Brill’s New Pauly
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Subject: Classical Studies
Edited by: Hubert Cancik and Helmuth Schneider (Antiquity) and Manfred Landfester (Classical Tradition).
English translation edited by Christine F. Salazar (Antiquity) and Francis G. Gentry (Classical Tradition)
Brill´s New Pauly is the English edition of the authoritative Der Neue Pauly, published by Verlag J.B. Metzler since 1996. The encyclopaedic coverage and high academic standard of the work, the interdisciplinary and contemporary approach and clear and accessible presentation have made the New Pauly the unrivalled modern reference work for the ancient world. The section on Antiquity of Brill´s New Pauly are devoted to Greco-Roman antiquity and cover more than two thousand years of history, ranging from the second millennium BC to early medieval Europe. Special emphasis is given to the interaction between Greco-Roman culture on the one hand, and Semitic, Celtic, Germanic, and Slavonic culture, and ancient Judaism, Christianity, and Islam on the other hand. The section on the Classical Tradition is uniquely concerned with the long and influential aftermath of antiquity and the process of continuous reinterpretation and revaluation of the ancient heritage, including the history of classical scholarship. Brill´s New Pauly presents the current state of traditional and new areas of research and brings together specialist knowledge from leading scholars from all over the world. Many entries are elucidated with maps and illustrations and the English edition will include updated bibliographic references.
Subscriptions: see brill.com
English translation edited by Christine F. Salazar (Antiquity) and Francis G. Gentry (Classical Tradition)
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Brill´s New Pauly is the English edition of the authoritative Der Neue Pauly, published by Verlag J.B. Metzler since 1996. The encyclopaedic coverage and high academic standard of the work, the interdisciplinary and contemporary approach and clear and accessible presentation have made the New Pauly the unrivalled modern reference work for the ancient world. The section on Antiquity of Brill´s New Pauly are devoted to Greco-Roman antiquity and cover more than two thousand years of history, ranging from the second millennium BC to early medieval Europe. Special emphasis is given to the interaction between Greco-Roman culture on the one hand, and Semitic, Celtic, Germanic, and Slavonic culture, and ancient Judaism, Christianity, and Islam on the other hand. The section on the Classical Tradition is uniquely concerned with the long and influential aftermath of antiquity and the process of continuous reinterpretation and revaluation of the ancient heritage, including the history of classical scholarship. Brill´s New Pauly presents the current state of traditional and new areas of research and brings together specialist knowledge from leading scholars from all over the world. Many entries are elucidated with maps and illustrations and the English edition will include updated bibliographic references.
Subscriptions: see brill.com
Natiso
(85 words)
[German version] (Νατίσων;
Natís
ōn). River in Venetia (Ptol. 3,1,26) which rises in the Alpes Carnicae, flows below Forum Iulium (present-day Cividale), reaches the Turrus from the right (Plin. HN 3,126) and flows into the Laguna Veneta near Aquileia [1]. It protected the east walls of Aquileia and formed a canal port there (Str. 5,1,8). At the estuary the river is nowadays called Natissa (as in Iord. Get. 42), but Natisone and Torre in the interior regions. Uggeri, Giovanni (Florence) Bibliography Nissen 2, 229.
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Brill’s New Pauly
Natural catastrophes
(1,050 words)
[German version] For the whole of antiquity there are numerous reports of natural catastrophes (NC). Especially in the eastern Mediterranean, but also in Italy, tectonic conditions resulted in an extraordinary susceptibility for frequently disastrous seismic activity (earthquakes and resulting tsunami, volcanic eruptions). The ancient perception was that phenomena such as storms, epidemics, rains of stones, comets (Cic. Nat. deor. 2,14) and solar and lunar eclipses (e.g. Plut. Nicias 23; Eclipses) were also in the category of NC. Earthquakes (cf. map) …
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Brill’s New Pauly
Naturales liberi
(370 words)
[German version] (also known as
liberi naturales ). In Late Antiquity, ‘natural children’ were the issue of an illegitimate union (
concubinatus ). Compared to other children of illegitimate descent (
spurius ), they were privileged in many respects. Thus, the possibility of a legitimation, that is the eventual acquisition of the legal status of legitimate offspring (
legitimi), existed only for NL. In what was probably initially intended as an incentive to contract marriage with one's partner in concubinage, the parents' marriage brought about the ful…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Natural Law
(3,710 words)
Lück, Heiner (Halle-Wittenberg RWG) [German version] A. General (CT) Natural law (NL) (
ius naturae,
ius naturale) is the measure, corrective, reason for the validity and permanent critique of positive law. It juxtaposes benchmarks derived from nature and the divine order for all creatures or rational beings with the universal behavioural rules imposed by rulers or the state. It constitutes the discrepancy between the actual state of the law or the constitution on the one hand and the ideal established by God o…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Natural philosophy
(2,079 words)
[English version] The legacy of ancient natural philosophy (NP) unfolded its theoretical implications through the gradual mutual influences of the various sources of ancient thought on nature. For the concept of nature in Greek and Latin philosophy extended both to the phenomena of the visible world and to
physis as the guiding background on the metaphysical plane. It was formulated in the following main currents of thought in a way that were, to some extent, competitive: 1. In Plato's model of the
Timaeus, where both the action of a demiurge and a kind of numerical structure…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Natural sciences
(43,372 words)
Lammel, Hans-Uwe I. The Concept of Nature (physis/natura) (CT) [German version] A. Antiquity (CT) By assuming the early Greek definition of essential being as 'being-that-has-become' [41; 19; 33; 55; 52], Aristotle had given precise expression to Greek
physis, which he conceived of as the becoming and essence of all existing matter that contains the origin of its motion within itself (Metaph. Δ 4). In addition to the material substrate, from which becoming was perceived as proceeding, the notions of shape and form (
morphḗ and
eídos) appeared as the goal (
télos) of natural becoming,…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Nature, Natural philosophy
(3,656 words)
I. Greece [German version] A. Terminology In ancient Greek, the term
phýsis (φύσις, ‘nature’) is a
nomen actionis derived from the root *
bhu- (which probably implies the idea of coming into being, growth and development). It first of all denotes the state that results from the spontaneous development of a living being: hence the meanings of ‘size’, ‘stature’, or ‘appearance’, all of which point towards the more general meaning of ‘innate bodily characteristics’.
Phýsis is thus opposed to
téchnē (τέχνη, art), which refers to any competence acquired in various domains of human activity.
P…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Nauarchos
(183 words)
[German version] (ναύαρχος;
naúarchos). Title of a Spartan naval commander, first evidence of use during the Persian Wars in 480 BC, when Sparta commanded the Greek forces, including the fleet, and the establishment of military offices became necessary. The first
naúarchos was Eurybiades (Hdt. 8,2; 8,42). The office of
nauarchía then only became significant again in the Peloponnesian War, where it appeared as a one-year office, which any Spartiate could hold only once; this stipulation could be evaded, however, by appointing a competent military commander, e.g. Lysander [1], as
epis…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Naubolus
(88 words)
(Ναύβολος;
Naúbolos). [German version] [1] King of Tanagra Mythical king of Tanagra, son of Ornytus and Perinice, father of the Argonaut Iphitus (Apoll. Rhod. 1,207f.; cf. Hom. Il. 2,518; partly divergent Hyg. Fab. 14). Käppel, Lutz (Kiel) [German version] [2] Of Argus, father of an Argonaut N. of Argos, grandson of Proetus, great-grandson of Nauplius [2], father of the Argonaut Clytoneus (Apoll. Rhod. 1,135). Käppel, Lutz (Kiel) [German version] [3] Father of the Phaeacian Euryalus Father of the Phaeacian Euryalus (Hom. Od. 8,116). Käppel, Lutz (Kiel)
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Naucellius
(254 words)
[German version] [1] From Syracuse, poet, member of Symmachus' circle of friends, 4th cent. AD A poet with a knowledge of Greek and Latin literature, author and Roman senator from Syracuse, who (from about 310 AD until after 400), with Ausonius, was a member of the rhetor Q. Aurelius Symmachus' circle of friends. Like them, N. believed that for the continuation of traditional culture it was sufficient to continue the tradition of the classical heritage. He avoided any confrontation with Christianity. In his …
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Brill’s New Pauly
Naucleidas
(65 words)
[German version] (Ναυκλείδας/
Naukleídas). Spartiate, son of Polybiades; as an ephor, he accompanied king Pausanias to Athens in 403 BC, and supported his policy of reconciling the hostile sides in the civil war, in defiance of the intent of Lysander [1], who in revenge later accused him of debauchery (Xen. Hell. 2,4,35-36; Agatharchidas FGrH 86 F 11 = Athen. 12,550 d-e). Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum)
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Naucrates
(247 words)
(Ναυκράτης;
Naukrát
ēs). [German version] [1] Of Erythrae, rhetor, 4th cent. BC Rhetor of the 4th cent. BC, of Erythrae [2] in Ionia, known almost solely by virtue of the fact that he was a student of Isocrates. He seems not only to have relied closely on his teacher linguistically and stylistically (Cic. De orat. 2,94), but also, like him, to have confined his activities particularly to the area of political journalism (an
epitáphios [2] is mentioned - probably a model funeral oration without a concrete occasion: Dion. Hal. Rhet. 6,1 - and a funeral oration presente…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Naucratis
(398 words)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Egypt | Colonization | Education / Culture | Egypt (Ναύκρατις, äg.
Niwt-krṯ: Wiedergabe des griech. Namens;
Pr-mryt, ‘Hafenhaus’), h. Kom Geif im westl. Nildelta, lag in der Ant. am Ostufer des kanobischen Nilarms [5. 222; 6. 115f.]. Nach Hdt. 2,178 überließ Amasis [2] (570-526 v.Chr.) N. den Griechen, wohingegen arch. Funde eine griech. Präsenz seit ca. 625 v.Chr. belegen. Eine Gründung durch Miletos [2], wie sie eine bei Strab. 17,1,18 verarbeitete Trad. be…
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Naucydes
(242 words)
[German version] (Ναυκύδης;
Naukýdes). Bronze sculptor from Argos, son of Patrocles, teacher of Polyclitus and Alypus. The position of N. in Polyclitus's family tree is a matter of dispute; two sculptors of the same name are also postulated. Daedalus [2] and Periclytus are recorded as the brothers of N., the latter also as ‘Polyclitus’. Pliny gives N.'s prime as 400-397 BC. N. created several victor statues (after 448 BC). The most famous was a discobolus (discus thrower), which is commonly identified with the ‘discobolus at rest’ (Rom, VM), dating from
c. 400 BC, which survives …
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Naufragium
(345 words)
[German version] Latin term for shipwreck, but also for shipwrecked goods (Ulp. Dig. 47,9,12). According to Roman lawyers, maritime danger (‘danger of shipwreck’,
periculum maris) could exonerate for instance the borrower of a maritime loan (
f
enus nauticum ) from repayment and the seafarer from liability of compensation (
receptum nautarum ) (Dig. 4,9,3,1).
Ius naufragii used to indicate the widespread habit of appropriating flotsam. Different measures were taken against it: ban on appropriation of movables (Dig. 41,2,21,1); double compensation in …
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Naukleros
(290 words)
[German version] (ναύκληρος;
naúklēros). A
naúklēros was a ship-owner or also a captain conducting internal or overseas trade with his own or a leased ship (cf. Hdt. 1,5,2; 4,152,1; Xen. Oec. 8,12). He also offered other traders cargo space for sea transport; the
naúklēros was thus not always distinct from the
émporos . From the end of the 4th cent. BC, the
naúklēroi, who were predominantly foreigners, often formed their own associations, often cultic (Associations); trading societies with their own capital separate from the private wealth of participants …
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Naukraria, naukraros
(381 words)
[German version] (ναυκραρία/
naukraría, ναύκραρος/
naúkraros). In ancient times,
naukraría (pl.
naukraríai) denoted a subdivision of the Athenian citizenry;
naúkraros (pl.
naúkraroi) were the leaders of such subdivisions. The meaning of the terms is controversial. Generally, the
naúkraros was traditionally interpreted as ‘ship's captain’ (deriving from
naûs, ‘ship’), but other derivations are proposed, e.g. from
naós (‘temple’; [4. 56-72]; cf. [3. 153-175], [1. 11-16]) or from
naíein (‘live’); [5. 10]). However, none of these more recent interpretations is …
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Brill’s New Pauly
Naulocha, Naulochus
(96 words)
[German version] (Ναύλοχοι/
Naúlochoi, Latin
Naulocha,
Naulochus). Anchorage on the north coast of Sicily between Mylae [2] and Messana, possibly near modern Spadafora (Imperial coins). In the Neolithic and Bronze Ages, there were probably links between N. and the Aeoli Insulae. N. was allied to Carthage in the 2nd Punic War (Sil. 14, 264). It was here, in 36 BC, that Agrippa defeated the fleet of S. Pompeius (Suet. Aug. 16,1; App. civ. 5,116-122). No epigraphical evidence. Salsano, Deborah (Catania) Bibliography E. Manni, Geografia fisica e politica della Sicilia antica, 1981, 209 BT…
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Brill’s New Pauly