Brill’s New Pauly

Get access Subject: Classical Studies
Edited by: Hubert Cancik and Helmuth Schneider (Antiquity) and Manfred Landfester (Classical Tradition).
English translation edited by Christine F. Salazar (Antiquity) and Francis G. Gentry (Classical Tradition)

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Brill´s New Pauly is the English edition of the authoritative Der Neue Pauly, published by Verlag J.B. Metzler since 1996. The encyclopaedic coverage and high academic standard of the work, the interdisciplinary and contemporary approach and clear and accessible presentation have made the New Pauly the unrivalled modern reference work for the ancient world. The section on Antiquity of Brill´s New Pauly are devoted to Greco-Roman antiquity and cover more than two thousand years of history, ranging from the second millennium BC to early medieval Europe. Special emphasis is given to the interaction between Greco-Roman culture on the one hand, and Semitic, Celtic, Germanic, and Slavonic culture, and ancient Judaism, Christianity, and Islam on the other hand. The section on the Classical Tradition is uniquely concerned with the long and influential aftermath of antiquity and the process of continuous reinterpretation and revaluation of the ancient heritage, including the history of classical scholarship. Brill´s New Pauly presents the current state of traditional and new areas of research and brings together specialist knowledge from leading scholars from all over the world. Many entries are elucidated with maps and illustrations and the English edition will include updated bibliographic references.

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Noah

(340 words)

Author(s): Ego, Beate (Osnabrück)
[German version] (Νῶε/ Nôe, Lat. Noa, Noe; Hebr. Nōaḥ). In the Bible, Noah is the main character in the story of the Flood in Gn 6,5-9,29. This story originated in Mesopotamia (cf. the Gilgamesh Epic and the Atraḫasis Epic; legend of the Flood). As a righteous man Noah is spared God's punishment and thus he became the father of mankind, as father of Shem, Ham und Japheth (Gn 6,10; 9,18), who represent the three continents. According to the traditional interpretation of the Pentateuch, the Biblical story…

Noarus

(78 words)

Author(s): Olshausen, Eckart (Stuttgart)
[German version] (Νόαρος/ Nóaros). River flowing north into the Ister [2] (Danube) in the territory of the Scordisci (and navigable there) (Str. 7,5,2). Between the N. and the Margus [1] (Str. 7,5,12) was the land of the ‘Great Scordisci’. On the discussion of the identification of the N. (Drina, Korana, Mur, Raab, lower reaches of the Sava) cf. [1; 2]. Olshausen, Eckart (Stuttgart) Bibliography 1 E. Polaschek, s.v. Noaros, RE 17, 783-785 2 J. Fitz, s.v. Noaros, KlP 4, 142.

Nobiles

(1,840 words)

Author(s): Crawford, Michael Hewson (London)
[German version] A. Patricians and Nobility It was generally assumed during the late Roman Republic that under the Monarchy and the early Republic political and religious power rested in the hands of a series of patrician gentes ( gens ). The origins of the patrician class were traced back to Romulus (Liv. 1,8,7). The patrician gentes sometimes belonged to one family, but more frequently to several, not necessarily closely related families. Some of the gentes derived their descent from the Trojans who according to legend settled in Latium under the leadership of Aenea…

Nobilior

(30 words)

Author(s): Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum)
[German version] Roman cognomen (‘especially noble’; nobiles ); prominent in the family of the Fulvii (Fulvius [I 15-17]), but also widespread elsewhere. Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) Bibliography Kajanto, Cognomina, 72; 279.

Nobilissimus

(174 words)

Author(s): Gizewski, Christian (Berlin)
[German version] The word nobilis (pl. nobiles ), in the Republican period and the Imperial period of the first two cents. AD, presumably denotes in particular the members of a senatorial family which included several consuls. From the 3rd cent. AD, with the increasing prevalence of court titles (Court titles C.,) it served to designate especially distinguished members of both the senatorial class and the imperial household (Dig. 1,2,2,43: members of the Senate; Cod. Iust. 6,23,19: members of the sacrum consistorium). From it was derived - probably from the reign of Constan…

Nobilitas

(6,544 words)

Author(s): Näf, Beat (Zürich RWG)
Näf, Beat (Zürich RWG) [German version] A. Definitions (CT) The nobility and its rule are a decisive element in the societies of numerous cultures. In defining nobility, various dimensions will be considered in each case: these include peculiarities of a particular historical epoch as well as structural characteristics which have remained the same or at least comparable throughout the ages. Among the latter are: lineage and affiliation, synchronically with clans and diachronically with dynasties; inherit…

Nobility

(5 words)

see Nobilitas

Nobility

(4 words)

see Nobiles

Nodens

(229 words)

Author(s): Euskirchen, Marion (Bonn)
[German version] (Nodon). Celtic god known from two archaeological sites in Britain. Two statuettes of Mars, with inscriptions dedicating them to the god Mars N. ( Deo Marti Nodonti) from Cockersand Moss (Lancashire) support the connection of the indigenous god with the Roman god ( interpretatio II Romana ). Other dedications to Deus N. or Deus M(ars) N., on bronze and lead tablets, including a defixio , came to light in the basilica-like temple in Lydney Park (Gloucestershire). Together with a building supposedly for temple sleep, a guest h…

Nodus

(4 words)

see Hairstyle

Noega

(152 words)

Author(s): Barceló, Pedro (Potsdam)
(Νοῖγα/ Noîga). [German version] [1] Coastal city in northern Spain Coastal city in northern Spain in the territory of the Astures (Asturia), east of the Melsus (= Nelo in Plin. HN 4,111; modern Nalón), possibly near Gijón (Str. 3,4,20; Ptol. 2,6,6: Νοῖγα Οὐκεσία/ Noîga Oukesía). Mela 3,113-15 has the most detailed information on its location; but despite intense discussion the location remains unclear. Barceló, Pedro (Potsdam) Bibliography C.Fernández Ochoa, Noega-Gigia: reflexiones sobre dos enclaves astur-romanos, in: Leyenda y arqueología de las ciudades pre…

Noemon

(104 words)

Author(s): Antoni, Silke (Kiel)
(Νοήμων/ Noḗmōn). [German version] [1] Lycian, follower of Sarpedon at Troy Lycian, follower of Sarpedon at Troy, killed by Odysseus (Hom. Il. 5,678; Ov. Met. 13,258). Antoni, Silke (Kiel) [German version] [2] Pylian, companion of Antilochus at Troy Pylian, companion of Antilochus at Troy (Hom. Il. 23,612). Antoni, Silke (Kiel) [German version] [3] Ithacian Ithacian, son of Phronius, who upon Athena's request lent a ship to Telemachus for his journey to Pylus (Hom. Od. 2,386f.). When he later needed the ship himself, he asked Antinous [1] about Te…

Noetus of Smyrna

(201 words)

Author(s): Rist, Josef (Würzburg)
[German version] (Νοητός/ Noētós). Early Christian theologian (end of the 2nd cent. AD). According to the biased report of his adversary Hippolytus [2] (Refutatio omnium haeresium 9,7-10; 10,26f.) N. came from Smyrna. His heterodox teachings, which according to Hippolytus could be traced back to Heraclitus, were brought to Rome by Epigonus and further disseminated among the Roman bishops Zephyrinus ( c. 198-217) and Callistus (217-222) by Epigonus's pupil Cleomenes. N. is regarded as the founder of modalistic monarchianism. This school saw in the Father …

Noise

(825 words)

Author(s): Saiko, Maren (Bochum)
[German version] (θόρυβος/ thórybos, ψόφος/ psóphos, ὄχλος/ óchlos; Latin strepitus, clamor). Nowadays humans and animals are exposed to the nuisance of noise everywhere. In Antiquity this was limited to centres of population concentration like Alexandria (Call. Hecale fr. 260,63-69) or Rome (Stat. Silv. 4,4,18: clamosa urbs, ‘the noisy capital city’). Information about this can really only be found in the Roman sources of the Imperial period. Especially in Rome in the 1st cents. BC and AD, i.e. in periods of relative prosperity, the most varied of everyday ac…

Nola

(572 words)

Author(s): Olshausen, Eckart (Stuttgart) | Sauer, Vera (Stuttgart)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Social Wars | Villa | Coloniae | Etrusci, Etruria | Pilgrimage Town in Campania, north east of the Vesuvius (Str. 5,4,8; It. Ant. 109,2; Tab. Peut. 6,4); it still bears the same name today. N. lies at the foot of the Appennines, on a broad plain approximately halfway from Capua to Nuceria, on a major traffic artery leading from Etruria to Poseidonia/Paestum, subsequently known as via Popilia. We do not know what part the inhabitants of Chalcis [1] played in its foundation (Sil. Pun. 12,161; Just. Epit. 20,1,1…

Nomads

(386 words)

Author(s): Brentjes, Burchard (Berlin)
[German version] (Νομάδες/ Nomádes). Nomads are wandering shepherds leading a special form of non-sedentary life, which is adapted, thanks to herd raising, to arid steppe regions of Eurasia and Africa. We may distinguish between: 1. nomads keeping sheep, horses, camels, and cattle (partly yaks) in north Eurasia; 2. those breeding sheep, goats, and camels, sometimes also keeping donkeys, in Arabia, Iran, India, and North Africa; 3. nomads breeding mainly cattle in East Africa. Greeks, Romans, and Byz…

Nomae

(57 words)

Author(s): Messina, Aldo (Triest)
[German version] (Νομαί/ Nomaí). At this not yet located place in Sicily, Ducetius was defeated by an army from Syracuse in 451/0 BC (Diod. Sic. 11,91,3). Possibly identical with the Sicilian place-name Noai (Apollodoros FGrH 244 F 6) and Neai (Diod. Sic. 11,88,6: Νέαι/ Néai); cf. [1]. Messina, Aldo (Triest) Bibliography 1 K. Ziegler, s.v. Noai, RE 17, 783.

Nomarches

(274 words)

Author(s): Ameling, Walter (Jena)
[German version] (νομάρχης/ nomárchēs). Office in the Egyptian administration. It already existed before the Ptolemies. Even if the word nomarches is derived from the Greek némein (‘administer’) rather than from nomos [2], his office was connected with a specific administrative district, in which he was responsible for the distribution and all other issues concerning the royal finance and tax administration. When Alexander [4] the Great (Arr. Anab. 3,5,2; 3,5,4), appointed two Persians (?, [1. 82]), Petiesis and Doloaspis, as nomárchai for all Egypt, and left the nomárchai of th…

Nomen

(61 words)

Author(s): Schiemann, Gottfried (Tübingen)
[German version] (pl. nomina). In Roman law, the term for debts. Gai. Inst. 128-133 distinguishes between ‘cash debts’ ( nomina arcaria), which arose e.g. from loans ( mutuum , see also condictio ), and ‘ledger debts’ ( nomina transscripticia), which arose by an entry in the ‘ledger’ of the creditor as an obligation from a litterarum obligatio . Schiemann, Gottfried (Tübingen)

Nomenclator

(269 words)

Author(s): Eck, Werner (Cologne)
[German version] Mostly a slave, who called out to his master, especially an office-holder or a candidate to an office, the names of people coming to meet him. This was particularly important during elections to an office, since the candidate had to convey the impression that he remembered each one of his constituents personally. Cicero’s brother especially emphasizes this aspect in his Commentariolum petitionis, which is also our source for the function and importance of the nomenclator. Plinius (HN 29,19) describes the nomenclator as follows: alienis oculis agnoscimus, aliena …

Nomen Latinum

(6 words)

see Latin law

Nomentum

(155 words)

Author(s): Uggeri, Giovanni (Florence)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Tribus | Latini, Latium (or Numentum). Latin town founded by Alba Longa (Dion. Hal. Ant. Rom. 2,53; Verg. Aen. 6,773; 7,706) in Sabine territory on the left bank of the Tiber on the Via Nomentana (Tab. Peut. 5,5), 14 miles north east of Rome, modern Mentana. Member of the Latin League (Latini, with map). N. received the civitas Romana, under a dictator, in 338 BC (Liv. 8,14,3). Martial praised N., especially the merits of its vineyards (Mart. 2,38; 10,48; 13,119; Columella 3,2f.; Plin. HN 14,23; 48) and …

Nomia

(131 words)

Author(s): Käppel, Lutz (Kiel) | Lienau, Cay (Münster)
(Νομία/ Nomía). [German version] [1] Nymph, with the same name as the Arcadian mountain range Nymph; eponym of the mountain range in Arcadia, N. [3] (Paus. 8,38,11). Depicted by Polygnotus in Delphi, together with Callisto and Pero (Paus. 10,31,10). Käppel, Lutz (Kiel) [German version] [2] Sicilian nymph Sicilian nymph, who transforms Daphnis [1] into a stone, when he spurns her (Ov. Met. 4,277; Serv. Verg. Ecl. 8,68). Käppel, Lutz (Kiel) [German version] [3] Mountain range in the south-western Peloponnese A 1389 m high mountain range in the south-western Peloponnese, to t…

Nomina Sacra

(400 words)

Author(s): Giovè Marchioli, Nicoletta (Triest)
[German version] The term NS (‘holy words’) refers to various shortened forms such as ΘΣ, Latin DS; ΙΣ, Latin IHS; ΧΡΣ, Latin XPS; ΚΣ, Latin DNS; ΠΗΡ, Latin PR; ΠΝΑ, Latin SPS; as well as Latin SCS, NR for the names Θεός, Latin Deus; Ἰησοῦς, Latin Iesus; Χριστός, Latin Christus; Κύριος, Latin Dominus; πατήρ, Latin pater; πνεῦμα, Latin spiritus; and for the Latin adjectives sanctus and noster. These shortened forms, which look like contractions, generally consist only of consonants (without vowels), usually the first and last letters of the word, and are marked…

Nominatio

(247 words)

Author(s): de Libero, Loretana (Hamburg)
[German version] According to research based on the work of Th. Mommsen [1. 917ff.], nominatio is the right of the princeps , deriving from the consular potestas , to scrutinize for electoral suitability and to ‘nominate’ applicants for offices, i.e. place them on the list of candidates [2; 3]. This portrayal of a right of nomination, which draws support esp. from Cassius Dio (53,21,7), Tacitus (Ann. 1,14; 2,36; 1,81) and Pliny (Paneg. 71,1), has not remained uncontested, with esp. the usage of nominatio as a technical term in electoral procedures of the Imperial period being…

Nomioi Theoi

(181 words)

Author(s): Bendlin, Andreas (Erfurt)
[German version] (Νόμιοι Θεοί; Nómioi Theoí). As an adjunct to νομεύς/ nomeús, ‘shepherd’, νόμιος/ nómios is a poetic apostrophe or actual cult invocation for the identification of groups of gods (anon. NT in Rome: IG XIV 1013) and individual gods in their function as pastoral deities. The following are addressed as Νόμιος/ Nómios: Hermes (Aristoph. Thesm. 977f.); Pan (Hom. H. 19,5; Paus. 8,38,11: cult of Lycosura in Arcadia); the Nymphs (Orph. H. 51,11f.); Aristaeus [1] in Cyrene (Pind. Pyth. 9,65); Dionysus (Anth. Pal. 9,524); Zeus (Stob. 53,13…

Nomographos

(377 words)

Author(s): Rhodes, Peter J. (Durham) | Ameling, Walter (Jena)
(νομογράφος/ nomográphos, ‘law-writer’) [German version] I. Greece In some Greek cities individual, specially qualified men were entrusted during the archaic period with the task of writing laws for the pólis. This could include writing down the existing legal practice as well as creating new laws. Known nomográphoi are, for example, Zaleucus in Locri Epizephyrii, Charondas in Catane, Draco [2] and later Solon in Athens. At times, but not always, this commission was associated with a regular office of state. Thus, Solon was at the same time an árchōn (Archontes [1]) in Athens but D…

Nomophylakes

(473 words)

Author(s): Rhodes, Peter J. (Durham) | Ameling, Walter (Jena) | Tinnefeld, Franz (Munich)
(νομοφύλακες / nomophýlakes, ‘guardians of the law’) [German version] I. Classical Period In the Classical Period, nomophýlakes were officials responsible for ensuring compliance with the laws ( nómoi). In Athens, the Areopagus (Areios Pagos) was said to have performed the function of the nomophylakía  until the reforms of Ephialtes [2] (462 BC) ([Aristot.] Ath. Pol. 3,6; [4,4]; 8,4; 25,2). According to one version in a fragment of Philochorus (FGrH 328 F 64), Ephialtes appointed a college of seven nomophýlakes, who also held some religious offices, but it is more likely…

Nomos

(2,285 words)

Author(s): Siewert, Peter (Vienna) | Ameling, Walter (Jena) | Jansen-Winkeln, Karl (Berlin) | Robbins, Emmet (Toronto) | Klose, Dietrich (Munich)
[German version] [1] Nomos, nomoi (ὁ νόμος/ ho nómos, pl. οἱ νόμοι/ hoi nómoi). Siewert, Peter (Vienna) [German version] A. General In Greek, nómos (pl. nómoi) refers to customary conduct or a behavioural norm observed by members of a community; depending on the context it can be translated with ‘custom’, ‘habit’, ‘practice’, ‘rule’, ‘order’, ‘institution’, ‘constitution’, ‘law’ etc. (cf. [1. 20-54; 2. 14-19]). The size of the communities where a nómos applied could vary considerably: from married couples and families to cult and settlement communities, from cit…

Nomos nautikos

(141 words)

Author(s): Berger, Albrecht (Berlin)
[German version] (νόμος ναυτικός; nómos nautikós). Byzantine collection of legal rules concerning shipping, compiled in the 7th or 8th cent. AD and incorporated in the 9th cent. AD into the legal compilation of the ‘Basilica. Its traditional meaning of ‘Rhodian Sea Law’ derives from the subsequently added prologue asserting that the Roman emperors affirmed the ancient sea law of Rhodes. This statement, although mentioned in legal writings (e.g. Dig. 14,2), cannot be verified historically in any detai…

Nomos stratiotikos

(129 words)

Author(s): Berger, Albrecht (Berlin)
[German version] (νόμος στρατιωτικός; nómos stratiōtikós). Byzantine collection of regulations on ‘military law’  compiled in the 6th and 8th cents. AD from the Corpus iuris civilis and other sources. The NS has survived in various versions, sometimes in military manuals, sometimes as an appendix to several Middle Byzantine statute books, frequently together with the nómos nautikós (‘maritime law’). According to the NS, crimes such as refusing to obey orders, desertion and looting were to be punished by death in wartime; offences in times of peace w…

Nomothesia

(4 words)

see Legislation

Nomothetai

(694 words)

Author(s): Rhodes, Peter J. (Durham)
[German version] (νομοθέται; nomothétai, ‘lawmakers’). Officials responsible for compiling or enacting legislation. A text from Corcyra seemingly indicates that the nomothétai there compiled and recorded the final version of a decision taken in principle by the popular assembly (IMagn 44). In Cyme [3], a decision by the popular assembly had to be submitted by the law's proponent ( eisagōgeús ) to a ‘tribunal of nomothetai ’( nomothetikòn dikastḗrion (IK 5,12). If it is assumed that Thucydides (8,97,2) used the term correctly, then nomothétai were appointed in Athens in the p…

Nomus

(131 words)

Author(s): Johne, Klaus-Peter (Berlin)
[German version] Comes et magister officiorum in the eastern Empire AD 443-446 (Nov. Theod. 24f.; Cod. Iust. 1,24,4; 12, 19, 7f.; 21, 6; 26, 2; BGU 12, 2141), consulin 445 together with Emperor Valentinianus III., and patricius 448-451 (Theod. Epist. 81; 96). N. was an influential advisor to Emperor Theodosius II. and a friend of the praepositus sacri cubiculi Chrysaphius; in 450 he was sent with the magister militum Anatolius [2] to the Hun King Attila to conclude a peace (Prisc. fragment 8; 13f. = FHG IV 91; 97f.; Iohannes Antiochenus fragment 198 = FHG IV 613…

Nonacris

(251 words)

Author(s): Lafond, Yves (Bochum) | Olshausen, Eckart (Stuttgart)
(Νώνακρις; Nōnakris). [German version] [1] Place in Arcadia Place in Arcadia (Paus. 8,18,7; Steph. Byz. s.v. Ν.; Suda s.v. Ν.; Hesych. s.v. Ν.; IG V 2, p. 83) in the valley of the upper Crathis [1] on the north-eastern slope of Aroania Ore (modern Helmos), famous because of the Styx waterfall, which was located in the N. area; N. is mentioned in classical literature only in this connection. If in the 5th cent. BC it was still an independent town (Hdt. 6,74), in the 4th cent. BC N. Belonged to Pheneus. I…

Nonae

(4 words)

see Calendar

Nonae Capratinae

(6 words)

see Capratinae (Nonae)

Nonalia sacra

(301 words)

Author(s): Phillips, C. Robert III. (Bethlehem, Pennsylvania)
[German version] On the Kalendae of each Roman month the pontifices ( pontifex ) announced in the Curia Calabra the date of the Nonae (Calendar B. 4.); on that date, in the course of the nonalia sacra (NS) , the rex sacrorum proclaimed on the Capitoline Arx the first festival of the month (Varro Ling. 6,27f.; [1. 210-214]). Varro regards the NS as a surviving feature of the time of the kings, when the rural population would come to Rome and gather before the rex to be given information about that month's festivals. Varro's use of the present tense ( edicit) indicates that he is referring to a…

Non-fiction

(1,717 words)

Author(s): Fritsch, Andreas (Berlin RWG)
Fritsch, Andreas (Berlin RWG) [German version] A. Definition and Scope (CT) The term Sachbuch, 'non-fiction' (NF), has been used in Germany only since the 1930s, although the genre and its purpose are, of course, older. It is not always possible to draw a clear dividing line against the (historically much older) textbook, especially when the latter is committed to imparting instruction in a language or knowledge of facts, as was the case for example in the Orbis sensualium pictus (1658) of Jan Amos Comenius (school books). The NF book aims at providing facts and proven kn…

Nonius

(2,494 words)

Author(s): Fündling, Jörg (Bonn) | Eck, Werner (Cologne) | Schmidt, Peter L. (Constance)
N. (also Nonnius, Nunnius), Italic nomen gentile derived from the numeral praenomen Nonus (evidence: [3. 229; 424]). Several families are attested since the 1st cent. BC, among which the - probably Picene [1. 925] - Nonii Asprenates stand out. I. Republican Period [German version] [I 1] N. Asprenas, L. Consul suff. in 36 BC Follower of Caesar during the Civil War, propraetor in Gaul before late 49 BC. (ILS 884; [1. 138-142]), proconsul in Africa in 46 (Bell. Afr. 80,4) and cavalry commander in Spain in 45 (Bell. Hisp. 10,2). In 44 N. was people'…

Nonnosus

(148 words)

Author(s): Berger, Albrecht (Berlin)
[German version] Author of a lost Greek report on the travels of a legation to the ruler of Kinda in central Arabia and then to Ethiopia and southern Arabia in the year AD 530/1, the existence of which is known only from the  ‘Library of Photius (cod. 3). Similar journeys had been undertaken by 502 by N.'s grandfather Euphrasius, and several in 524 and later by his father Abram. According to Photius, the report emphasised the courage of N. in hazardous situations and contained information on the r…

Nonnus

(1,593 words)

Author(s): Fornaro, Sotera (Sassari)
[German version] (Νόννος; Nónnos) from Panopolis (the modern Aḫmīm) in Egypt. There are no biographical records, with the exception of Anth. Pal. 9,198 (possibly a dedication written by the poet himself for his own work [33. 166-168; 23]). It is assumed that the origin of the name, found in Egypt from the 4th cent. AD, was Syrian or Egyptian (‘pure’), but a connection to the Greek familiar diminutive nénnos (‘uncle’ or ‘grandfather’) cannot be excluded. The dating is uncertain: the terminus post quem is taken to be a work by Claudianus [3] (394-397), which was known to N., and the terminus an…

Nora

(375 words)

Author(s): Niemeyer, Hans Georg (Hamburg) | Meloni, Piero (Cagliari) | Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt)
[German version] [1] Town on the Capo di Pula on the south coast of Sardinia This item can be found on the following maps: Sardinia et Corsica | Theatre | Colonization | Phoenicians, Poeni (Νώρα; Nṓra). Town on the Capo di Pula on the south coast of Sardinia, approx. 20 km south of Cagliari. N. is regarded as the oldest town on the island (Paus. 10,17,5; Solin. 4,1; on its location cf. Itin. Anton. 85,2f.; Tab. Peut. 4,1). After a pre-colonial phase (cf. Phoenician inscriptions CIS I 144 c. 800 BC; [1. 1]), N. was founded by the Phoenicians in the mid 7th cent. BC. The Phoenician …

Norax

(44 words)

Author(s): Frey, Alexandra (Basle)
[German version] (Νῶραξ/ Nôrax). Son of Hermes and Erytheia, daughter of Geryoneus. According to legend, N. led the Iberians out of Spanish Tartessus to Sardinia, and founded the first town there, which was named Nora [1] after him (Paus. 10,17,5). Frey, Alexandra (Basle)

Norba

(197 words)

Author(s): Uggeri, Giovanni (Florence) | Barceló, Pedro (Potsdam)
[German version] [1] Latin colony in the territory of the Volsci This item can be found on the following maps: Tribus | Coloniae | Latini, Latium Latin colony in the territory of the Volsci, modern Norma. Possibly founded in 492 BC (Liv. 2,34,6; Dion. Hal. Ant. Rom. 7,13,5), but more likely in the 4th cent.; laid waste by the Privernates in 327 (Liv. 7,42,8). Loyal to Rome through the Punic Wars, destroyed by Sullan forces in 82/1 BC (App. B Civ. 1,94). Archaeology: Ring walls, adapted to the topography ( opus polygonale) from the 4th cent. BC, 2,662 m long, three gates; two acropoleis, rectangu…

Norbanus

(761 words)

Author(s): Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) | Frigo, Thomas (Bonn) | Eck, Werner (Cologne)
Roman family name, probably derived from the Latin city of Norba [1] (‘man from Norba’). The family first attained Roman citizenship with N. [I 1], owing its advancement to Caesar and Augustus, and then disappeared. In the Imperial period N. was also a cognomen. I. Republican period [German version] [I 1] N., C. Praetor 89 BC, homo novus Novus homo of non-Roman descent (the nomen gentile indicates origins from Norba [1]). As people's tribune in 103 BC and follower of L. Appuleius [I 11] Saturninus, he brought a case against C. Servilius Caepio ( cos. 106) over the defeat at Arausio in …

Norchia

(230 words)

Author(s): Miller, Martin (Berlin)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Umbri, Umbria | Etrusci, Etruria The Etruscan settlement lay on a high plateau at the confluence of two watercourses south-west of Viterbo. A late Bronze Age settlement (2nd half of 2nd millenium BC) was followed initially by a hiatus lasting into the 6th cent. BC. N. experienced a cultural peak in the late Etruscan period, when the Tarquinii expanded into the interior of Etruria in the mid-4th cent. The plateau was 10.5 ha in size; it was fortified…

Noreia

(193 words)

Author(s): Dietz, Karlheinz (Würzburg)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Caesar Epithet of a mother goddess (possibly derived from a pre-Celtic tribe of the Nori), which was transferred to her shrines [1; 2. 156f.; 3. 240f.; 4]. A place called N. was situated 27 to 40 miles from Virunum in the direction of Ovilavia (Tab. Peut. 5,1). Several inscriptions are addressed to the goddess N. [4. 97f. ill. 4]. The urbs N. (Sempronius Asellio fr. 9 = schol. Bernensia to Verg. G. 3,474), where Papirius Carbo was defeated in 113 BC by the Cimbri, 1200 stadia from Aquileia (Str. 5,1,8…

Noricum

(1,975 words)

Author(s): Dietz, Karlheinz (Würzburg)
Roman province, essentially the eastern Alpine region, to the south of the Danube, east of Raetia and west of Pannonia. [German version] A. From the beginning until incorporation into the Imperium Romanum There are various hypotheses [2] on the formation of the Celtic Norici people, who probably gained strength through the amalgamation of individual peoples (dedications from Mt Magdalen in Corinthia mention eight Norican tribes [1. 280-284, 294]), especially regarding their relationship to the postulated pre-Celtic Nori (Norei…

North and South

(364 words)

Author(s): Schmitt, Tassilo (Bielefeld)
[German version] (νότος/ nótos, Latin auster, and βορέας/ boréas, Latin aquilo). Whereas the Nile's north-south-axis provided Egypt with a main compass direction, north and south were considered by the Greeks and Romans ‘as edges and border regions in an oikoumene thought of as an east-west ellipse and organised into climate zones’ ([1. 311]). The north and south winds, in contrast, were even regarded by some authors as chief winds (Strab. 1,2,21). Although there were old trade relationships far into the …

Northern Picene

(192 words)

Author(s): Untermann, Jürgen (Pulheim/Köln)
[German version] The language of an inscription (12 lines) on a stele which was discovered around the turn of the 19th/20th cents. near Novilara, 6 km south of Pesaro. It consists of about 40 word elements written in an alphabet very similar to the Etruscan script. Yet as in the Southern Picene script the alphabet has preserved the Greek signs for b, d, g und o and adds a third back vowel that is represented by means of u with a diacritic dash. It is thought that we can recognize some Greek loanwords: isperion - ἑσπέριον/ hespérion, polem - πόλιν/ pólin, soter, sotris - σωτήρ/ sōtḗr, vilatos - εὐίλ…

North Sea

(6 words)

see Mare Germanicum

Northwest Greek

(6 words)

see Doric/Northwest Greek

Nortia

(156 words)

Author(s): Prayon, Friedhelm (Tübingen)
[German version] Etruscan and Roman goddess. According to Liv. 7,3,7, year nails were driven in her temple in Volsinii, in analogy to the custom at the temple of Jupiter on the Capitoline in Rome. The sanctuary has not been localised with certainty. Inscriptions in Bolsena attested to the continuation of the cult until the 3rd cent. AD (CIL VI 537,4: Nortia, te veneror, Lari cretus Vulsiniensi), and there is also an honorary inscription dedicated to a c[ uratori t] empli deae N[ ort] ia[ e] [1]. The Etruscan name of the goddess may have been * Nurti, from which gens names such as Nurtine are der…

Norway

(2,218 words)

Author(s): Andersen, Øivind
Andersen, Øivind [German version] A. Prefatory Remarks (CT) Inscriptions in the older runic alphabet starting ca. 200AD represent early evidence of a distant effect of the Greco-Roman culture in the region of Norway (N.). Numerous finds (coins, glass etc.) from the 'Roman Iron Age' (1st – 4th cents.) and the time of the Great Migration of Peoples attest to (apparently) indirect contacts with the Roman world. Already before and especially during the Viking period (up to ca. 1050), routes of connection no…

Nosala

(66 words)

Author(s): Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki)
[German version] (Νόσαλα; Nósala). Uninhabited island on the Gedrosian coast of the Ichthyophagi (Arr. Ind. 31), location unknown. The island, which was visited by Nearchus [2], was 100 stadia from the coast, and was regarded by the Ichthyophagi as sacred to the Sun. Nearchus' visit to the island is also mentioned in Str. 15,2,13. Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki) Bibliography O. Stein, s.v. Νόσαλα, RE 17, 1051f.

Nossis

(161 words)

Author(s): Albiani, Maria Grazia (Bologna)
[German version] (Νοσσίς; Nossís). Female epigrammatist from Locri Epizephyrii; most of her writing took place at the beginning of the 3rd century BC (cf. Anth. Pal. 7,414: epitaphios on Rhinthon; 6,132: praise for the victory of the Locrians over the Bruttians), of noble descent (cf. 6,265). Her poems were found in the ‘garland’ of Meleager [8], who emphasises her inspiration by Eros (4,1,9f.), which N. herself revealed in the programmatic poem 5,170. The 12 poems, each with four lines (6,273 is u…

Nostoi

(385 words)

Author(s): Latacz, Joachim (Basle)
[German version] (Νόστοι/ Nóstoi, ‘homecomings’). A part of the Epic Cycle, this epic told in 5 books of the return home of the major surviving Achaean heroes of Troy (Agamemnon, Menelaus [1], Diomedes [1], Nestor [1], Calchas, Leonteus [1], Polypoetes, Oilean Ajax [2], Phoenix, Neoptolemus [1]). Preserved (in [1]): summary by Proclus, 4 testimonies, 11 cases of reliable evidence on content, including 5 1/2 hexameter. Content: Dispute between Agamemnon and Menelaus regarding the timing of the fleet's departure, which occurred after a delay: 1. Diomedes and Ne…

Nota censoria

(365 words)

Author(s): Gizewski, Christian (Berlin)
[German version] The NC was a ‘note’ from the Roman censores that stated publicly a citizen's discreditable conduct. The official functions of the censores, attested from the 4th cent. BC at the latest ( lex Aemilia of 366 BC: Liv. 9,34,24; but see also Val. Max. 2,9,1; Plut. Camillus 2,2; Cic. Off. 3,31,111), included judging citizens with regard to their ‘honourable behaviour’ ( honor). If in the judgement of the censor the person under scrutiny did not meet the requirements of honour resulting, for example, from the holding of an office, from military disciplin…

Notae Tironianae

(5 words)

see Tachygraphy

Notary

(3,020 words)

Author(s): Meyer
Meyer [German version] A. Scholarly Debate (CT) Previously, the prevailing view was that medieval notaries (and modern notaries, which are based on them) were a new creation of the 11th/12th cents. on the model of the ancient Roman tabellionate [14]. Recently, however, on the basis of prosopographic research and improved knowledge of Roman documents, the continuity between Late Antiquity and the early Middle Ages has been more strongly emphasized [12] Meyer [German version] B. From Antiquity to the 6th Century (CT) Documents were composed by private persons as well as by off…

Notary

(88 words)

Author(s): Schiemann, Gottfried (Tübingen)
[German version] ( notarius). In legal cultures favouring the written record of acts of law, a notary is needed as an officially appointed scribe. This function was held, in Ptolemaic and Roman Egypt for example, by the agoranómoi , and in the Roman Imperial period and especially in Late Antiquity, the tabellio (documentary scribe). The Latin technical term notarius designates in Late Antiquity a senior official or officer with a special imperial mission, and also the secretary of the consistorium (as tribunus et notarius). Schiemann, Gottfried (Tübingen)

Note from the publisher

(36 words)

The article has no German equivalent.

Notes to the User

(565 words)

Special Characters If certain characters are not displayed correctly on your screen, consult the "Help" tab, item 5 Arrangement of Entries The entries are arranged alphabetically and, if applicable, placed in chronological order. In the case of alternative forms or sub-entries, cross-references will lead to the respective main entry. Composite entries can be found in more than one place (e.g. a commentariis refers to commentariis, a). Identical entries are differentiated by numbering. Identical Greek and Oriental names are arranged chronol…

Nothippus

(30 words)

Author(s): Zimmermann, Bernhard (Freiburg)
[German version] (Νόθιππος; Nóthippos). Athenian tragedian (TrGF I 26), mentioned by the comic poet Hermippus in his Moîrai (prob. performed 430 BC) (Fr. 46 PCG). Zimmermann, Bernhard (Freiburg)

Nothos

(428 words)

Author(s): Thür, Gerhard (Graz)
[German version] (νόθος/ nóthos) designates, in all Greek legal systems, a free person who was born out of wedlock or into a marriage that was not legally recognised. In Homer (Hom. Il. 13,693; 2,726), sons of a free man and a slave could rise to become military leaders. According to Hom. Od. 14,208ff., the nóthos was entitled to a portion of property assets, like legitimate sons, in the distribution of the paternal legacy (cf. the νοθεία/ notheía, bequests to a nóthos, often even made while the testator was still alive; Harpocr. s.v.). According to IPArk 1,17, after the de…

Notitia Africae

(67 words)

Author(s): Johne, Klaus-Peter (Berlin)
[German version] ( Notitia provinciarum et civitatum Africae). The NA is a list of 466 Catholic bishops from Africa up to the time of the Vandal King Hunericus/Hunerich in AD 484. Compiled at approximately the same time as the work of Victor of Vita. Notitia dignitatum Johne, Klaus-Peter (Berlin) Bibliography Edition: MGH AA 3, 1, 1878, 63-71  M. Petschenig, Victor Vitensis, in: CSEL 7, 1881, 115-134.

Notitia dignitatum

(811 words)

Author(s): Johne, Klaus-Peter (Berlin)
[German version] State manual or reference book for the internal use of Roman authorities in Late Antiquity. As shown by its full title Notitia dignitatum tam civilium quam militarium in partibus orientis/occidentis (‘Manual of civil and military appointments in the Eastern and Western parts), this two-part work provides an index of positions to be filled by the Emperor in the army and the administration of the imperium orientale (= or.) and occidentale (= occ.). The high civilian and military offices, beginning with the Praetorian and city prefects ( praefectus praetorio ; praefectus…

Notitia Galliarum

(108 words)

Author(s): Johne, Klaus-Peter (Berlin)
[German version] ( Notitia provinciarum et civitatum Galliae). The NG is a list, compiled at the end of the 4th and the beginning of the 5th cent., of the 17 Gallic provinces with 115 civitates (local communities), seven castra (B.) and a portus (port). The administrative classification is associated with the eclesiastic division into dioceses ( dioíkēsis II.). More than 100 MSS, often interpolated, attest to the importance of the NG in the Middle Ages. Notitia dignitatum Johne, Klaus-Peter (Berlin) Bibliography Edition: O. Seeck, Notitia dignitatum, 1876, 261-274  MGH AA 9, 1892, …

Notitia Romae

(74 words)

Author(s): Johne, Klaus-Peter (Berlin)
[German version] The Notitia regionum urbis (Romae) XIV, also known as the Libellus de regionibus urbis Romae, is the most comprehensive source for the administrative structure of the city's 14 districts and for the stock of buildings in ancient Rome. Its core description of the city dates back to the reign of Constantinus [1] I, with interpolations from the 4th cent. Notitia dignitatum; Roma Johne, Klaus-Peter (Berlin) Bibliography Edition: A. Nordh, 1949.

Notitia urbis Constantinopolitanae

(78 words)

Author(s): Johne, Klaus-Peter (Berlin)
[German version] The NUC is a description of the 14 regions of Constantinopolis with their churches, palaces, baths, etc., as well as a listing of municipal officials. This compilation, written in Latin, was drawn up under the Emperor Theodosius II around AD 425. Notitia dignitatum; Theodosius II Johne, Klaus-Peter (Berlin) Bibliography Edition: O. Seeck, Notitia dignitatum, 1876, 227-243. Literature: P. Speck, Zur Datierung der N.u.C., in: H.-G. Beck (ed.), Studien zur Frühgeschichte Konstantinopels, 1973, 144ff.

Notium

(164 words)

Author(s): Olshausen, Eckart (Stuttgart) | Engelmann, Helmut (Cologne)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Peloponnesian War | Education / Culture (Νότιον; Nótion). Port founded by Aeolian settlers at the mouth of the River Avci into a bay, now silted up, of the Gulf of Kuşadası, c. 13 km to the south of Colophon (near modern Değirmendere). In natural commonality of interests with Colophon, N. soon developed out the shadow of this inland city, which was still affluent at the beginning of the 3rd cent. BC, from that point also bore the description ‘Colophon-on-Sea’ (Κολοφῶν ἡ ἐπὶ θαλάσσῃ / Kolophōn hē epì thalássēi [1]) and was connec…

Notou keras

(118 words)

Author(s): Olshausen, Eckart (Stuttgart)
[German version] (Νότου κέρας; Nótou kéras). Modern Ras Guardafui or Ras el-Kheil in East Africa [2]. Artemidorus [3] (1st half of the 1st cent. BC) followed geographical knowledge of the time when he called the eastern point of Africa ‘the horn of the south’, that is the southern end of the known world. Ptolemaeus (Ptol. 4,7,11) acted accordingly in the 2nd cent. AD, obviously referring to modern Ras el-Kheil by NK after terms like Ἀρωμάτων ἀκρωτήριον ( Arōmátōn akrōtḗrion) or the like had come into use for the former NK [2]. Olshausen, Eckart (Stuttgart) Bibliography 1 J. Desanges, Reche…

Notus

(208 words)

Author(s): Hünemörder, Christian (Hamburg) | Käppel, Lutz (Kiel)
(νότος; nótos) [German version] I. Meteorology Three winds blowing from the south were distinguished in antiquity: (1.) the nótos (νότος, Latin auster) proper blew from various directions in winter (from November) and is described as rain-bringing, stormy and bringing obscured visibility (evidence in [1]); (2.) the mild, changeable and sky-clearing λευκόνοτος/ leukónotos was encountered after the December solstice and on the dog-days (νότος λαμπρός: Theophr. Hist. plant. 6,3,4). Ps.-Aristot. Probl. 26,20 derives the difference between the visibi…

Nouius

(31 words)

Author(s): Bäbler, Balbina (Göttingen)
[German version] (Νούιος; Noúios). Comic poet of the 2nd cent. BC, known only from inscriptions; achieved three victories at the Lenaea. Bäbler, Balbina (Göttingen) Bibliography 1 PCG VII, 1989, 94.

Nous

(4 words)

see Intellect

Novacula

(4 words)

see Razor

Novae

(318 words)

Author(s): Burian, Jan (Prague) | Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart)
[German version] [1] Locality in Moesia superior This item can be found on the following maps: Thraci, Thracia | | Legio | Limes | Moesi, Moesia Locality (posting station) in Moesia superior (Tab. Peut. 7,1; It. Ant. 221,4; Νοοῦαι/ Nooûai: Ptol. 3,15,5), 4 km east of modern Svištov (Bulgaria). N. was founded around AD 30; the legio I Italica  was stationed here under Vespasian (garrison on the right bank of the Danube near a river-crossing). A civilian settlement grew up nearby. Extensive archaeological and epigraphical finds (fortress wall with gate …

Novaesium

(395 words)

Author(s): Wiegels, Rainer (Osnabrück)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Legio | Limes | Batavian Revolt Modern Neuss, on the left bank of the Rhine at the Erft estuary, where a significant Roman military base had been established from about 16 BC. Several encampments, some of which survived only briefly, followed one another during the Augustan-Tiberian period (1st half of the 1st cent. AD), including large encampments with space for two legions and auxiliary troops. From the 30s of the 1st cent. AD, N. was the home-base initially of the legio XX Valeria Victrix, which was deployed to Britannia i…

Novar

(94 words)

Author(s): Huß, Werner (Bamberg)
[German version] Town in Mauretania Caesariensis between Sitifis and Cuicul, modern Beni Fouda or Sillègue. Saturnus (27 steles of the 2nd and 3rd cents. AD) was the focus of its cultic life. The genius of N. (CIL VIII Suppl. 3, 20429; 20430), Ceres [1. 403] and Mercury (CIL VIII Suppl. 3, 20431) were also worshipped. Other inscriptions: CIL VIII Suppl. 3, 20431-20483. Huß, Werner (Bamberg) Bibliography 1 A. Poulle, in: Recueil des notices et mémoires de la Société archéologique de Constantine 19, 1878, 402ff. AAA, sheet 16, no. 216  E. Lipiński, s.v. N., DCPP, 315-317.

Novaria

(90 words)

Author(s): Sartori, Antonio (Milan)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Batavian Revolt Town of the Celtic-Ligurian Laevi to the west of the Ticinus (Plin. HN 3,124; Ptol. 3,1,33: Celtic; Cato, HRR fr. 40: Ligurian), present-day Novara. In the period of the Roman Empire it was a flourishing town on the road from Mediolan(i)um [1] to the West (It. Ant. 344,5). Its territory extended into the valleys of the Alps. Sartori, Antonio (Milan) Bibliography R. Scuderi, Per la storia socioeconomica di N., in: Bollettino storico-bibliografico subalpino 85,1, 1987, 247-297.

Novas

(57 words)

Author(s): Cabanes, Pierre (Clermont-Ferrand)
[German version] (Νόης/ Nóēs, Lat. Novas, Noas). Right hand tributary of the Ister [1], which rises in eastern Thrace (Hdt. 4,49; Val. Fl. 4,719; 6,100) and flows through the territory of the Crobyzi. Possibly identical with the modern  Osâm. Cabanes, Pierre (Clermont-Ferrand) Bibliography E. Oberhummer, s.v. Noes, RE 17, 810  D. Detschew, Die thrakischen Sprachreste, 1957, 332.

Novatianus

(381 words)

Author(s): Vogt, Hermann J. (Tübingen)
[German version] First Christian theologian of the city of Rome to write in the Latin language (around 250); in De trinitate he appealed to the ‘rule of truth’ (regula veritatis) for the belief in ‘God the Father’ (1,1) and ‘the Son of God’ (9,46), to the ‘order of reason and authority of faith’ (ordo rationis et fidei auctoritas) for the belief in the Holy Spirit (29,163), though no qualitative distinction seems to be implied here. N. stresses the undiminished divinity of the Son even as he took human form. The le…

Novatio

(421 words)

Author(s): Apathy, Peter (Linz)
[German version] According to Ulpian's definition ( prioris debiti in aliam obligationem ... transfusio atque translatio) (Dig. 46,2,1 pr.), i.e., the substitution for one obligatio by another with the subject of the obligation remaining the same ( idem debitum). Since Roman law is unfamiliar with the cession of a claim ( cessio), a formless debt transfer or a retroactive modification of the debt, a party or the content can only be changed by cancelling the old obligation and creating a new one in its place. In the process, the novatio links the cancellation of the previous obligati…

Novatus

(113 words)

Author(s): Wermelinger, Otto (Fribourg)
[German version] Catholic bishop of Sitifis in Mauretania (modern Sétif in Algeria) 403-437 (driven out by the Vandals), † 23 August 440 in exile (funerary inscription CIL VIII 8634). N. participated in the Conference of Carthage in 411 (Gesta Conlationis Carthaginiensis 1,2; 1,55; 2,2) and the councils of Mileve in 416 (Aug. Epist. 176), Carthage in 418 and Carthage in 419 (CCL 149. 151). He was invited to the council of Spoleto planned for June 419 by Galla [3] Placidia. In 429/30 he introduced the comes Darius to Augustine (Aug. Epist. 229-230). Wermelinger, Otto (Fribourg) Bibliograph…

Novel

(6,078 words)

Author(s): Fusillo, Massimo (L'Aquila) | Hofmann, Heinz (Tübingen) | Berger, Albrecht (Berlin)
[German version] I. Definition The term ‘novels’ and ‘romance’ are not ancient, but the latter dates from the Middle Ages, when it denoted a work written in the Romance vernacular. There was no specific term for the genre in Antiquity ( drâma was common in Greek [1], fabula, in Latin, Apul. Met. 1.1, or argumentum, Macrob. Sat. In Somn. 1,2,8). Fusillo, Massimo (L'Aquila) II. Greek [German version] A. Overview and development of the genre In Greek literature, ‘novel’ denotes a series of texts of fiction, in prose, linked through two basic thematic features (love and a…

Novel

(2,560 words)

Author(s): Berger, Günter (Bayreuth)
[German version] A. Greek (CT) “What Schole-boy, what apprentice knows not Heliodorus?” [20]. Exaggerated as this assessment from England at the beginning of the 17th cent. may seem, it demonstrates the author's special position within the ancient genre and the rapid spread of his fame after the beginning of his reception in Central and Western Europe. The groundwork for the exceptional status accorded him and his work, the Aethiopica, was laid in Byzantium by the influential  legend of his elevation to the bishopric of Tricca, and by revaluation of the text on…

Novella

(1,336 words)

Author(s): Fusillo, Massimo (L'Aquila) | Galli, Lucia (Florence) | Schönbeck, Hans-Peter (Halle/Saale)
[German version] I. Greek There is no Greek term that accurately translates the modern concept of ‘novella’ and there is nothing in extant Greek literature comparable to the work of medieval novella-writers or to modern collections of short-stories (coming closest to it are perhaps the  Tóxaris of Lucian [1] and the Historia lausiaca of Palladius, while works like the Narrationes amatoriae attributed to Plutarch might better be classified as mythography). Even if no ancient source explicitly attests it, the opinio communis, subscribing to the hypothesis of E. Rohde [1], tak…

Novellae

(881 words)

Author(s): Schiemann, Gottfried (Tübingen)
[German version] A. Overview Novellae is the abbreviation for the Latin novellae leges (‘new laws’, also Greek nearaí diatáxeis). In general, it refers to the legislation of the emperors in Late Antiquity, enacted chronologically after the official collections of the Codices Theodosianus and Iustinianus ( codex II.C.). In a narrower sense, it refers to the novellae of Iustinianus [1], which in modern editions of the Corpus iuris constitute the fourth and last part of this 6th-cent. collection. In contrast to the other parts ( Institutiones Iustiniani, Digesta, Codex Iustinianus), h…

Novellius

(107 words)

Author(s): Eck, Werner (Cologne)
[German version] Torquatus N. Atticus. From Milan (Mediolan(i)um [1]). In the course of his career, N. served, probably under Tiberius inter alia, as tribune in Germania with the legio I, was tribunus vexillariorum legionum quattuor primae, quintae, vicesimae, vicesimae primae; and was finally posted to the province of Gallia Narbonensis as legatus ad census accipiendos et dilectum et proconsul, still under Tiberius. N. died there at the age of 44. According to Pliny (HN 14,144), he was one of Tiberius' drinking companions (CIL XIV 3602 = ILS 950). PIR2 N 175. Eck, Werner (Cologne) Bibli…

Novendiale sacrum

(360 words)

Author(s): Prescendi, Francesca (Geneva)
[German version] ( novemdiale sacrum). NS describes a Roman rite of purification, which was probably performed on the ninth and last day (Fest. 186,13) of a period of nine days of festivities ( feriae novendiales, Paul. Fest. 187; feriae per novem dies, Liv. 1,31,4). Such feriae had no fixed position in the calendar, but were announced according to need (Varro Ling. 6,26: feriae conceptivae). They always took place when the prodigium of a rain of stones had happened and demanded state expiation (e.g. Liv. 35,9,5f.; 39,22,3f.; Obseq. 52; [1. 176f…

Novensides, Di.

(514 words)

Author(s): Bendlin, Andreas (Erfurt)
[German version] A group of deities whose worship is reflected in the inscriptions of Marruvium (Vetter no. 225 = [1. 43-47 no. 36]: esos nouesede, 3rd cent. BC) and Pisaurum (CIL XI 6297 = ILLRP 20: deiu no[ u] esede, 3rd/2nd cents. BC). Calpurnius Piso (fr. 45 HRR = 35 Forsythe) claims the origin and cult of the Di Novensides lie in the Sabine town of Trebula Mutuesca. Together with the Di Indigetes (see below) and other divinities the Di Novensides (as divi Novensiles; the ending in -ilis is probably secondary) are invoked in the devotional formula of P. Decius [I 1] Mus in 34…

Novilara

(220 words)

Author(s): Kohler, Christoph (Bad Krozingen)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Villanova Culture | Italy, languages The modern town of N. is about 7 km south of Pesaro on the Adriatic. It is likely that the site corresponds to that of the ancient (Picene) settlement, although unambiguous traces of settlement have yet to be found. Better known are the finds from the necropoleis. Of barely 300 investigated graves there are the older ones, beginning in the 8th cent. BC, mostly from the Molaroni necropolis, whereas the more recent…

Noviodunum

(998 words)

Author(s): Schön, Franz (Regensburg) | Polfer, Michel (Ettelbrück) | Lafond, Yves (Bochum) | Walser, Gerold (Basle)
[German version] [1] Capital of the Suessiones This item can be found on the following maps: Theatre | Caesar | Coloniae | Gallia/Gaul | Oppidum Capital of the Suessiones, occupied by Caesar in 57 BC (Caes. B Gall. 2,12). N. can be identified with the oppidum of Pommiers (west of Soisson, De partement of Aisne). This was abandoned at the latest under Augustus, by about 50 BC a new one had come into being in the plain near Villeneuve-Saint-Germain [1; 2]. With the founding of the Gallo-Roman capital civitas of Augusta Suessionum in about 20 BC other settlement came to an end. Schön, Franz (Regens…

Noviomagus

(1,862 words)

Author(s): Schön, Franz (Regensburg) | Lafond, Yves (Bochum) | Wiegels, Rainer (Osnabrück) | Todd, Malcolm (Exeter)
[German version] [1] City of the Bituriges Vivisci in Aquitania The city of the Bituriges Vivisci (Βίτουργες Οὐβίσκοι/ Bítourges Oubískoi) in Aquitania mentioned in Ptol. 2,7,7 (Νουιόμαγος/ Nouiómagos) is generally identified with a Roman vicus near Brion (Saint-Germain-d'Esteuil) in the Médoc between Lesparre and Pauillac ( département of Gironde). This town with an ancient sanctuary of the Medulli had been inhabited from the 3rd cent. BC; urban development is recognisable from the time of Claudius (41-54 AD). It was in this period that the fanum (sanctuary) and the theatre we…

Novius

(803 words)

Author(s): Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) | Schmidt, Peter L. (Constance) | Frigo, Thomas (Bonn) | Eck, Werner (Cologne)
Oscan praenomen, shortened to No., attested for N. Calavius [2], the maker of the Ficoronian cista Novios Plautios (ILS 8562), and in other inscriptions. Probably a particularly frequent gentilicium from the 3rd cent. BC onwards in Campania and spreading from there into the eastern Mediterranean. Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) I. Republican Period [German version] [I 1] Representative of the literary Atellana, early 1st cent. BC As a representative of the literary atellana, N. appears to have been at work ahead of Pomponius (leading representative of the genr…

Novus homo

(5 words)

see Nobiles

Nox

(4 words)

see Nyx

Noxa

(471 words)

Author(s): Gamauf, Richard (Vienna)
[German version] (in the Twelve Tables noxia; from nocere, ‘to do harm’). Originally a damaging act or injury, in the usage of the classical Roman jurists of the 1st-3rd cents. AD it designated more specifically the liability for damage by persons under the power of a father or a master (cf. Dig. 9,4) or by animals (see pauperies ). In the most ancient Roman law, the basic premise for noxal liability was the personal criminal liability of persons under the power of a father or a master. Since they were under the legal authority of others, they were immu…

Noxalis actio

(629 words)

Author(s): Gamauf, Richard (Vienna)
[German version] A. Definition, Formula Noxalis actio was an action because of a wrong done ( noxa ) by a person who was in someone else's power or because of a damage done by an animal ( pauperies ). NA was part both of the ius civile and the ius honorarium (Gai. Inst. 4,79; ius ). Because the offender was not the person who was liable, there was a special formula : The statement of claim ( intentio ) of a civil NA , which contained the conditions for condemnation, stated the injury done by the person in someone else's power, but the condemnatio , which specified the penalty…
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