Brill’s New Pauly
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Subject: Classical Studies
Edited by: Hubert Cancik and Helmuth Schneider (Antiquity) and Manfred Landfester (Classical Tradition).
English translation edited by Christine F. Salazar (Antiquity) and Francis G. Gentry (Classical Tradition)
Brill´s New Pauly is the English edition of the authoritative Der Neue Pauly, published by Verlag J.B. Metzler since 1996. The encyclopaedic coverage and high academic standard of the work, the interdisciplinary and contemporary approach and clear and accessible presentation have made the New Pauly the unrivalled modern reference work for the ancient world. The section on Antiquity of Brill´s New Pauly are devoted to Greco-Roman antiquity and cover more than two thousand years of history, ranging from the second millennium BC to early medieval Europe. Special emphasis is given to the interaction between Greco-Roman culture on the one hand, and Semitic, Celtic, Germanic, and Slavonic culture, and ancient Judaism, Christianity, and Islam on the other hand. The section on the Classical Tradition is uniquely concerned with the long and influential aftermath of antiquity and the process of continuous reinterpretation and revaluation of the ancient heritage, including the history of classical scholarship. Brill´s New Pauly presents the current state of traditional and new areas of research and brings together specialist knowledge from leading scholars from all over the world. Many entries are elucidated with maps and illustrations and the English edition will include updated bibliographic references.
Subscriptions: see brill.com
English translation edited by Christine F. Salazar (Antiquity) and Francis G. Gentry (Classical Tradition)
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Brill´s New Pauly is the English edition of the authoritative Der Neue Pauly, published by Verlag J.B. Metzler since 1996. The encyclopaedic coverage and high academic standard of the work, the interdisciplinary and contemporary approach and clear and accessible presentation have made the New Pauly the unrivalled modern reference work for the ancient world. The section on Antiquity of Brill´s New Pauly are devoted to Greco-Roman antiquity and cover more than two thousand years of history, ranging from the second millennium BC to early medieval Europe. Special emphasis is given to the interaction between Greco-Roman culture on the one hand, and Semitic, Celtic, Germanic, and Slavonic culture, and ancient Judaism, Christianity, and Islam on the other hand. The section on the Classical Tradition is uniquely concerned with the long and influential aftermath of antiquity and the process of continuous reinterpretation and revaluation of the ancient heritage, including the history of classical scholarship. Brill´s New Pauly presents the current state of traditional and new areas of research and brings together specialist knowledge from leading scholars from all over the world. Many entries are elucidated with maps and illustrations and the English edition will include updated bibliographic references.
Subscriptions: see brill.com
Naarda
(113 words)
[German version] (Νάαρδα/
Náarda, also Νέερδα/
Néerda). Mesopotamian town on the Euphrates close to Sippar, exact location as yet unknown (Arr. FGrH 2,861 fr. 42; Ptol. Geog. 5,17,10); mainly inhabited by Jews, the
Nehardea of the Talmud. The brothers Anilaeus and Asinaeus established their own Jewish rule in Mesopotamia from N.
c. AD 20-35 (Jos. Ant. Iud. 18,9,1ff.). In the 2nd/3rd cents., N. was the seat of an important Jewish academy, whose most important representative was Samuel. N. was destroyed (by Odaenathus?) in AD 260, and gradually dwindled in importance. Kessler, Karlhein…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Naarmalcha
(171 words)
[German version] Name of an Aramaic river or canal in central Babylonia, corresponding to Akkadian
nār šarri, Greek
Naarsárēs (Νααρσάρης, Ptol. 5,19,2; 6) and Latin
Marses (Amm. Marc. 23,6,25) and glossed in Greek (
basíleios potamós etc., see Str. 16,1,27; Ptol. 5,17,5; Zos. 3,19,3) and Latin translation (
regium flumen etc., see Plin HN 5,21,90; Amm. Marc. 24,2,7) as ‘Royal River’. Several canals of this name are known from Assyriological sources. The various names are often confused by ancient authors. It is doubtful whether the N. mentione…
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Naassenes
(321 words)
[German version] The Gnostic collection of Hippolytus [2] contains a piece of writing by the Naassenes (Hippolytus, Refutatio 5,6-11), who are elsewhere known only to us from Theodoretus; he identifies them with the Ophites (PG 80, 784) and Barbelo-Gnostics (PG 83, 361). It is not certain that the name was used by the group itself; according to Hippolytus, its members referred to themselves as ‘Gnostics’. The name derives from the Hebrew
naḥaš, ‘serpent’: to the Naassenes, the source of gnosis was the serpent of Eden. The serpent, however, does not play a revelator…
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Nababes
(81 words)
[German version] Berber tribe in Mauretania Caesariensis. According to Plin HN 5,21, the river (
flumen) Usar (modern Oued Isser?) separated the
gens of the N. from the
gens of the Macurebi. In Tab. Peut. 2,2-4, the N. are placed to the south of the Mons Ferratus, the Djurdjura mountain range (Kabylei). They probably belonged to the confederacy of the Quinquegentiani. Huß, Werner (Bamberg) Bibliography J. Desanges, Catalogue des tribus africaines ..., 1962, 65f. F. Windberg, s.v. Nabades, RE 16, 1449f.
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Nabalia
(181 words)
[German version] River in the territory of the Batavi; in AD 70, a bridge over the N. was broken, so that Julius [II 43] Civilis and Petilius Cerialis could each stand on his respective side and negotiate at an appropriate distance (Tac. Hist. 5,26,1). The N. may be identifiable with the modern Lee between Lienden and Maurik in the Netherlands [3]. However, Tacitus may not have meant the river flowing between the warring pair at all, but may be referring only to a
navalis (i.e.
pons, ‘pontoon bridge’; [2]). It is also conceivable that Tacitus' N. is to be understood as the locat…
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Nabarzanes
(70 words)
[German version] (Ναβαρζάνης;
Nabarzánēs). The
chilíarchos (commander) of the royal cavalry of king Darius [3] III.; described in admiring terms by Curt. (esp. 5,9-10). Nabarzanes was the only Persian commander who was successful at the battle of Issus and was with Bessos at the time of king Darius' murder. He later surrendered to Alexander [4] the Great in Hyrcania (Arr. Anab. 3,23,3f.). Wiesehöfer, Josef (Kiel) Bibliography Berve, vol. 2, no. 543.
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Nabataean
(206 words)
[German version] Aramaic written language of an Arabic-speaking tribe, the Nabataeans (Arabic onomastikon). Nabataean belongs to the west-central branch of Aramaic, and is preserved in memorial, tomb, votive and building inscriptions, graffiti, coin legends and one charm, all dating from the 2nd cent. BC to the 4th cent. AD. Finds have been made at Gaza, Elusa, Mampsis, Nessana, Oboda, Petra, Transjordan with Amman and Gerasa, the Ḥaurān and Boṣra, the Arabian peninsula (Ḥiǧāẓ) with al-Ḥiǧr/Madāi…
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Nabataei, Nabataeans
(399 words)
[German version] (Ναβαταῖοι/
Nabataȋoi, inscription
NBṬW), Arabian people in north-west Arabia, with Petra as their capital, probably originating in the Ḥiǧāẓ. Their relationship with the Aramaic tribe of the
Nabaiati (7th cent. BC [1]), attested in cuneiform texts, and the
Neḇāyôṯ of the Bible (Gn 25:13; 28:9; 39:3; Is. 20:7) is disputed. According to Diod. Sic. (2.48f.; 19.94-100), Antigonus [1] I undertook two unsuccessful expeditions to the ‘land of the Arabs who are called Nabataeans’ in 312 BC. They appear at this time as tradin…
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Nabdalsa
(91 words)
[German version] Wealthy Numidian noble and military commander under Iugurtha, against whom he plotted in 108 BC together with Jugurtha's confidant Bolmicar [4]. When the plot was discovered in documents, N. betrayed the conspirators to save himself; Jugurtha's acceptance of N.'s pleas was feigned, and he had most of the conspirators executed (Sall. Iug. 70,1-73,1). Numidae, Numidia Meißner, Burkhard (Halle/Saale) Bibliography M.R.-Alföldi, Die Geschichte des numidischen Königreiches und seiner Nachfolger, in: H.G. Horn, C.B. Rüger (ed.), Die Numider, 1979, 43-74 C. Saumag…
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Nabedes
(64 words)
[German version] (Ναβέδης;
Nabédēs). Military commander under Chosroes [5] I in the Persian War of Iustinianus [1]. Initially commandant of Nisibis (Procop. Pers. 2,18,9; 19; Procop. Anecdota 2,28), he defeated the Romans in AD 543 at Anglon in the region of Dvin/Persarmenia (Procop. Pers. 2,25,5-35) and in 550 undertook an invasion of Lazica (Procop. Goth. 4,9,6f.). PLRE 3, 909. Schottky, Martin (Pretzfeld)
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Nabis
(677 words)
[German version] (Νάβις;
Nábis). Son of Damaratus; controversial representative of the last phase of the Spartan reform movement. After the death of Machanidas (207 BC), N. - apparently a member of a branch of the Eurypontidae - first became regent of Sparta. He consolidated his power by removing the young king Pelops (Diod. Sic. 27,1) and then took the title of king himself (Syll.3 584). Polybius (13,6,1-7,11) and later authors depict N. as a cruel tyrant (Diod. Sic. 27,1; Liv. 33,44,8; 34,32,3; Plut. Titus 13; Paus. 4,29,10). At first, his rule was suppor…
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Nabonassar
(165 words)
[German version] (Ναβονάσσαρος;
Nabonássaros). Graecised form of the Babylonian royal name Nabû-nāṣir. N.'s reign (747-734 BC) is not marked by any spectacular events. His fame is due to the fact that Claudius Ptolemaeus (Cens. 21,9) chose the beginning of the first year of N.'s reign (calculated to 26 February 747 BC) as the epoch for his astronomical calculations (‘Nabonassar Era’; in the ‘Ptolemaic Canon’, a continuous list of the kings ruling over Babylonia until Alexander [4] the Great, then …
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Nabonidus
(408 words)
[German version] Last king of the Neo-Babylonian Chaldaean Dynasty (555-539 BC; Chaldaei), Akkadian
Nabû-nāid; Greek Ναβόννεδος (
Nabónnedos) or Ναβονάδιος (
Nabonádios; also in the Ptolemaic canon; Kings' lists; [5. 98]). In Hdt. 1,74,17; 77,12; 188,4 Labynetus probably refers to N. After the murder of his predecessor Lābāši-Marduk (son of Neriglissar), N. was elevated to the throne at an advanced age. He was neither a member of the previous royal house nor of one of the economically influential families of Babylon. According to th…
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Nabopolassar
(212 words)
[German version] First king (625-605 BC) of the neo-Babylonian (Chaldaean) dynasty (Chaldaei), Akkadian
Nabû-apla-uṣur, graecised as Ναβουπολάσσαρος (
Naboupolássaros). N., according to Berossus, formerly an Assyrian general (according to a cuneiform tablet there was also a king of the Sealand of the same name [2. 46 no. 107]), managed to exploit a power vacuum arising after the death of the king Kandalanu, and after prolonged fighting, ultimately conquered the whole of Babylonia. A chronicle [2. no. 2] indicates…
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Nabû
(167 words)
[German version] (Akkadian
Nabīum, Aramaic
nbw/
nbwy, Greek Νάβου/
Nábou, Νέβου/
Nébou), derived from the common Semitic root
nb in the sense of ‘announcer/authorised person’. God of writing and wisdom, documented from the Old Babylonian period, initially in Babylonia. From the Middle Babylonian period he was considered to be the son of Marduk. From the 1st millennium BC, in Babylonia Nanaja, in Assyria Tašmētu, was considered his wife. His significance and popularity ultimately surpassed even that of Marduk. I…
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Naburianus
(93 words)
[German version] (Ναβουριανός;
Nabourianós). According to Poseidonius (transmitted in Str. 16,1,6), N. was said to have been, with Cidenas and Sudines, one of the Babylonian scholars whose accurate observations of the lunar cycle and positions of the sun were expanded by the Greeks into ‘System A’ and made the basis of mathematical astronomy. He is probably identical with a Nabû-rīmannu who presumably lived around 500 BC and whose name is found e.g. in the colophon of a Babylonian moon table. Röllig, Wolfgang (Tübingen) Bibliography P. Schnabel, Berossos und die babylonisch-hel…
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Nacolea
(360 words)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Byzantium | Education / Culture (Νακόλεια;
Nakóleia). City in northeastern Phrygia (Phryges; Str. 12,8,12: in Phrygia Epictetus; Ptol. 5,2,22: in Phrygia Megale) on the river Parthenius (modern river Seydi), modern Seyitgazi. The earliest evidence (Str. loc. cit.) is no later than the time of Augustus, historical notes are provided by Amm. Marc. 26,9,7-9 (defeat of Procopius in a battle with Valens at N. in AD 366) and Philostorgius in 138 (rebellion…
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Nacone
(133 words)
[German version] (Νακόνη;
Nakónē). Town in Sicily (Philistus FGrH 556 F 26; Suda s.v. Νακώνη;
Nakṓnē), probably in the hinterland between Segesta and Entella, not identified with a specific locale (cf. coin finds). Before 400 BC it was autonomous, then conquered by Campanian mercenaries who settled there (coins: ob. ΚΑΜΠΑΝΩΝ/KAMPANŌN, rv. ΝΑΚΩΝΑΙΩΝ/NAKŌNAIŌN; HN 158f.). After Timoleon's victory in 339 BC, N. and Entella became autonomous again. Cf. also the third of nine bronze tablets from Entella that includ…
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Naevius
(1,767 words)
Italic personal name, perhaps derived from the
praenomen
Gnaivos (
Gnaeus, Cn.); popular etymology derives it from
naevus, ‘birthmark’ (Arnob. 3,14). The antiquity of this name in Rome, which is also widely attested in inscriptions, is suggested by the name of
porta Naevia in the Servian city wall (Varro, Ling. 5,163; cf. Liv. 2,11,8). However, the family emerged politically only in the 2nd cent. BC. The most important bearer of the name is the poet N. [I 1]. Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) I. Republican Period [German version] [I 1] N., Cn. Dramatist and epic poet, 3rd cent. BC Roman drama…
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Nagadiba
(68 words)
(Ναγαδίβα;
Nagadíba). [German version] [1] Coastal city on Taprobane Coastal city on Taprobane (modern Sri Lanka); Ptol. 7,4,7. It seems obvious to identify it with the Middle Indian Nāgadīpa ‘Island of serpents’, but no city with this name is known. Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki) Bibliography D.P.M. Weerakkody, Taprobanê, 1997, 85ff. [German version] [2] Island near Taprobane One of the numerous islands near Taprobane, Ptol. 7,4,13. Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki)
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Nagara
(280 words)
[German version] [1] City in southern Arabia (Νάγαρα μητρόπολις/
Nágara mētrópolis, Ptol.6,7,37;
Nagara, Amm. Marc. 23,47; πόλις Νεγράνων/
pólis Negránōn, Str. 16,4,24). Urban centre in ancient southern Arabia, modern Naǧrān, located in the wadi of the same name. N.'s importance was due to its geographical location at the crossing of two caravan routes from the Hadramaut to the Mediterranean over the Ḥiǧāẓ and into Iraq over the Yamama. It was conquered by Aelius Gallus in 24 BC (Plin. HN 6,160), but retained its …
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Nag Hammadi
(1,016 words)
[German version] A. General An important accidental find in December 1945 of Coptic papyrus manuscripts with primarily Gnostic (Gnosis, Gnostics, Gnosticism) content is designated after the Upper Egyptian city of Nag Hammadi. The find-spot is situated on the right bank of the Nile, at the foot of the Ǧabal aṭ-Ṭārif, 10 km northeast of the Nile bridge of Nag Hammadi. The find consisted of 13 codices (and/or their remains), said to have been buried in a large jar, and now in the possession of the Copt…
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Nagidus
(109 words)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Colonization (Νάγιδος;
Nágidos). Samian colony (Mela 1,77) [1. 117f.], 18 km east-north-east of Anemurium on the coast of Cilicia Tracheia, modern Bozyazı; with 5th- or 4th-cent. BC city wall and a harbour protected by the island of Nagidusa lying opposite to the south. In the Roman period, N. seems to have lost its status as polis to its eastern neighbour Arsinoe [III 3], and by the Middle Ages it was known only as a ruin. Hild, Friedrich (Vienna) Bibliography
1 E. Blumenthal, Die altgriechische Siedlungskolonisation im…
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Nahanarvali
(89 words)
[German version] (variant Naharvali). Powerful subtribe of the Vandals/Lugii, which is mentioned in Tac. Germ. 43, 3f. along with the Harii, Helvecones, Manimi and Halisones (Helisii?). The Romans reached these tribes via the ‘Amber Road’ (Amber), which had been open since the time of Nero (AD 54-68). In a holy grove belonging to the N., the Alcis, who were comparable with the Dioscuri, were worshipped in an all-Lugian cult. Dietz, Karlheinz (Würzburg) Bibliography TIR M 33,63 G. Perl, Tacitus, Germania, 1990, 247f. D. Timpe, Romano-Germanica, 1995, 107f., 127-131.
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Nahapāna
(101 words)
[German version] Indian king of the Kṣatrapa dynasty, who ruled in and around Gujarāt in the 1st or 2nd cent. AD and was then deposed by the Sātavāhana king Gautamīputra Sātakarṇi. He has often been identified with the king Manbanes(-nus?) of Barygaza in Peripl. m.r. 41 (most recently in [1], but the question remains uncertain, latest critique in [2]). Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki) Bibliography
1 J. Cribb, Numismatic Evidence for the Date of the Periplus, in: D.W. McDowall (ed.), Indian Numismatics, History, Art and Culture, 1992, 131-145
2 G. Fussman, Le Périple et l'histoire poli…
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Naiads
(475 words)
[German version] (Ναιάδες;
Naiádes, Νηιάδες;
Nēiádes, singular Ναιάς;
Naiás, Νηιάς;
Nēiás, Νηίς;
Nēís; Latin
Naiades). Collective term for water nymphs in general (Nymphs; Hom. Il. 6,22; 14,444; 20,384; Hom. Od. 13,104; 13,356), who also have specific names corresponding to the bodies of water with which they are associated (cf. schol. Hom. Il. 20,8 Bekker). Etymologically, the term
Naiádes is related to νάω/
náō (‘to flow’) and νᾶμα/
náma (‘something that flows, river’) (Hesych. s. v. Ναΐδες; etymology m. s. v. Νῆις). Subject to the naiads are above all rivers…
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Nails
(331 words)
[German version] (ἧλος/
hḗlos, Lat.
clavus, more rarely πάτταλος/
páttalos, γόμφος/
gómphos, Lat.
palus). Nails have survived in abundance from the Early Bronze Age onwards; they have shanks that are rounded or angular in section and heads of various forms (round, pointed, flat, globular, spherical, etc.). Surviving nails are made of bronze or iron, though decorative nails may be made of gold or silver, or only have a head made of precious metal, but in antiquity wooden nails were also used. Nails were used …
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Naimanes
(101 words)
[German version] (App. Mithr. 19:
Nemánēs; but cf. Memnon FGrH 434 F 22:
Menophánēs). An Armenian in the service of Mithridates [6] VI of Pontus, who dealt M. Aquillius [I 4] a heavy defeat in Bithynia in 88 BC. He seems then to have entered the service of the Paphlagonian king Mithridates Philopator Philadelphus, a son of Mithridates VI, as a ‘N., son of Naimanes’ appears among the envoys who brought gifts in the former's name to the Roman Capitol in about 80 BC (CIL I2 730 = CIL VI 30922 = ILS 30 = ILLRP 180). Schottky, Martin (Pretzfeld)
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Naiskos
(98 words)
[German version] (ναΐσκος/naḯskos, ‘little temple’). A small temple-shaped building without a surrounding peristyle. In the technical terminology of classical archaeology the term is used for small free-standing architectural structures (e.g. well houses; wells) as well as (occasionally) for specially designed
cella constructions within a temple (e.g. in the temple of Apollo at Didyma), occasionally also synonymous with
naós (Cella). Also used of tomb reliefs with seemingly architectural wall ends, which protruded because of their spatially deepened surroundings. Höcker…
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Naiskos vases
(278 words)
[German version] With representations of a naïskos (diminutive of
naós, ‘temple’) on Lower Italian vases, a new form of depicting funerary monuments emerged in the 2nd quarter of the 4th cent. BC. It can probably be traced back to the Iliupersis Painter. In Apulian vase painting (Apulian vases) NV are unusually common after the middle of the 4th cent. BC, while they are exceptions in other Lower Italian artistic regions. NV are vases that are specially produced for the cult of the dead; they not only po…
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Naissus
(645 words)
This item can be found on the following maps: | Commerce | Moesi, Moesia | Pertinax | Pilgrimage [German version] I. Site; Roman period
Municipium in Moesia Superior (or Dardania; Ναϊσσός/
Naïssos: Ptol. 3,4,9; Νάϊσ(σ)ος/
Náïs(s)os: Zos. 1,45,1; 3,11,1f.; Procop. Goth. 3,40,2; Ναϊσσούπολις/
Naïssoúpolis: Procop. Aed. 4,1,31;
Naissus/
Naisus is the usual form in Latin sources;
Naessus: Amm. Marc. 21,10,5), modern Niš in Serbia. Originally a Thracian settlement, which by the 1st cent. AD was evidently used by the Romans as an occasional base. Its indig…
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Nakida
(61 words)
[German version] (Hittite
Naḫita). Important pre- and early historical settlement and Byzantine fortified city [1], modern Niğde. After the destruction of Tyana in AD 833 it took on the function of capital of southern Cappadocia. Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt) Bibliography F. Prayon, Kleinasien vom 12.-6. Jahrhundert v.Chr. (TAVO Beiheft B 82), s.v. N. Hild/Restle, 243f. B. Radt, Anatolien, vol. 1, 1993, 140-143.
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Nallura
(45 words)
[German version] (Ναλλοῦρα;
Nalloûra). City in the interior of Limyrice in Southern India (Ptol. 7.1.85). There are several cities in Southern India with the Dravidian name Nallūr; exact identification does not appear possible. Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki) Bibliography O. Stein, s.v. Ναλλοῦρα, RE 16, 1608.
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Namades
(82 words)
[German version] (Ναμάδης;
Namád
ēs). River in Gujarāt, rising in the Vindhya mountains (Οὐίνδιον;
Ouíndion) and reaching the sea to the east of Barygaza (Ptol. 7,1,31, briefly also 7,1,65), modern Narmadā. The so-called river Namnadios (Peripl. m.r. 42) [1] is only an emendation by C. Müller (GGM 291) for manuscript
Lamnaíos and can hardly be connected with N., although it may be that here, too, the river Narmadā is meant. Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki) Bibliography
1 O. Stein, s.v. Ναμάδης, RE 16, 1609.
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Namazga-Tepe
(88 words)
[German version] The largest tell (50 ha) in the foothills of the mountains of southern Turkmenia, to the southeast of Ašḫābād. Excavations since 1949. Basis for the structure of southern Turkmenian Chalcolithic and Bronze Age cultures (NMG strata I-V: 5th-2nd millennia BC) and the early Iron Age (NMG stratum VI: 1st millennium BC). The excavations so far encompass only part of the site, and the interpretations are somewhat disputed. Abandoned since the Achaemenid period. Brentjes, Burchard (Berlin) Bibliography P.L. Kohl, Central Asia. Palaeolithic Beginnings to the Iro…
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Nammeius
(44 words)
[German version] (Celtic compound name: ‘with physical deficiencies’ [1. 369]). In 58 BC, N. and Verucloetius were the leaders of a Helvetian delegation to Caesar, which asked permission to march through the Provincia Narbonensis. (Caes. Gall. 1,7,3). Helvetii; Narbonensis Spickermann, Wolfgang (Bochum) Bibliography
1 Evans.
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Namnetae
(163 words)
[German version] (
Namnetes, Plin. HN 4,107). A Celtic people on the right bank of the lower Liger (modern Loire), which separated them from the Pictones (Str. 4,2,1). Their territory was between the Liger, Vilaine and Semnon (Ille-et-Vilaine). Their capital was Condevincum, in whose modern name of Nantes the name of the N. survives (Ptol. 2,8,9: Κονδιούϊγκον/
Kondioúïnkon; 2,8,6 erroneously Σαμνῖται/
Samnîtai), and their chief port was
Portus Nemetum (Tab. Peut 2,2; cf. CIL XIII 3105). At the time of Caesar they were allied with the Veneti (Caes. Gall. 3,9,10).…
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Nanaguna
(43 words)
[German version] (Ναναγούνας;
Nanagoúnas). River in western India, rising in the Vindhya mountains (Οὐίνδιον;
Ouíndion). Ptol. 7,1,32 (also 7,1,7 and 66). Perhaps modern Tapti. Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki) Bibliography O. Stein, s.v. Ναναγούνας, RE 16, 1672f. F.F. Schwarz, s.v. N., KlP 3, 1565.
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Nanaja
(271 words)
[German version] (Aramaic
nny/
nn/
nny, Greek Ναναία/Νανᾶ;
Nanaía/
Nanâ). Goddess of sexual love from the Uruk circle of gods, forming with An/Anum and Inanna/Ishtar the dominant divine ‘Triad’. The meaning of the name is as unclear as its precise form (also Nanâ, Nanāy etc.). In Babylonia, where from the 1st millennium BC Nabû was considered her partner, her cult is documented from the time of the 3rd dynasty of Ur (21st cent. BC) until into the Parthian period (centred on Uruk). From the late middle …
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Nanas, Nanus
(113 words)
(Νάνας/
Nánas, Νάνος/
Nános). [German version] [1] Mythical leader of the Pelasgians Mythical leader of the Pelasgians at the time of their emigration to Italia (Hellanicus FGrH 323a F 4; Hdt. 1,57). Käppel, Lutz (Kiel) [German version] [2] Epithet of Odysseus There was a prophecy that Odysseus as N. would conclude a brotherhood in arms with Aeneas [1] in Italia (Lykophr. 1242ff.; cf. Dion. Hal. Ant. 1,72,2; 12,16). On Odysseus's Italian journey cf. Hom. Od. 11,119ff.; Hes. Theog. 1105 with comm. West. Käppel, Lutz (Kiel) [German version] [3] King of the Segobrigii Mythical king of the…
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Nandas
(138 words)
[German version] Indian dynasty in Magadha (approx. modern Bihār) on the Ganges, toppled by Chandragupta Maurya (Mauryas) late in the 4th cent. BC. In the Alexander histories, Indian allies told of the great military power of the Nandas who may thus have contributed to the mutiny on the Hyphasis. A legendary tale of the end of the Nandas is found in Indian sources and in Justin (15,4,16 according to Pomp. Trog.; [1]). Though different in many details, all sources agree on the low origins and unpopularity of the Nandas (including Curt. 9,2,6f.). India Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki) Bibliograph…
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Nannacus
(67 words)
[German version] (Νάννακος/
Nánnakos, according to Steph. Byz. Ἀννακός/
Annakós). Mythological king of Phrygia who supposedly lived to be over 300 years old. He predicted the flood of Deucalion and prayed with his people to be spared. Numerous proverbs relating to his great age and his tearful pleading are associated with him (Zenob. 6,10; Macarius Chrysocephalus 2,23; 8,4; Apostolius 15,100; cf. already Herondas 3,10). Käppel, Lutz (Kiel)
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Nannienus
(142 words)
[German version]
Comes rei militaris of Valentinianus I, fought the Saxons in 370 AD. In 378, together with the
comes domesticorum Mallobaudes in the service of Gratianus [2], he defeated the Alamanni (Lentienses) at Argentaria (near Colmar; Amm. Marc. 31,10,6f.). Because he was of the same rank (
pari potestate) as Mallobaudes, he may have been
comes utriusque Germaniae. He is probably identical with the
magister militum Nanninus who in 388, together with Quintinus, as Magnus Maximus's [7] general took over the guardianship of the latter's son Victor, defeated the Franks in the
silva …
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Nantuatae
(139 words)
[German version] A Celtic people northeast of the Allobroges in the valley of the upper Rhodanus (Rhône) from the Lacus Lemanus (Lake of Geneva) to the Rhone glacier, where the Veragri, the Seduni and the Uberi were also settled. Together with these at the beginning of Roman rule they formed a confederation as part of the province of
Alpes Graiae et Poeninae (
quattuor civitates Poeninae: CIL XII 147). Their capital was Tarnaiae (modern Massongex). They gave their name to the modern town of Nantua (
D
épartement of Ain). Further sources: Caes. BG 3,1,6; 4,10,3; Str. 4,6,6: Ναντουᾶται/
Nantou…
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Naoclus
(24 words)
[German version] (Νάοκλος;
Náoklos). Son of Codrus, led Athenian emigrants to Teos (Paus. 7,3,6). Str. 14,1,3 calls him Nauclus. Käppel, Lutz (Kiel)
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Naparis
(21 words)
[German version] (Νάπαρις;
Náparis). Left-bank tributary of the Danube in Scythia (Hdt. 4,48); not identifiable. von Bredow, Iris (Bietigheim-Bissingen)
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Napata
(278 words)
[German version] (Νάπατα;
Nápata). Greek rendition (Str. 17,1,54; Cass. Dio 54,5,4f.; Latin
Napata, Plin. HN 6,181) of Egyptian
Npt. Religious centre of the Kingdom of Kush, on Ǧabal Barkal (near the 4th Cataract, modern Karīma); an early settlement is already attested through ceramics from the Kerma culture (2500-1550 BC). The presumed Egyptian foundation of a fortress is mentioned by Thutmosis III (around 1479-1425 BC); from his time are also the earliest archaeological remains. First written evidence for N. da…
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Nape
(123 words)
(Νάπη/
Nápē, ‘wooded gorge, valley’). [German version] [1] Settlement on Lesbos Settlement on Lesbos, in the territory of Methymna, with a temple of Apollo Napaios (Str. 9,4,5; Steph. Byz. s.v. N.). N. cannot be precisely located. The temple, however, may have been the cultic site to the west of the modern village of Napi in the district of Klopedi. Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart) Bibliography H.-G. Buchholz, Methymna: Archäologische Beiträge zur Geschichte und Topographie von Nordlesbos, 1966, 206f. W. Günther, s.v. N., in: Lauffer, Griechenland, 454f. [German version] [2] In Att…
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Naples, Museo Nazionale Archeologico
(1,903 words)
Köhler, Jens (Rome) [German version] A. Brief Overview (CT) The Museo Nazionale Archeologico (MNA) houses important finds from Pompeii and the other cities buried by the eruption of Vesuvius in AD 79: Especially frescoes, mosaics and objects of everyday life. Among its highlights are the Farnese collection from the 16th cent. with its marble sculptures, mostly from Rome, and many vases and terra cottas from Magna Graecia. Köhler, Jens (Rome) [German version] B. Bulding (CT) In 1585 originally designed as cavalry barracks, the building at today's Piazza Cavour was, not …
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Napoca
(369 words)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Thraci, Thracia | | Coloniae | Daci, Dacia
Municipium and colony in Dacia Porolissensis (Νάπουκα/
Nápouka: Ptol. 3.8.4; cf.
Napu[ce]nses CIL III 7996;
N. in Lat. sources), the modern Cluj (Klausenburg/Kolozsvár, Romania), on the site of a prehistoric (Dacian) settlement (the place-name is evidently of Daco-Getic origin). The sources do not supply us with any information about the history of N. prior to Trajan's conquest of Dacia (AD 101/2 and 105/6). N.'s significanc…
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Naqš-e Raǧab
(78 words)
[German version] Rock crevice with four Sāssānid reliefs (and inscriptions) 3 km north-east of Persepolis in Persis. The reliefs show Šābuhr I (Sapor) with his entourage (with Middle Persian-Parthian-Greek inscription [1. ŠNRb]), the bust of the Zoroastrian ‘priest ’Karter (
Kirdīr, with Middle Persian inscription [2. KNRb]) , as well as the respective investitures of Ardaxšīr (Ardashir [1]) und Šābuhr I. Wiesehöfer, Josef (Kiel) Bibliography
1 M. Beck, Die sassanidischen Staatsinschriften, 1978
2 Ph. Gignoux, Les quatre inscriptions du mage Kirdīr, 1991.
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Naqš-e Rostam
(183 words)
[German version] Rock wall situated north of Persepolis with reliefs from the Elamite and Sassanid periods ([3. 167 No.1-8], partly with inscriptions) as well as cliff tombs with reliefs from the Achaemenid period [3. 167 No. I-IV], of which only that of Darius [1] I can be confidently attributed (through the inscription [1. DNa/b]). Others buried there are assumed to be Xerxes I, Artaxerxes [1] I and Darius [2] II. On the summit of the mountain and on the mountain generally there are numerous Zor…
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Nar
(156 words)
[German version] Tributary of the Tiber running through Sabina and Umbria, present-day Nera, parts of which formed the boundary between
regio IV and VI (Enn. Ann. fr. 260 V2:
sulphureas ... Naris ad undas; Verg. Aen. 7,517;
nar is Sabine for ‘sulphur’). It had its source at Mons Tetrica in the territory of Nursia. M'. Curius [4] Dentatus diverted the Velinus (outflow of the Lacus Velinus and the Avens, Himella und Tolerus rivers) into the N. It flowed past Interamna [1] Nahars (modern Terni), where it was crossed by the
via Flaminia, which led to Spoletium. It ran below Narnia and wa…
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Naracustoma
(177 words)
[German version] (Ναράκου στόμα/
Narákou stóma, Latin
Naracustoma). One of the delta branches of the Danube (Istrus [2]; Plin. HN 4,79; Apoll. Rhod. 4,310ff.; Arr. Peripl. p. eux. 24,1; Anon. Peripl. m. Eux. 67; Amm. Marc. 22,8,45; Solin. 13,1). Apollonius places it north of the delta branch called the Calostoma (καλὸν στόμα/
kalòn stóma), while Arrian and the anonymous source put it to the south; Pliny, Ammianus and Solinus, like Apollonius, locate the N. between the Calostoma and the Peuce. The N. today corresponds to the river branch known as I…
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Naraggara
(172 words)
[German version] City in Africa Proconsularis, 33 km to the northwest of Sicca Veneria, modern Sidi Youssef. The name, a Libyan inscription [1.570] and a bilingual one in Latin and Neo-Punic (CIL VIII 1, 4636 = Suppl. 1, 16811 = ILAlg 1,1186) suggest a pre-Roman origin for the city. Evidence: Ptol. 4,3,30 (Ναράγγαρα/
Narángara); Itin. Anton. 41,5; 44,7 (
N.); Tab. Peut. 4,4 (
N.); Geogr. Rav. 39,18 (
Narragara). N. was a city by Roman Law (CIL VIII Suppl. 2, 18085; ILAlg 1,1189). Cultic worship of the Berber god Iocolon (ILAlg 1,1184) and the Punic-Roman goddes…
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Naramsin
(450 words)
[German version] (Narām-Sîn). Fourth king (2260-2223 BC) of the dynasty of Akkad in Mesopotamia, grandson of the founder of the dynasty, Sargon. Under N. the state of Akkad flourished once again. He is recorded on numerous campaigns that served to increase his power, both through the pillaging of foreign regions and the territorial expansion of the state, the latter primarily pertaining to the upper Mesopotamian region from northern Syria to the eastern Tigris region. In addition N. deployed inten…
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Narbo
(635 words)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Caesar | Caesar | Christianity | Wine | | Coloniae | Gallia/Gaul | Commerce | Limes | Pilgrimage | Punic Wars | Rome | Rome City in Gallia Narbonensis on the right bank of the lower Atax in the territory of the Volcae Arecomici (Strab. 4,1,12), modern Narbonne. In the pre-Roman period there was a settlement here on the mythical road of Heracles from Spain to the Rhône. From the 6th cent. BC, 4 km from N., there was an
oppidum on the Montlaurès Hill, which was known by the name of Naro (Avien. 587; [1]). The lagoon between…
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Narbonensis
(301 words)
[German version] The name N. was given in 27 BC to the Roman
provincia Transalpina, which was formed from Gaulish areas either side of the Rhodanus (moder Rhone). It had been occupied by the Romans between 125 and 118 BC after a call for help from Massalia in the dispute with the Salluvii tribe. The boundaries of the province were the Mediterranean coast from the Varus (Var) as far as the Pyrenees, the Alps, Lacus Lemanus (Lake Geneva), the upper reaches of the Rhodanus (excluding Lugdunum), the foothills of …
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Narce
(210 words)
[German version] The Faliscan settlement of N. lay on three steep-sided tufa plateaux, 9 km south of Cività Castellana. The three plateaux (Narce, Monte li Santi and Pizzo Piede) successively formed the centres of the settlement. Evidence has been found of late archaic temples on the Pizzo Piede and west of the Monte li Santi; a large flight of steps and a rock throne south of the Monte li Santi also belonged to a sanctuary. The rich necropoleis attest to the importance of the site from the 14th c…
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Narcissus
(1,201 words)
[German version] I. Mythical character (Νάρκισσος/
Nárkissos, Lat.
Narcissus). [German version] A. Mythology Narcissus is the personification of a plant by the same name; as with many plants, the etymology may be pre-Greek (Chantraine, vol. 2, s.v.). The aetiological myth of Narcissus is documented only in relatively late sources and is unlikely to be earlier than Hellenistic. Conon [4] (FGrH 26 F 1,26), a mythographer, who knew many local myths, tells of the fate of a handsome youth from Thespiae in Boeotia…
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Nardus
(231 words)
[German version] (ἡ νάρδος/
hē nárdos or τὸ νάρδον/
tò nárdon, Latin
nardus,
-i f. and
nardum, from Hebrew
nērd from Sanskrit
nalada(m) [1. 657]).
Nardos in antiquity designates not only the true Indian spikenard (
Nardostachys jatamansi), but also (according to Plin. HN 13,16 and 12,45-47) as many as nine other plants (cf. inventory [2. 209f.]), including the two aromatic kinds of grass from the Near East, namely Syrian or Assyrian nard, the
Valeriana Gallic and Cretan or wild nard, hazelwort,
cyprus, etc. From the true nard of the central Himalayas the valuable scented oi…
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Naresii
(72 words)
[German version] (Ναρήσιοι;
Narḗsioi). Illyrian tribe (Ptol. 2,16,8) on the upper and lower Neretva/Hercegovina. The N. were among those conquered by the future Augustus in connection with his Dalmatian campaign (Dalmatae) of 35/33 BC (App. Ill. 47). Incorporated into the Roman province of Illyricum, they participated in the
conventus of Narona (Plin. HN 3,143) with 102
decuriae. Olshausen, Eckart (Stuttgart) Bibliography I. Bojanovski, Bosna i Hercegovina u antičko doba, 1988, 379.
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Nareste
(45 words)
[German version] Roman
castellum in Dalmatia on the Salona - Narona road (Plin. HN 3,142:
N.;
Nerate: other MS traditions; Geogr. Rav. 4,16:
Netrate; 5,14:
Nerente), modern Jesenice east of Split/Croatia. Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart) Bibliography A. Mayer, Die Sprache der alten Illyrier, 1957, 240f.
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Naristi
(133 words)
[German version] (Varisti). Germanic tribe next to (
iuxta) the Hermunduri (Tac. Germ. 42,1) and between the Marcomanni and the Quadi (AE 1956, 124), in the vicinity of Pannonia (western Slovakia; cf. [1. 248-251]). Once friends of Rome ([2]; CIL III 4500), during the Marcomannic Wars they became enemies (SHA Aur. 22,1), against whom Marcus [2] Aurelius campaigned [3. 104f.]; their leader Valao was killed in single combat by M. Valerius Maximianus (AE l.c.). 3,000 N. deserters were settled in the Empire (Cass. Dio 71,21; CIL X 7290 does not mention any N.). Dietz, Karlheinz (Würzburg) B…
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Narnia
(231 words)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Tribus | Umbri, Umbria | | Coloniae City in Umbria,
regio VI, located on a high limestone spur of the Apenninus, 56 miles from Rome, present-day Narni. In the year 299 BC (Liv. 10,10,5) a colony under Latin law was founded there at the site of the Umbrian city of Nequinum, its ominous name (in popular etymology derived from
nequire, ‘to be unable’) replaced as it was renamed for the Nahartes in the Nar valley.
Municipium of the
tribus Papiria, birthplace of the Emperor Nerva [2]; it was of strategic significance in AD 69 …
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Naro
(254 words)
[German version] (Νάρων;
Nár
ōn). River in Dalmatia (Dalmates; Strab. 7,5,5; 9; Mela 2,57:
Nar; Tab. Peut. 6,4 without name), modern Neretva (in Hercegovina). It rises on the Dumos Planina (1879 m high), passes through the karst mountains in a deeply incised gorge, forms - after a course of 230 km - a swampy delta and flows into the Adriatic. In antiquity the N. flowed into the sea farther to the northwest than today. In its original bed the Norino, which used to join the N. after a much shorter course furthe…
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Narona
(519 words)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: | Coloniae | Limes | Moesi, Moesia Town (Mela 2,57; Plin. HN 21,40; Itin. Anton. 338,4; Tab. Peut. 6,4) on the Naro (Norino) atop a flat hill in the midst of swampy land in the lower Naro valley near modern Vid, northwest of Metković/Croatia. A prehistoric settlement is assumed; the population and place name were Illyrian. In the 5th/4th cent. BC, Greek settlers joined and founded a trading station near N. (
empórion, Scyl. 24; cf. Theopompus FGrH 115 F 129). In the 2nd/1st cent., settlers from Italy followed. Aft…
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Narsai
(173 words)
[German version] Syrian poet (
c. AD 399 -
c. 502) and initially head of the ‘Persian School’ in Edessa [2] (possibly until 471), then of the school of Nisibis. Of his writings only about 80 verse homilies (
Mēmrā ) with exegetic, didactic and liturgical content are extant (to date only a few of them are available in translation). One of his mēmrā has as its theme ‘the three teachers’, i.e. Diodorus [20] of Tarsus, Theodorus of Mopsuestia and Nestorius. In his exegesis and Christology, N. was strongly influenced by Theodorus. A series of dialogic poems (
Sōḡyāṯā) on Biblical figures has been…
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Narses
(824 words)
(Middle Persian
Narseh, Armenian
Nersēh, Greek Ναρσῆς/
Narsȇs, also Ναρσαῖος/
Narsaȋos). [German version] [1] Brother of Sapor I, died in AD 302 Brother of Sapor I, when he was prince-governor of (Persian) Armenia in AD 293 he overthrew his great-nephew Wahram III from the Persian throne and documented his success in the Paikuli inscription (cf. [1]). In about 296, N. renewed the conflict with Rome by invading (Roman) Armenia. The emperor Galerius [5] suffered a defeat at Carrhae (Ḥarran) in 297, but was able to besi…
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Narthacium
(147 words)
[German version] (Ναρθάκιον;
Narthákion). Mountain and city in the Othrys mountain range located in the Thessalian region of Achaea Phthiotis. It was at Mount N. , the Xerovouni Avaritsis (1022 m), that, in 394 BC, Agesilaus [2] defeated the Thessalians, who were pursuing him as he retreated from Persia (Xen. Hell. 4,3,9; Plut. Agesilaus 16,5). The city of N. has been localized by inscriptions (middle of the 2nd cent. BC: IG IX 2, 89-91; ArchE 1927/8, 122f.) in the remains of a city (approx. 880 m)…
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Narthex
(580 words)
(νάρθηξ;
nárth
ēx). [German version] [1] Yellow-flowering giant fennel (Latin
ferula with uncertain etymology). The umbelliferous plant
Ferula communis, the yellow-flowering giant fennel, which Theophrastus (H. plant. 6,2,8f., cf. Plin. HN 13,123) describes [1. 61f. and fig. 95-97]. On the coasts of Greece, on the islands and in Lower Italy this plant grows up to 5 m high. The dried stems were used like a cane for punishment, as the ‘sceptre of paedagogues’ (
sceptrum paedagogorum, Mart. 10,62,10
et passim), but also as a cattle goad and the staff of the Bacchants (Thyrs…
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Naryca
(461 words)
[German version] (Ναρύκα/
Narýka, lit. also Νᾶρυξ/
Nâryx). City in Locris Epicnemidia (Locrians [1]) on the road from the Spercheus Valley via Thermopylae to Phocis, localized by inscriptions found in the church of Hagios Ioannes near Paleokastro at Rengini, approx. 8 km southeast of Mendenitsa ([1], cf. [2]; formerly believed to be at Atalante [3. 1138] or Kalapodi [4. 187]). Given its favourable setting in a fertile valley that was linked to the ocean via Thronion and located on the axis connecting n…
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Nasamon
(40 words)
[German version] (Νασάμων;
Nasámōn). Son of Amphithemis (Garamas according to Apoll. Rhod. 4,1492) and the nymph Tritonis, great-grandson of Minos. N. was the progenitor and eponym of the Nasamones in Libya (schol. Apoll. Rhod. 4,1322). Käppel, Lutz (Kiel)
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Nasamones
(182 words)
[German version] (Νασαμῶνες;
Nasamônes). Libyan tribe, which for a long time was resident in the Great Syrtis. Evidence: Hdt. 2,32,1f.; 4,172-174; Ps.-Scyl. 109 (GGM 1,84); Diod. 3,49,1, who, however, in 17,50 erroneously transplants it to the area north of the oasis of Siwa; Str. 2,5,33; 17,3,20; Plin. HN. 5,33; Ptol. 4,5,21; 30; Tab. Peut. 8,2f. (
Nesamones). In summer the N. grazed their herds near the coast and migrated to the Augila (modern Auǧila) oasis to harvest dates. They buried their dead in a sitting position. They prophesied from dreams …
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Nascus
(155 words)
[German version] Inland (
Nascus, Plin. HN 6,154) city in Arabia Felix (Amm. Marc. 23,6,47). Identical with the
Našqum of Ancient Southern Arabian inscriptions, which can be identified with the remains of Al-Baydā (16° 12′ N, 44° 29′ E) in Yemenite Ǧawf. N.'s city walls were an oval 1500 m in circumference. At the beginning of the 7th cent. BC, N. was taken by Karibil Watar on behalf of Saba. According to Str. 16,782, Aelius Gallus occupied the city of
Aská (Ἀσκᾶ) in 24 BC, which is traced back by the designation of the inhabitants as
Aššūqān; Plin. HN 6,160 counts
Nesca among the cities des…
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Nasi
(328 words)
[German version] I. Greece (Νᾶσοι/
Nâsoi). [German version] [I 1] Lowlands in the area of Caphyae in Arcadia Lowlands in the area of Caphyae in Arcadia (Arcadians), to the south of and below the modern village of Daras (known as Dara until 1940), with luxuriant vegetation, as the water of the upper Orchomenian Plain reemerges here in several springs forming the stream Tragus, which flows into the Ladon [2] (Paus. 8,23,2; 8). Olshausen, Eckart (Stuttgart) Lienau, Cay (Münster) Bibliography
1 E. Meyer, s.v. N. (1), RE 16, 1793 Ders., Peleponnesische Wanderungen, 1939, 31f., 34, Taf. XI. Pr…
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Nasica
(134 words)
[German version] [1] Roman cognomen Roman cognomen (‘pointed nose’); from the 2nd cent. BC it was hereditary in the family of the Cornelii Scipiones (Cornelius [I 81-85]). The unsuccessful legacy hunter N. (around 30 BC) who was ridiculed by Horace (Hor. Sat. 2,5,57; 65) was not part of the Cornelii family. Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) Bibliography Kajanto, Cognomina 105; 237. [German version] [2] Town in western India (Νασίκα;
Nasíka).Town in western India to the east of the river Namades (Narmada) (Ptol. 7,1,6). Probably present-day Nāsik (old Indian Nāsikya…
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Nasidienus Rufus
(57 words)
[German version] Ridiculed by Horace (Hor. Sat. 2,8) as the
nouveau riche host of a dinner for Maecenas [2] and his poet friends that, for all its opulence and refinement, ends in banal mishap. (The
nomen
gentile is attested in only one other place, on an inscription from Cologne: CIL XIII 8270). Frigo, Thomas (Bonn)
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Nasidius
(205 words)
[German version] [1] N., L. Cnaeus Pompey's fleet commander in 49 BC Cnaeus Pompeius's fleet commander. In 49 BC he was sent out with a squadron from Dyrrhachium to Massalia to support L. Domitius [I 8] Ahenobarbus (Caes. B Civ. 2,3,1f.. Once there he shirked from a sea battle against D. Iunius [I 12] Brutus Albinus and made his way to Spain without a fight (Caes. B Civ. 2,4,4f.; 7,1f.). After active service in the Tyrrhenian Sea (Bell. Afr. 98,1; Cic. Att. 11,17a,3), N. died in North Africa in 46 BC together with the supporters of Pompeius. MRR 2, 271. Frigo, Thomas (Bonn) [German version] [2] N…
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Nasium
(249 words)
[German version] City of the Leuci in Gallia Belgica (It. Ant. 365,3; Tab. Peut. 2,5; Νάσιον/
Násion, Ptol. 2,9,13) between the rivers Mosella and Matrona [2] in the region of the present-day communities of Naix-aux-Forge and Saint-Amand-sur-Ornain. The Gallo-Roman city, located in the Ornain valley, succeeded a Celtic
oppidum (52 ha) situated on the neighbouring hill of Boviolles. N. is located on the military road leading from Durocortorum to Tullum and Divodurum (Tab. Peut. l.c.; It. Ant. l.c.), but its importance in transportation is prim…
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Naso
(53 words)
[German version] Widespread Roman cognomen (‘large-nosed’), which does not, however, occur in distinguished families of the Republican period; the family of some of its bearers cannot be determined. The most prominent figure to bear the name was the poet P. Ovidius Naso. Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) Bibliography
1 Kajanto, Cognomina, 237
2 Walde/Hofmann 2, 146.
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Nastes
(71 words)
[German version] (Νάστης/
Nástēs). Son of Nomion, commander of the Trojans' Carian allies, together with his brother Amphimachus [3] (cf. Hom. Il. 2,867ff.). He or his brother (the grammatical reference is ambiguous) went to war ‘wearing gold like a girl’ and was killed by Achilles in the river battle. According to Dictys 4,12, both brothers fell to Ajax. Stoevesandt, Magdalene (Basle) Bibliography P. Wathelet, Dictionnaire des Troyens de l'Iliade, 1988, nr. 237.
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Nasturtium
(154 words)
[German version] (Latin) corresponds to κάρδαμον/
kárdamon according to Cic. Tusc. 5,99 and describes a type of cress, probably garden cress (
Lepidium sativum), which is mentioned in Xen. Cyr. 1,1,8 as something the ordinary Persian ate with bread. Here it probably means the seeds and not the leaves, which are eaten as salad in present-day Greece and Italy. Both Theophr. Hist. pl. 1,12,1 and Plin. HN. 19,186 mention the mustard-like, sharp taste of
kárdamon, and the quick germination is also stressed in Plin. HN 19,117 and 154. For Italy, Columella 11,3,14 recommends…
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Nasua
(26 words)
[German version] Leader of the Suebi in 58 BC, name Germanic (?), brother to Cimberius (Caes. B Gall. 1,37,3). Ariovistus; Suebi Spickermann, Wolfgang (Bochum)
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Natalis templi
(165 words)
[German version]
Natalis templi was the day on which a newly erected or restored sanctuary was consecrated to ‘its deity and thereby dedicated to its purpose. A public sacrifice offered each year commemorated this
dedicatio and
consecratio . The popular ‘temple birthday (Serv. Aen. 8,60) was an official holiday only if it was celebrated on the festival day of the deity involved. Otherwise, it could add a social or political dimension to the traditional celebration days of the gods: craftsmen, for example, congregated at the Roman sanctuary of Minerva on the Aventine on its
natalis templi …
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National research institutes
(30,121 words)
Tracy, Stephen [German version] I. The American School of Classical Studies (CT) Tracy, Stephen [German version] A. Founding and Building History (CT) Under the leadership of Charles Eliot Norton of Harvard University, scholars from nine American colleges assisted by a small group of influential businessmen established the American School of Classical Studies in Athens (ASCSA) in 1881. Their intention was to create a school where, in Norton's words, “young scholars might carry on the study of Greek thought and life …
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National scripts
(579 words)
[German version] This term for the Latin scripts which developed in western Europe between the fall of Rome in the 5th cent. AD and the appearance of Carolingian minuscule in the late 8th cent., was used for the first time by R. P. Tassin and Ch. F. Toustain in their ‘Nouveau traité de diplomatique’ (6 vols., Paris 1750-1765; here vol. 2, p. 481-482), but it goes back already to Jean Mabillon. The latter noted in his ‘De re diplomatica’ (1681; 21709, 45, 49, 343) that in addition to the old Roman script there are four types of early medieval Latin scripts: Gothic, Lombardic…
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National Socialism
(19,312 words)
Losemann, Volker (Marburg/Lahn) I. National Socialist Ideology and Classical Studies (CT) [German version] A. Introduction (CT) After initially discussing how some specifically National Socialist (NS) issues in several areas were affected by the interplay with Antiquity, we shall attempt to shed light on the political implications of the scholarly study of both ancient history in Germany and other areas of Classical Studies. As we look at individuals, institutions and concepts - in the universities and beyond -…
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