Brill’s New Pauly
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Subject: Classical Studies
Edited by: Hubert Cancik and Helmuth Schneider (Antiquity) and Manfred Landfester (Classical Tradition).
English translation edited by Christine F. Salazar (Antiquity) and Francis G. Gentry (Classical Tradition)
Brill´s New Pauly is the English edition of the authoritative Der Neue Pauly, published by Verlag J.B. Metzler since 1996. The encyclopaedic coverage and high academic standard of the work, the interdisciplinary and contemporary approach and clear and accessible presentation have made the New Pauly the unrivalled modern reference work for the ancient world. The section on Antiquity of Brill´s New Pauly are devoted to Greco-Roman antiquity and cover more than two thousand years of history, ranging from the second millennium BC to early medieval Europe. Special emphasis is given to the interaction between Greco-Roman culture on the one hand, and Semitic, Celtic, Germanic, and Slavonic culture, and ancient Judaism, Christianity, and Islam on the other hand. The section on the Classical Tradition is uniquely concerned with the long and influential aftermath of antiquity and the process of continuous reinterpretation and revaluation of the ancient heritage, including the history of classical scholarship. Brill´s New Pauly presents the current state of traditional and new areas of research and brings together specialist knowledge from leading scholars from all over the world. Many entries are elucidated with maps and illustrations and the English edition will include updated bibliographic references.
Subscriptions: see brill.com
English translation edited by Christine F. Salazar (Antiquity) and Francis G. Gentry (Classical Tradition)
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Brill´s New Pauly is the English edition of the authoritative Der Neue Pauly, published by Verlag J.B. Metzler since 1996. The encyclopaedic coverage and high academic standard of the work, the interdisciplinary and contemporary approach and clear and accessible presentation have made the New Pauly the unrivalled modern reference work for the ancient world. The section on Antiquity of Brill´s New Pauly are devoted to Greco-Roman antiquity and cover more than two thousand years of history, ranging from the second millennium BC to early medieval Europe. Special emphasis is given to the interaction between Greco-Roman culture on the one hand, and Semitic, Celtic, Germanic, and Slavonic culture, and ancient Judaism, Christianity, and Islam on the other hand. The section on the Classical Tradition is uniquely concerned with the long and influential aftermath of antiquity and the process of continuous reinterpretation and revaluation of the ancient heritage, including the history of classical scholarship. Brill´s New Pauly presents the current state of traditional and new areas of research and brings together specialist knowledge from leading scholars from all over the world. Many entries are elucidated with maps and illustrations and the English edition will include updated bibliographic references.
Subscriptions: see brill.com
Nias
(60 words)
[German version] (Νίας/
Nías). River in western Africa, probably in Senegal (Ptol. 4,6,7). The N. is probably correctly identified with the Chretes of Hanno (Χρέτης/
Chrétēs, Hanno, Periplus 9, GGM 1,8), the Chremetes of Aristotle (Χρεμέτης/
Chremétēs, Aristot. Mete. 1,13 p. 350b) and the
Bambotus (Plin. HN 5,10) [1. 776, 8147]. Huß, Werner (Bamberg) Bibliography
1 Huß. F. Windberg, s.v. Nias, RE 17, 165-167.
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Nicaea
(1,521 words)
(Νίκαια;
Níkaia). [German version] [1] Naiad Naiad, daughter of the Phrygian river god Sangarius and the goddess Cybele. As a huntress, N. spurns love and remains a virgin. In Memnon of Heracleia, she does not yield to Dionysus and so he resorts to a ruse and turns into wine the spring from which N. is accustomed to drinking. She becomes drunk and falls asleep. Dionysus overpowers her in her sleep and fathers with her 'satyrs and others' (Memnon FGrH 434 F 41, 8f.). In Nonnus, Dion. 15,169-16,405, the…
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Nicaenetus
(301 words)
[German version] (Νικαίνετος;
Nikaínetos) of Samos or Abdera in Thrace (Ath. 13,590b; Steph. Byz. 6,7 s.v. Ἄβδηρα calls him an ‘Abderite’), 2nd half of 3rd cent. BC; he may indeed have come from Abdera, but lived on Samos, Menodotus of Samos describing him as an ‘epichoric poet, who often demonstrated his love for the history of this region’ (Ath. 15,673b = FGrH 541 F 1 preserves a sympotic epigram of N. on the Carian custom of wearing garlands of plaited
lýgos, a kind of wicker, at banquets, cf. [2; 3]). We know of the following works of N.: 1)
Lýrkos (in hexameters); the preserved fragment …
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Nicaeno-Constantinopolitanum
(356 words)
[German version] Christian creed in Greek; at the Council of Calchedon in AD 451 recited for the first time in its entirety together with the Nicaenum and attributed to the Council of Constantinople in 381. The Nicaeno-Constantinopolitanum (NC) contains the most important formulas of the Nicaenum, e.g. the
homooúsios (ὁμοούσιος), but not the condemnations (anathemata). It is about a quarter longer than the Nicaenum; especially the section on the Holy Spirit has been much expanded: with Father and Son the Spirit is part of the union of rule, w…
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Nicaenum
(271 words)
[German version] Christian creed in Greek, composed in AD 325 at the council of Nicaea [5] to counter the doctrine of Arius [3] (Arianism). Apparently the Nicaenum is based on older Greek formulas of faith; however, the statements directed at Arius in the article on Jesus Christ and in the sanctions (anathemata) at the end of the Nicaenum are additions by the council. In contrast to Arius the Nicaenum defines Christ as the true God, not created in time and from nothing, but begotten in eternity fr…
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Nicagora
(37 words)
[German version] (Νικαγόρα/
Nikagóra). Sicyonian, wife of Echetimus, mother of Agasicles. According to legend she brought Asclepius, in the shape of a serpent, in a mule cart from Epidaurus to Sicyon (Paus. 2,10,3). Antoni, Silke (Kiel)
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Nicagoras
(381 words)
(Νικαγόρας/
Nikagóras). [German version] [1] Tyrant of Zelia, c. 330 BC According to the Greek historian Bato of Sinope (Athenaeus 7,289b-c = FHG 4, 348 fragment 1), N. was tyrant of Zelia. He is identical with the N. mentioned by Clement of Alexandria (Protrepticus 4,48), a contemporary of Alexander [4] the Great's and possibly tyrant by the grace of Darius [3] III [1. 229]. N. fell from power after the battle on the Granicus (in this context possibly Syll.3 279,7) and the town of Zelia apologized to Alexander (Arr. Anab. 1,17,2). Dreyer, Boris (Göttingen) Bibliography
1 H.G. Lolling, Mi…
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Nicander
(1,519 words)
(Νίκανδρος;
Níkandros). [German version] [1] Spartan king, c. 715 BC Spartan king, Eurypontid, the father of Theopompus (Hdt. 8,131). N. led the raid of Spartans and Asinaeans into Argolis, in retaliation for which the Argives destroyed Asine [1] (
c. 715 BC). The settlement was refounded a few years later on the Messenian Gulf (Asine [2]; Paus. 2,36,4f.; 3,7,4; 4,14,3f.). Meier, Mischa (Bielefeld) Bibliography M. Meier, Aristokraten und Damoden, 1998, 74f., 93, 96. [German version] [2] Strategos in the Aetolian League, 190/189, 184/3 and 177/6 BC Son of Bittus of Trichonium (Syll.3 5…
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Nicanor
(1,649 words)
(Νικάνωρ;
Nikánōr). [German version] [1] Military official under Alexander the Great, died 330 BC Second son of Parmenion. Under Alexander [4] the Great he led the
hypaspistaí of the
hetaîroi in the major battles. During the pursuit of Darius [3], Alexander commanded him to pursue the Persian king with a group of riders who had given up their horses and the Agrianes under Attalus [2] as fast as possible (Arr. Anab. 3,21,7-8). He died soon after (330 BC). His brother Philotas stayed behind with an escort for his funeral. Badian, Ernst (Cambridge, MA) Bibliography Berve 2, no. 554. …
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Nicanor, Archive of
(367 words)
[German version] The Archive of Nicanor consists of a group of ostraca found in Coptus (O.Petr. 220-304; O.Bodl. II 1968-1971; O.Brux.Berl. 7; Ostrakon), which are dated between AD 6 and AD 62. These are receipts for transport services provided by the καμηλίτης/
kamēlítēs (O.Petr. 225) Nicanor and his family or partner by camel between Coptus and Myos Hormos and Berenice [9] on the instruction of various people. This was also the route by which trade was carried on between the Roman Empire and Arabia, Africa and India (Plin. HN 6,102-103…
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Nicarchus
(380 words)
(Νίκαρχος;
Níkarchos). [German version] [1] General of Antiochus III, 218 BC Active at the beginning of the Fourth Syrian War as one of Antiochus [5] III's generals. In 218 BC he took part in Antiochus advance into southern Syria at the occupation of the narrows on the River Lycus and later at the conquest of Rabbatamana (Rabbat Ammon) and became commander of the garrison there. In the battle of Raphia in 217 he led the part of Antiochus' phalanx whose weakness contributed to the downfall of the Seleucids (Pol. 5,68,9-11; 71,6-11; 79,5; 83,3; 85,10). Mehl, Andreas (Halle/Saale) Bibli…
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Nicarete
(74 words)
[German version] (Νικαρέτη/
Nikarétē). Daughter of a prominent family from Megara. Student of the philosopher Stilpo (Ath. 13,596e). The sources present her as a courtesan of Stilpo (Diog. Laert. 2,114 acc. to Onetor) and of the orator Stephanus (Ath. 13,593f). Her love for Stilpo earned her ridicule from the comedian Crates [1] (Diog. Laert. 2,118). The association with Stephanus is believed to be based on mistaken identity (with Neaera [6]). Dreyer, Boris (Göttingen)
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Nicentius
(135 words)
[German version] [1] Official under Hermogenes, AD 358 In AD 358, after occupying other, unknown offices, he became
consularis Syriae. He was fined and dismissed by the
praef. praet. Hermogenes [10] for failings in the supply of the army in Callinicum. He may have received a new office in 360 from the
comes Orientis Modestus [2]. N. was highly regarded by Libanius (Lib. Ep. 122; 193). PLRE 1, 628 no. 1. Groß-Albenhausen, Kirsten (Frankfurt/Main) [German version] [2] Official, 4th cent. AD
Tribunus et notarius, lived in Mediolanum/Milan, where he was said to be miraculously he…
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Nicephorium
(178 words)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Limes (Νικηφόριον/
Nikēphórion). Town at the point where the Baliḥ flows into the Euphrates. As a settlement, it succeeded Tuttul (Tall Bīa) and preceded the Arabic ar-Raqqa. Its founder is variously said to have been Seleucus I (App. Syr. 298), Alexander the Great (Plin. HN 6,119; Isidorus of Charax, Mansiones parthicae 1 GGM 1, 248) and, in Syrian sources, Seleucus II. In the middle of the 3rd cent. AD it was renamed Callinicum (or, in Greek, Καλλίνικος/
Kallínikos). It was also briefly called Constantina and Leontop…
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Nicephorius
(173 words)
[German version] According to Plin. HN 6,129 (
Nikephorio) it was, along with the Parthenius, a major Armenian tributary of the Tigris. According to Tac. Ann. 15,4,2 (
Nikephorius), it flowed through Tigranocerta. Its identification depends on the location of Tigranocerta, which has hitherto been sought at Silvan (Martyropolis/Mayafarikin/Nprkert) [1]. But taking into account an Armenian historical work of the 2nd half of the 5th cent., called Buzandaran Patmut'iwnk' 4,24 [2], it was rather at Arzan [3]. In the former case…
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Nicer
(181 words)
[German version] Right-hand tributary of the Rhine, modern Neckar, whose course has changed many times, primarily around its mouth. From the La Tène period (La Tène culture) the region was inhabited by Celts. In the early Imperial period the lower courses were settled by Elbe-Germani, who gave their name to the
civitas Ulpia Sueborum Nicrensium established around Lopodunum (modern Ladenburg) from the time of Trajan. The region around its headwaters and the area between the Odenwald and the Rhine were secured by fortresses from the time of Vespasian…
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Niceratus
(427 words)
(Νικήρατος;
Nikḗratos). [German version] [1] Athenian trierarch, 410/409 BC Son of Nicias [1]; learned reciter of Homer (Xen. Symp. 3,5; 4,6; Aristot. Rhet. 1413a). Athenian trierarch (Trierarchy) in 410/409 BC (IG I3 375,36). Of the wealth his grandfather had acquired from silver mines and mine slaves, at the time of his murder by the Thirty (
Triákonta ) in 404/3 BC only 14 talents were left (Lys. 19,47; Xen. Hell. 2,3,39; Diod. 14,5,5). After his murder his uncle Diognetus [1] interceded against the Thirty with the Spartan king Pausanias by placing N.'s son on his knee (Lys. 18,6-10). Kin…
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Nicetas
(333 words)
[German version] Bishop, from Remesiana in Dacia mediterranea (modern Bela Palanka), died AD 414. Rediscovered in the late 19th cent., previously confused with Nicetas of Aquileia (died 485) and Nicetius of Trier (died after 561). He may be identical with bishop Nichas mentioned in a letter of 366/7 by Germinius of Sirmium (CPL 456). He was a friend of Paulinus of Nola, whom he visited in January 400 and in 403 at the festival of the martyr Felix and who praised him in a propemptikon as missionary…
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Nicetes
(317 words)
(Νικέτης;
Nikét
ēs). [German version] [1] Greek rhetor at Rome, Augustan period Greek rhetor active at Rome in the Augustan period, known solely through several references by Seneca the Elder. Most of these report brief judgements and pithy remarks on fictional disputes (Sen. Controv 1,4,12; 1,5,9; 1,7,18; 1,8,13; 9,2,29; 9,6,18; 10,5,23); others exemplify the peculiarity of his teaching method (ibid. 9,2,23: N. only declaimed himself, and did not listen to students' practice speeches) and indicate his evid…
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Nicias
(1,775 words)
(Νικίας;
Nikías). [German version] [1] Important commander in the Peloponnesian War, c.470-413 BC Son of Niceratus of Athens, born
c.470 BC, died 413; one of the most important commanders in the Peloponnesian War. After the death of Pericles, N. competed with Cleon [1] for influence in the popular assembly and the assignment of military commands. His policy was directed towards ending the aggressive Athenian politics of expansion and towards reconciliation with Sparta. From 427, N. was regularly elected
stratēgós . He led expeditions against Minoa [4…
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Nicides
(69 words)
[German version] (Νικίδης/
Nikídēs). Son of Phoenicides, of the
dḗmos of Melite (IG I3 422 col. III, 212; 216; 424,17f.; 426 col. II, 75; And. 1,12f.:
Nikiades). In 415 BC, he was condemned to death
in absentia in a sacrilege case (see Mutilation of the Herms) upon denunciation by Andromachus; his property was sold (IG, ibid.). Alcibiades [3]; Meletus [1] Kinzl, Konrad (Peterborough) Bibliography Davies, 408 Traill, PAA 713050.
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Nicippus
(69 words)
[German version] (Νίκιππος/
Níkippos). Messenian oligarch, who enforced neutrality as
éphoros (
éphoroi ) against a popular majority, when Philippus V sought to win Messene to his Hellenic League against Aetolia in 220 BC. Because Messene was also the reason for the involvement of the league, Polybius denounced this position (4,31,2f.; 32,1; 36,8) [1. 424f.]. Dreyer, Boris (Göttingen) Bibliography
1 B. Niese, Geschichte der griechischen und makedonischen Staaten, vol. 2, 1899.
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Nicives
(137 words)
[German version] (Νίσιβες/
Nísibes). According to Plin. HN 5,29f., the N. were a people in Africa Proconsularis. A boundary stone from the time of Vespasian [1. 289f.] locates them in the
ager publicus of Cirta. According to Ptol. 4,3,24 the N. lived in the south of Numidia (Numidae) near the Nattabutae and Miaedioe. Later they were to be found in the region of N'Gaous (Nicivibus), 80 km south of Sétif. For the year AD 411 an
episcopus Niciuensis is attested (acta concilii Carthaginiensis anno 411 habiti 1,201). Inscriptions: AE 1969-1970, 696. Huß, Werner (Bamberg) Bibliography
1 J. La…
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Nicochares
(86 words)
[German version] (Νικοχάρης;
Nikochárēs). Comic poet of the 5th/4th cents. BC, from the Attic Cydathenaeum demos. Son of the comedian Philonides [1. test. 1 and 2]. 28 fragments and 9 titles are preserved, of which 7 are mythological (Ἀγαμέμνων, Ἀμυμώνη ὴ Πέλοψ, Γαλάτεια, Ἡρακλῆς γαμῶν, Ἡρακλῆς χορηγός, Λάκωνες, Λήμνιαι). With the Λάκωνες, he competed against Aristophanes' [3] second Πλοῦτος in 388; his Γαλάτεια dates from the same period [2. 203]. Bäbler, Balbina (Göttingen) Bibliography
1 PCG 7, 1989, 39-49
2 H.-G. Nesselrath, Die attische Mittlere Komödie, 1990.
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Nicocles
(477 words)
(Νικοκλῆς;
Nikoklês). [German version] [1] King of Salamis on Cyprus, from 374/373 B.C. King of Salamis on Cyprus, son and, from 374/373 BC, successor of Euagoras [1] I. (Diod. Sic. 15,47,8). N. died, probably together with Strato of Sidon, in the so-called Uprising of the Satraps, the main phase of which took place c. 362-360 B.C. Although N. continued the philhellenic policies of his father (Philhellenism), Hellenistic forms of sovereignty and way of life already announced themselves in N., since Isocrates…
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Nicocreon
(395 words)
(Νικοκρέων/
Nikokréōn). [German version] [1] Conspirator against Evagoras, c. 375 BC N. plotted unsuccessfully against Evagoras [1], the king of Salamis on Cyprus (Theopompos FGrH 115 F 103,12), and had to flee (around 375 BC). N.'s daughter became the mistress of Evagoras and of the heir to the throne, Pnytagoras. According to [1. 99-101] the result of this union was the future king Pnytagoras II, whose son was Nicocreon [2]. Dreyer, Boris (Göttingen) Bibliography
1 Beloch, GG 4,2
2 LGPN 1, 335, nr. 1. [German version] [2] King of the town of Salamis on Cyprus, 332/1 BC Son of Pnytagor…
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Nicodamas
(40 words)
[German version] (Νικοδάμας/
Nikodámas). A pygmy, husband of Oenoe [1] who refused to worship Artemis and Hera and as a punishment was turned into a crane (Antoninus Liberalis 16). She was also called Gerana (Ath. 9,393e). Käppel, Lutz (Kiel)
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Nicodamus
(35 words)
[German version] (Νικόδαμος/
Nikódamos). Aetolian, whose brave attack on the Romans besieging Ambracia in 189 BC failed because Nicander [2], contrary to expectations, failed to arrive with reinforcements (Liv. 38,5,6-10; 38,6,5-7). Günther, Linda-Marie (Munich)
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Nicodemus
(296 words)
(Νικόδημος;
Nikódēmos). [German version] [1] Prosecutor of Demosthenes, probably died after 349 BC Athenian from Aphidna, prosecutor of Demosthenes [2] (Aeschin. 2,148), friend of Meidias [2] and of Eubulus [1], was killed by Aristarchus, the son of Moschus (Idomeneus FGrH 338 F 12) in 352 BC: [2]; (according to [1. 112] and [3. 9-12] the preferred date is more likely after 349 BC), for which deed Meidias held Demosthenes responsible (also [1. 102-105]; Aristot. Rh. 1397b 7 see [2]). Dreyer, Boris (Göttingen) Bibliography
1 Schäfer, vol. 2
2 H.E. Stier, s.v. Nikodemos (2), RE 1…
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Nicodorus
(97 words)
[German version] (Νικόδωρος/
Nikódōros) from Mantinea; he was of noble birth and a successful athlete who was on the one hand compared as a great ‘legislator’ to Solon, and on the other hand connected with the notorious atheist Diagoras [2] of Melos (Ael. VH. 2,23; Eust. ad Hom. Od. p. 1860,52ff.). We do not know whether he was the originator of a moderately democratic constitution initiated in 425 or 423 BC in Mantinea (Aristot. Pol. 6,2,1318b 21ff.) [1. 101ff.]. Hölkeskamp, Karl-Joachim (Cologne) Bibliography
1 H.-J. Gehrke, Stasis, 1985. K.-J. Hölkeskamp, Schiedsrichter, Gesetz…
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Nicolaus
(2,154 words)
(Νικόλαος/
Nikólaos). [German version] [1] Strategos of Ptolemy IV in Coele Syria, 219 BC Aetolian,
stratēgós of Ptolemy IV in Coele Syria. In 219 BC, he unsuccessfully besieged the dissident Theodotus in Ptolemais, but succeeded in preventing the encirclement of Dora by Antiochus [5] III. Made supreme commander in 218, he occupied the coastal pass north of Sidon, but was repelled by Antiochus at the Damuras river. N. then probably defected to Antiochus, whom he accompanied in 209 to Hyr…
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Nicolochus
(61 words)
[German version] (Νικόλοχος;
Nikólochos). Spartan; while
epistoleús (‘deputy’) of the
naúarchos (‘naval commander’) Antalcidas (388/7 BC), he was surrounded by Iphicrates at Abydus [1], where Antalcidas relieved him (Xen. Hell. 5,1,6-7; 5,1,25-27; Polyaen. 2,24). As
naúarchos in 375 BC, he was defeated by the Athenian Timotheus at Alyzea (Xen. Hell. 5,4,65-66; Diod. 15,36,5; Polyaen. 3,10,4; 3,10,12). Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum)
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Nicomachus
(1,669 words)
(Νικόμαχος/
Nikómachos). [German version] [1] Healing hero See Gorgasus and Nicomachus Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld) [German version] [2] Athenian official, 410-404 BC Allegedly the son of a slave and only later accepted as an Athenian citizen. In 410-404 BC, N. led the commission for recording the laws (
anagrapheîs tôn nómōn). Exiled under the Thirty (
triákonta ), he returned in 403 and again became
anagrapheús. In 399/8 BC, N. was accused of manipulating the laws, thus e.g. contributing to the sentencing of the demagogue Cleophon [1] in 404, evading his …
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Nicomedes
(1,542 words)
(Νικομήδης;
Nikomḗdēs). [German version] [1] Spartan commander, 458 or 457 BC Member of the Spartan royal family of the Agiadae, son of Cleombrotus [2], brother of Pausanias, the victor of Plataeae. In 458 or 457 BC, N. led a Spartan army as the guardian of his underage nephew Pleistoanax to support the inhabitants of the Doris region against the Phocians and on the return march defeated the Athenians near Tanagra (Thuc. 1,107,2-108,1; Diod. Sic. 11,79,4-80,6; Plut. Cimon 17,4-9; Plut. Pericles 10,1-4). Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum) [German version] [2] N. I of Bithynia King from 280 BC S…
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Nicomedia
(1,111 words)
This item can be found on the following maps: Pontos Euxeinos | Byzantium | Christianity | | Coloniae | Commerce | Hellenistic states | Hellenistic states | Asia Minor | Limes | Natural catastrophes | Pergamum | Pompeius | Patricius | Rome | Rome (Νικομήδεια/
Nikomḗdeia, Latin
Nicomedia). [German version] I. From the foundation to the death of Nicomedes IV Town at the northeast end of the gulf of Astacus or N., modern İzmit or Kocaeli. Founded and named by Nicomedes [2] I in 264/3 BC as the capital of the Bithynian kingdom (Memnon FGrH 434 F 12; Arr. FGr…
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Nicomenes
(105 words)
(Νικομένης;
Nikoménēs). [German version] [1] Democrat accused by Agoratus, 404 BC Athenian, one of the democrats who were denounced by Agoratus in 404 BC and were executed because of their opposition to the peace treaty with Sparta negotiated by Theramenes (Lys. 13,23; 38). Beck, Hans (Cologne) [German version] [2] Athenian, around 400 BC Athenian, at whose request the citizenship law introduced by Aristophon [2] was modified to the effect that it was only applicable to those children who were born after the archonship of Eucleides (403/2 BC) (sch…
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Nicon
(255 words)
(Νίκων;
Níkōn). [German version] [1] Theban military leader, 413 BC Theban leader of 300 Boeotian hoplites who, together with some Spartan units, crossed over to Sicily in 413 BC in order to defend Syracuse (Thuc. 7,19,3). Beck, Hans (Cologne) [German version] [2] Comedy writer, 4th/3rd cent. BC Comedy writer of the 4th or 3rd cent. BC; there is a preserved fragment of a play
Kitharōdós, in which apparently the direct speech of a non-Greek slave is quoted (fr. 1). Bäbler, Balbina (Göttingen) Bibliography
1 PCG 7, 1989, 38. [German version] [3] Co-founder of the anti-Roman alliance of…
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Niconia
(87 words)
[German version] (Νικωνία, Νικώνιον/
Nikōnía, Nikṓníon). A town in the north of the Black Sea area, northeast of the Tyras (Dniester) estuary, opposite Ophiusa (Str. 7,3,16; Νικώνιον/
Nikṓníon: Peripl. m. eux. 61 GGM 1 p. 418; Ps.-Scyl. 68; Ptol. 3,10,16) and near the present-day village of Roxolany. Steph. Byz. s.v. Νικωνία mistakenly located the town on the Danube. von Bredow, Iris (Bietigheim-Bissingen) Bibliography M.V. Agbunov, Davn'ogrečeskii Nikonij, in: Arheologija 32, 1979, 17-25 G.A. Koselenko, Antičnye gosudarstva Severnogo Pričernomor'ja, 1984, 29f. M.L. Ber…
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Niconidas
(47 words)
[German version] (Νικονίδας;
Nikonídas) from Thessaly. Whilst in the service of Mithridates [6?] VI. Eupator he was the engineer who built the ‘admirable’ war machines for the siege of Cyzicus in 73 BC (Plut. Lucullus 10,3; cf. App. Mithr. 73-75). Poliorcetics Groß, Walter Hatto (Hamburg)
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Nicophanes
(126 words)
[German version] (Νικοφάνης;
Nikophánēs). Painter of the second half of the 4th cent. BC, student of Pausias and therefore belonging to the Sicyonian school of painters (Plin. HN 35,111; 137). He was counted among the decorative genre painters, whose importance increased during this period; assessments of the effect of his art varied and apparently it was especially appreciated by connoisseurs. His manner was pleasing and fine despite a harsh effect of his colours due to the use of much ochre. We k…
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Nicophemus
(92 words)
[German version] (Νικόφημος/
Nikóphēmos). Athenian, confidant of Conon [1], who in 395/4 BC made him commander of the Persian fleet (Diod. Sic. 14,81,4; Hell. Oxy. 15). In 393 he commanded a force occupying Cythera (Xen. Hell. 4,8,8) [1. 82, 126]. When he returned to Cyprus, he led a (failed) mission in aid of Evagoras [1] (389 BC) together with his son Aristophanes [1]. N. was then summarily condemned and executed at Athens, and his fortune was confiscated (Lys. 19,7; 11f.; 35f.; 42-44). Beck, Hans (Cologne) Bibliography
1 P. Funke, Homonoia und Arche, 1980. PA 11066.
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Nicophon
(123 words)
[German version] (Νικοφῶν;
Nikophôn). Comic poet of the 5th/4th cents. BC; he was victorious at the Lenaea and prior to 402 at the Dionysia [1. Test. 3 and 4; 2. 203]. In 388 his Ἄδωνις (
Ádōnis) rivaled Aristophanes' Πλοῦτος
(Ploûtos). 30 fragments have survived; of the six known titles four have a mythological subject: In addition to Ἄδωνις, the titles are Ἀφροδίτης γοναί (
Aphrodítēs gonaí) , Πανδώρα (
Pandṓra), Σειρῆνες (
Seirênes); the latter [1. Fr. 20-22] treat the popular topic of the Land of Plenty. The titles indicate that N. (although Athenaeus [3] and H…
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Nicopolis
(1,739 words)
(Νικόπολις;
Nikópolis). [German version] [1] Town on the upper Nestus river This item can be found on the following maps: | Moesi, Moesia Town on the upper Nestus river on the road from Philippopolis to the Aegean coast (Ptol. 3,11,13: Ν. ἡ περὶ Νέσσον; 8,11,7; Hierocles, Synekdemos 636,5), near modern Goce Delčev (Bulgaria), founded in AD 106 by Traianus. From the 2nd to 4th cents. AD, N. reached a high economic and cultural level (minting from Commodus to Caracalla: HN 287; thermal baths, peristyle buildings, sculpt…
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Nicosthenes
(338 words)
[German version] (Νικοσθένης;
Nikosthénēs). Attic potter, black-figured vase painter (?) and workshop owner,
c. 545-510 BC.
‘N. epoíēsen’, 'made by N.', is the most common signature in Attic pottery (surviving on 139 black-figured and 10 red-figured vessels). Characteristic of the workshop are the Nicosthenian amphorae (
c. 130; pottery), which imitate an Etruscan Bucchero form. They are routinely signed and almost all are produced by the same potter; the decoration is also to a large extent done by one hand, known as Painter N, who is pres…
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Nicostrate
(107 words)
[German version] (Νικοστράτη/
Nikostrátē). Arcadian nymph, prophetess, mother by Hermes of Evander [1], with whom she moved, 60 years before the Trojan War, from Pallantium in Arcadia to Italy, where Evander founded on the Palatine the first city (Str. 5,3,3; Dion. Hal. Ant. Rom. 1,31,1; Plut. Quaest. Graec. 56; Ov. Fast. 1,462; 618; 627; 634; Serv. Aen. 8,51; 130; 336). According to Plut. Romulus 21, she was the wife of Evander. Outside this Hellenizing tradition, the mother of Evander is called Carmentis (cf. Str. 5,3,3; Plut. Romulus 21). Waldner, Katharina (Berlin) Bibliography H.…
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Nicostratus
(1,042 words)
(Νικόστρατος;
Nikóstratos). [German version] [1] Son of Menelaus [1] and Helen Son of Menelaus [1] and Helen [1]. According to Hom. Il. 3,175 and Hom. Od. 4,12, Menelaus and Helen had only a daughter (Hermione, cf. Eur. Andr. 898; Lycoph. 851), but in another tradition they also had a son (Hes. Fr. 175,2 M.-W.; Soph. El. 539). Later authors tried to resolve this discrepancy by making N. the son of a slave (Paus. 2,18,6). In Amyclae, N. and Megapenthes [2] were portrayed on horseback, as a counterpart to t…
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Nicotera
(51 words)
[German version] Station on the via Popilia in Bruttium (It. Ant. 106,2; 111,3: 18 miles south of Vibo Valentia), modern Nicótera. Probably not identical with Emporiom, the harbour of Medma (Str. 6,1,5). Iron Age, Greek and Roman finds, Latin inscriptions. Lombardo, Mario (Lecce) Bibliography Nissen 2, 959f. BTCGI 12, 336-338.
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Nicothoe
(66 words)
[German version] (Νικοθόη;
Nikothóē). Daughter of Thaumas and Electra [1], one of the Harpies, also called Aëllopus (Apollod. 1,122) or Aëllo (Hes. Theog. 267; Apollod. 1,10). Sister of Ocypete and Celaeno [2]. Chased from the table of Phineus [1] and pursued by the sons of Boreas, N. plunged into the Peloponnesian river Tigres, which was named Harpys after her (Apollod. 1,122). Antoni, Silke (Kiel)
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