Brill’s New Pauly
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Subject: Classical Studies
Edited by: Hubert Cancik and Helmuth Schneider (Antiquity) and Manfred Landfester (Classical Tradition).
English translation edited by Christine F. Salazar (Antiquity) and Francis G. Gentry (Classical Tradition)
Brill´s New Pauly is the English edition of the authoritative Der Neue Pauly, published by Verlag J.B. Metzler since 1996. The encyclopaedic coverage and high academic standard of the work, the interdisciplinary and contemporary approach and clear and accessible presentation have made the New Pauly the unrivalled modern reference work for the ancient world. The section on Antiquity of Brill´s New Pauly are devoted to Greco-Roman antiquity and cover more than two thousand years of history, ranging from the second millennium BC to early medieval Europe. Special emphasis is given to the interaction between Greco-Roman culture on the one hand, and Semitic, Celtic, Germanic, and Slavonic culture, and ancient Judaism, Christianity, and Islam on the other hand. The section on the Classical Tradition is uniquely concerned with the long and influential aftermath of antiquity and the process of continuous reinterpretation and revaluation of the ancient heritage, including the history of classical scholarship. Brill´s New Pauly presents the current state of traditional and new areas of research and brings together specialist knowledge from leading scholars from all over the world. Many entries are elucidated with maps and illustrations and the English edition will include updated bibliographic references.
Subscriptions: see brill.com
English translation edited by Christine F. Salazar (Antiquity) and Francis G. Gentry (Classical Tradition)
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Brill´s New Pauly is the English edition of the authoritative Der Neue Pauly, published by Verlag J.B. Metzler since 1996. The encyclopaedic coverage and high academic standard of the work, the interdisciplinary and contemporary approach and clear and accessible presentation have made the New Pauly the unrivalled modern reference work for the ancient world. The section on Antiquity of Brill´s New Pauly are devoted to Greco-Roman antiquity and cover more than two thousand years of history, ranging from the second millennium BC to early medieval Europe. Special emphasis is given to the interaction between Greco-Roman culture on the one hand, and Semitic, Celtic, Germanic, and Slavonic culture, and ancient Judaism, Christianity, and Islam on the other hand. The section on the Classical Tradition is uniquely concerned with the long and influential aftermath of antiquity and the process of continuous reinterpretation and revaluation of the ancient heritage, including the history of classical scholarship. Brill´s New Pauly presents the current state of traditional and new areas of research and brings together specialist knowledge from leading scholars from all over the world. Many entries are elucidated with maps and illustrations and the English edition will include updated bibliographic references.
Subscriptions: see brill.com
Qoheleth
(257 words)
[German version] (literally 'leader of the assembly', from the Hebrew
qāhāl; LXX: Ἐκκλησιαστής/
Ekklēsiastḗs; the biblical book Ecclesiastes). Ascribed by an early redactor to Solomon [1] (Eccl. 1:1; 1:12); however, the Hebrew wisdom writing originated in Palaestina (Jerusalem?) in the 3rd cent. BC. Unlike the epistemological optimism of traditional wisdom (Wisdom literature) and the identification of wisdom with the Torah and unlike the interest in the cult in the wisdom of the priestly circles of the Jerus…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Quadi
(234 words)
[German version] (Κούαδοι/
Koúadoi, Κουάδοι/
Kouádoi). The Q., first mentioned in Tac. Ann. 2,63,6, were part of the Suebi (Elbe Germani). They and the Marcomanni migrated eastwards from the Main after 9 BC (southern Moravia, Lower Austria north of the Danube, southern Slovakia). Beginning in AD 19, the territory they ruled stretched
inter Marum et Cusum, i.e. between the modern River Morava and the
Regnum Vannianum (Vannius). Until the Marcomanni Wars they largely lived in peaceful coexistence with Rome with growing dependence on Rome and distinct romanizati…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Quadragesima
(382 words)
[German version] (sc.
pars). The
quadragesima (τεσσαρακοστή/
tessarakostḗ, 'one fortieth') was a toll at the rate of 21/2% of the declared value of traded goods levied at the Roman imperial frontier or at customs frontiers within the empire. The term denotes, in particular, the import and export duties in the customs regions of Asia, Gaul and Hispania, but from a relatively early date,
quadragesima could be used to refer simply to any toll(Quint. Decl. 359). While the customs region in Asia probably comprised only that province (ILS 1330;
quadragesima portuum Asiae: ILS 1862), the Ga…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Quadrans
(826 words)
[German version] Quarter of a Roman
as (Varro Ling. 5,171; Volusianus Maecianus 15,24; Prisc. De figuris numerorum 11; further mentions in the literature of the Republic: [1. 657 f.]). Hence for the
as of the libral weight standard (Libra [1]) a
quadrans corresponded to three
unciae (Uncia). Coins of this value, cast in the Roman and Italic
aes grave (from
c. 280 BC on), showed three balls as an indication of value. When dividing the
as decimally, the
quadrans corresponded to 3/10 of an
as [1. 659]. Among some Italic peoples the
quadrans was initially called a
terruncius …
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Brill’s New Pauly
Quadrantal
(177 words)
[German version] The
quadrantal (cubic foot) was the basic Roman unit of volume (Measure of volume) for liquids, identical in measurement to the
amphora [2], equal to 2
urnae, 8
congii, 48
sextarii, 96
heminae, 192
quartarii etc. (cf. table). Calibrated to water, the
quadrantal was equal to 80
librae (1
libra = 327.45 g), i.e. 26.2 litres. The
quadrantal was probably standardized in the late 3rd cent. BC by a
lex Silia de mensuris et ponderibus (Fest. 288).
The Roman measures of volume and their relationships
Unit of volume
acetabulum
quartarius
hemina
sextarius …
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Brill’s New Pauly
Quadrantal standard
(65 words)
[German version] Weight-reduced standard, not recorded in ancient sources, of the aes grave from
c. 214 BC on, after which the as weighed
c. 83 g, i.e. only one quarter of the original weight of a pound (cf. Coinage, standards of B.; Libra [1]) [2]. Stumpf, Gerd (Munich) Bibliography
1 H. Chantraine, s. v. Q., RE 24, 672 f.
2 RRC p. 43, 153 f., 596.
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Brill’s New Pauly
Quadration
(47 words)
[German version] (Κοδρατίων/
Kodratíōn). Orator of the 2nd cent. AD, student of Favorinus, teacher of the sophist Varus of Perge (Philostr. VS 2,6 p. 250 K.), friend of P. Aelius Aristides [3] (47,22; 50,63 ff. K.). Probably identical with L. Statius Quadratus (
cos. 142). Walde, Christine (Basle)
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Quadratum Incusum
(297 words)
[German version] Modern technical term for a depression on the reverse of the early coins of Greece, Asia Minor and Persia. Originally the impression of the tip of the rod holding the blank for minting, by the end of the 7th cent. BC a QI was more carefully shaped: square (Chios), rectangular (Persian
dareikos), triangular (Chalcis), composed of several similar or dissimilar bosses (Cyme, Samos, Miletus). The surface is very often patterned, with diagonals (Athens) or crosses (Himera, Teos, Ephesus), divided into boxes (Macedonian tribes, Cyzicus)…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Quadrature of the circle
(1,369 words)
(ὁ τοῦ κύκλου τετραγωνισμός/
ho toû kýklou tetragōnismós, Latin
quadratura circuli). [German version] I. The nature of the problem The quadrature of the circle is one of the three 'classic problems' (the other two being the trisection of an angle, cf. division of angles and circles, and the duplication of the cube) of ancient Greek mathematics. The problem is to find the side
x of a square such that its area is equal to the area of a circle with radius
r using a geometric procedure; that is, to determine the value of the variable
x in the equation
x 2 = π
r 2. Accordingly, the solution to the q…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Quadratus
(89 words)
[German version] A fragment of the apology (Apologists) of Q. (Κοδρᾶτος;
Kodrâtos), believed to be the oldest Christian apology and said to have been addressed to the emperor Hadrianus [II], survives in Euseb. Hist. eccl. 4,3,1 f.; the fragment says that up to Q.' time, there were still individual persons who were healed or raised from the dead by Jesus. Further accounts of Q., who may be identical with the prophet Q. from Asia minor (Euseb. Hist. eccl. 3,37; 5,17), are based on Eusebius. Heimgartner, Martin (Halle)
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Brill’s New Pauly
Quadriburgium
(352 words)
[German version] [1] Late Antique type of fort Late Antique type of fort. The high defensive wall, generally on a square ground plan with sides measuring between 15 and 40 m, was protected on the outside by square or rectangular corner and intermediate towers. Troop casements abutted inside. The inner courtyard contained a subterranean cistern. Fortifications [III B]; Limes Kuhnen, Hans-Peter (Trier) Bibliography S. Johnson, Late Roman Fortifications, 1983, 27, 253 ff. [German version] [2] Settlement, probable find site on the hill of Qualburg (lower Rhine) Settlement, probably t…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Quadriformis
(124 words)
[German version] ('four-formed', also Quadrifrons, 'four-faced'). Sobriquet of Janus (Ianus) whose statue, which looked in four directions, is supposed to have been taken to Rome after the conquest of Falerii [1] in 241 BC (Serv. Aen. 7,607; Macrob. Sat. 1,9,13). Under Domitian it was moved to the Forum Transitorium (Mart. 10,28,5 f.); there is an illustration of the cult image on an
as of Hadrian [1. 621 no. 21]. Varro uses
quadrifrons as a cosmological symbol of the
quattuor partes mundi ('the four directions of the world', fr. 234 Cardauns) [2. 63]. Scherf, Johannes (Tübingen) Biblio…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Quadriga
(519 words)
[German version] (τετραορία/
tetraoría, τέθριππον/
téthrippon; Lat. usually plur.
quadrigae). Carriage-and-four, a two-wheeled carriage drawn by four horses side by side, steered from a standing position; invented, by ancient tradition, by Trochilus or Erichthonius [1] (Verg. G. 3,113, cf. Plin. HN 7,202). The carriage-and-four is very seldom mentioned in the Homeric epics (e.g. Hom. Il. 8,185; 11,699). Occuring more often later in the literary tradition, e.g., in mythical contests (Oenomaus and Pelops, …
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Brill’s New Pauly
Quadrigatus
(271 words)
[German version] Final series of Roman-Campanian didrachms (Didrachmon) on the lower Italian standard prior to the introduction of the
denarius (Liv. for 216 BC: 22,52,3; 22,54,2; 22,58,4 f.), showing the head of Janus on the obverse and Jupiter in a quadriga on the reverse. The nominal weight was 6
scripula (Scripulum) of 1.137 g. The
quadrigatus was introduced at the same time as the new bronze coin on the libral standard (which also had the head of Janus on the obverse) in
c. 235 BC [4. 708] or 225 BC [2. 146] (or as early as 250 BC? [3]) and was initially minted in Rome …
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Brill’s New Pauly
Quadrunx
(61 words)
[German version] (also quatrunx). Modern name for the Roman four-ounce piece in the decimal division of the as. There are cast quadrunces from Ariminum, Asculum Apulum, Hatria and Luceria, and stamped ones from Atella, Calatia, Capua, Larinum, Luceria, Regium and Teate Apulum [1]. Stumpf, Gerd (Munich) Bibliography
1 H. Chantraine, s. v. Q., RE 24, 708-710
2 Schrötter, s. v. Q., 543.
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Quadruplator
(146 words)
[German version]
Quadruplator (Fest. 309; Ps.-Ascon. in Cic. Div. Caec. 24) was the term used for the accuser in a public criminal procedure in Rome, especially for one who brought action out of a desire for profit. In this respect, the term
quadruplator is used as a synonym for
delator and
index [1]. The name is probably derived from the fact that the
quadruplatores appeared as accusers in offences in which the defendant was required, in the case of a conviction, to pay the
quadruplum (four-fold) of the damaged interest. Furthermore, the toll farmer who received one quarter of…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Quadrussis
(145 words)
[German version] Value of 4 asses (As), a term conjectured in modernity but long since rejected; ancient
quattussis,
quadrassis; from the 1st cent. AD on, in inscriptions as
quattus,
quadtus for price indications (CIL IV 1679; VIII 25902, III 19; XI 5717). Whether there was a coin of that value is questionable; it would correspond to a sestertius. At best, the sesterces of Marcus Antonius' [I 9] naval prefect could be described as quadrusses because of the value indicator Δ (=4) used in addition to HS for sesterce. Indicati…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Quaesitor
(127 words)
[German version] ('examiner') can, in general Latin usage, mean any chairman of a jury (
quaestio ) in criminal proceedings; however, the chairman selected for an individual trial is usually meant, in contrast to the permanent chairman appointed for a year (
praetor,
iudex quaestionis) [1, vol. 2. 2234; 2. 48-50]. He also did not have a vote [2. 1629] and was bound by the decision of the committee which he led. A juristic connection of the
quaesitor to the ancient
quaestores parricidii (
parricidium ) is disputed, but accepted by [2. 44 f., 132], who sees i…
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Brill’s New Pauly