Moesia Town in the province  Dalmatia (modern Čitluk near Sinj), on the road from Salona to Servitium (It. Ant. 269,6; Tab. Peut. 5,3, Geogr. Rav. 4,16).   colonia under emperor  Claudius (CIL III 1323; Ptol. 2,16,11). A. was the only town in Dalmatia to be founded on the basis of a veteran settlement, following the departure of the   legio VII from Tilurium. A. had a   conventus civium Romanorum , whose summus curator was Sex. Iulius Silvanus -- following the foundation of the colony one of its first…

Aequum Faliscum

(58 words)

Author(s): Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart)
[German version] According to Str. 5,2,9 a settlement on the   via Flaminia between Oriculi (modern Otricoli) and Rome, possibly identical with  Falerii (Str. loc. cit.). On the Tab. Peut. 5,4 ( Aequo Falsico) east of the Tiberis [1. 320]. Uncertain connection with the Aequi Falisci (Verg. Aen. 7,695; Sil. 8,490). Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart) Bibliography 1 Miller 2 Nissen, 2, 364.

Aequum Tuticum

(89 words)

Author(s): Buonocore, Marco (Rome)
[German version] Important   mansio on the via Traiana at its crossing with the via Herculia in the territory of the  Hirpini (Itin. Anton. 112,2; alternative forms of the name: Equo tutico, Equum tuticum, Aequum tuticum, Aequo tutico, Equum magnum), modern San Eleuterio near Ariano Irpino. Aequum Tuticum (AT) was probably never raised to become a   municipium , but remained dependent on  Beneventum (cf. inscriptions found on two graves in AT: genius coloniae Beneventanae, CIL IX 1418; permissus decurionum coloniae Beneventanae, CIL IX 1419). Buonocore, Marco (Rome)
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