Brill’s New Pauly
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Subject: Classical Studies
Edited by: Hubert Cancik and Helmuth Schneider (Antiquity) and Manfred Landfester (Classical Tradition).
English translation edited by Christine F. Salazar (Antiquity) and Francis G. Gentry (Classical Tradition)
Brill´s New Pauly is the English edition of the authoritative Der Neue Pauly, published by Verlag J.B. Metzler since 1996. The encyclopaedic coverage and high academic standard of the work, the interdisciplinary and contemporary approach and clear and accessible presentation have made the New Pauly the unrivalled modern reference work for the ancient world. The section on Antiquity of Brill´s New Pauly are devoted to Greco-Roman antiquity and cover more than two thousand years of history, ranging from the second millennium BC to early medieval Europe. Special emphasis is given to the interaction between Greco-Roman culture on the one hand, and Semitic, Celtic, Germanic, and Slavonic culture, and ancient Judaism, Christianity, and Islam on the other hand. The section on the Classical Tradition is uniquely concerned with the long and influential aftermath of antiquity and the process of continuous reinterpretation and revaluation of the ancient heritage, including the history of classical scholarship. Brill´s New Pauly presents the current state of traditional and new areas of research and brings together specialist knowledge from leading scholars from all over the world. Many entries are elucidated with maps and illustrations and the English edition will include updated bibliographic references.
Subscriptions: see brill.com
English translation edited by Christine F. Salazar (Antiquity) and Francis G. Gentry (Classical Tradition)
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Brill´s New Pauly is the English edition of the authoritative Der Neue Pauly, published by Verlag J.B. Metzler since 1996. The encyclopaedic coverage and high academic standard of the work, the interdisciplinary and contemporary approach and clear and accessible presentation have made the New Pauly the unrivalled modern reference work for the ancient world. The section on Antiquity of Brill´s New Pauly are devoted to Greco-Roman antiquity and cover more than two thousand years of history, ranging from the second millennium BC to early medieval Europe. Special emphasis is given to the interaction between Greco-Roman culture on the one hand, and Semitic, Celtic, Germanic, and Slavonic culture, and ancient Judaism, Christianity, and Islam on the other hand. The section on the Classical Tradition is uniquely concerned with the long and influential aftermath of antiquity and the process of continuous reinterpretation and revaluation of the ancient heritage, including the history of classical scholarship. Brill´s New Pauly presents the current state of traditional and new areas of research and brings together specialist knowledge from leading scholars from all over the world. Many entries are elucidated with maps and illustrations and the English edition will include updated bibliographic references.
Subscriptions: see brill.com
Zodiac
(3,907 words)
(Zodiakos: ζῳδιακὸς κύκλος/
zōidiakós kýklos, Lat.
zodiacus or
signifer, literally: 'circle of animals'). Name Name Name Melothesia Twelve Gods English Greek Latin Ram
Kriós
Aries Head Minerva Bull
Taûros
Taurus Neck Venus Twins
Dídymoi
Gemini Shoulders, arms Apollo Crab
Karkínos
Cancer Chest Mercurius Lion
Léōn
Leo Flanks Iuppiter Maiden
Parthénos
Virgo Abdomen Ceres Scales
Zygós (Chēlaí)
Lib…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Zoe
(232 words)
[German version] (Ζωή;
Zōḗ). Empress regnant of Byzantium 21 March - 12 June AD 1042 (born 978), as the daughter of Constantinus [10] VIII (1025-1028) a descendant of the Macedonian dynasty, therefore she also legitimated the emperorship of her three husbands [2; 4]. She was presumably the bride from Byzantium intended for Otto III who did not arrive in Italy until shortly after his death on 24 January 1002. By having her first husband Romanos [4] III, imposed on her by her dying father in 1028, mu…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Zoelae
(195 words)
[German version] People of the Astures Augustani (Asturia) on the southern slopes of the Asturian and Cantabrian mountains in the area between Trás-os-Montes and Tierra de Aliste. The Z. are mentioned by Plin. HN 3,28 as one of 22 Asturian peoples; on the other hand, clearly inaccurately, he assigns the Z. (Plin. HN 19,10) to Gallaecia near the Oceanus (II). Their chief town was at modern Castro de Avelâs (Bragança in Portugal) [1. 111; 2. 209]; Curunda, a further city of the Z., has not been located (ILS 6101,13; [1. 50] – or identical to Castro de Avelâs?). The
gens of the Z. (ILS 6101,…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Zoeteium
(66 words)
[German version] (Ζοίτειον;
Zoíteion). City in Arcadia (Arcades) on the northern edge of the plain of Megale Polis at Tricoloni (Paus. 8,27,3:
Zoítion; 8,35,6 f.:
Zoitía; Steph. Byz. s. v.
Zoíteion) with temples to Artemis and Demeter, probably at modern Palamari or modern Zoni. Tausend, Sabine Bibliography N. D. Papachatzis, Παυσανίου Ἑλλάδος Περιήγησις 4, 1980, 325 A. Petronotes, He Megale Polis tes Arkadias (Ancient Greek Cities 23), 1973, map 4.
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Zoilus
(701 words)
(Ζωίλος/
Zōílos). [German version] [1] Greek Sophist from Amphipolis, 4th cent. BC Greek Sophist from Amphipolis, 4th cent. BC; active in the area of historiography [1], rhetoric [3] and philology; pupil of Polycrates [3], teacher of Anaximenes [2] from Lampsacus and Demosthenes [2]. However, Z. owes his fame to his criticism of Homerus [1] in his work Κατὰ τῆς Ὁμήρου ποιήσεως/
Katà tês Homērou poiḗseōs ('Against Homer's verse'; 9 books; fragments in [2]) which earned him the epithet Ὁμηρομάστιξ (
Homēromástix, 'Scourge of Homer'). Motivated by the Cynic approach, Z. endeav…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Zoippus
(108 words)
[German version] (Ζώιππος/
Zṓippos) from Syracuse. Husband of Heraclea, the daughter of Hieron [2] II. On the latter's initiative he, Adranodorus and others were appointed guardians of the young king Hieronymus [3] (Liv. 24,4-5). By turning towards Carthage he brought about a reorientation of Syracuse's former Rome-friendly policy (Pol. 7,2,1). At the report of the death of Hieronymus in 214 BC, while he was on a diplomatic mission to Ptolemaeus [I 7] IV Philopator in Alexandria [1], he never again returned to Syracuse (Liv. 24,26,1). Meister, Klaus (Berlin) Bibliography G. de Sens…
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Zonarae Lexicon
(312 words)
[German version] Comprehensive Byzantine lexicon (approximately 19,000 entries), incorrectly ascribed to Ioannes Zonaras ([1], according to the editor also called
Lexicon Tittmannianum), written in Constantinople between 1204 and 1253 [2.736f.], the most widely distributed of all Byzantine lexicons. The some 130 MSS [4.22-35] fall into two groups: an original complete version (title usually Συλλογὴ λέξεων/
Syllogḕ léxeōn, 'Collection of Words' etc.) and a secondary abridged one with a different sequence of glosses (title usually Ἔρανος λέξεων/
Éranos léxeōn, 'Contributio…
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Zonaras
(424 words)
[German version] Ioannes (Ἰωάννης ὁ Ζωναρᾶς;
Iōánnēs ho Zōnarâs). Byzantine historian and ecclesiastical jurist, head of the chancellery (Protasekretis) and high judge (
droungários tēs bíglēs) under the emperor Alexius I Comnenus (1081-1118). After Alexius' death Z. became a monk, he died after 1159 (?). One of Z.' main works is his chronicle (Ἐπιτομὴ ἱστοριῶν/
Epitomḕ historiôn), the division of which into 18 bks. is not due to the author. It extends from the creation of the world until the year 1118. Its sources are largely known. For Graeco-Roman…
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Zone
(716 words)
(ζώνη/
zṓnē, 'belt'). [German version] [1] see Belts II See Belts II. Hübner, Wolfgang (Münster) [German version] [2] Astronomic-mathematical term Metaphor in astronomy and mathematical geography, first attested by Autolycus [3] of Pitane
c. 310 BC; a Latin translation of the term, despite many attempts (
cingulum,
fascia,
plaga, etc), did not establish itself. The term can also describe the Zodiac, which crosses the sphere of the heavens diagonally, but it usually designates the bands, delimited by celestial circles (
Kýkloi ) running parallel to the …
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Brill’s New Pauly
Zoo
(933 words)
(παράδεισος/
parádeisos, ζωγρεῖον/
zōgreîon; Latin
vivarium). [German version] I. Ancient Orient Zoos are known primarily from neo-Assyrian palace sites (11th-7th cents. BC), in the sense both of parks populated with animals of every kind and of enclosures in which game was kept (Paradeisos). Reliefs of hunting lions, wild asses etc. are known from the palace of Assurbanipal in Nineveh with representations of cages/enclosures; there are written records of lion enclosures as early as the beginning of the 2n…
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Zoology
(22,010 words)
Hoppe, Brigitte [No German version] A. Introduction (CT) When looking at the origins of zoology (the 'science of life'), we must also consider medicine and the other natural sciences, whose development not only ran parallel to but inseparably hand in hand with zoology. Philosophers, physicians and natural scientists of pre-Modern times discussed questions of
phýsis/ natura without distinguishing between different disciplines, all of which shared the same holistic view of nature anyway. Constituent concepts of magical thinking, such as vitalism and a…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Zoology and botany
(3,107 words)
I. Mesopotamia [German version] A. Concept and sources The is no accurate or systematic, zoological or botanical classification of the animal and plant kingdoms from the Ancient Orient. The main source is one of the most voluminous Mesopotamian lexical texts with 24 chapters, known from its initial line as ḪAR-ra =
ḫubullu ('(rate of) interest'). It is a catalogue of objects and living creatures, ordered acrographically (i.e. by the first cuneiform sign) according to semantic aspects (Science). This principle represented a mnemotechnic aid; th…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Zopyrion
(198 words)
(Ζωπυρίων;
Zōpyríōn). [German version] [1] From Macedonia, governor of Thrace, second half of the 4th cent. BC Macedonian of unknown origin, who as governor of Thrace allegedly undertook a campaign with 30,000 men across the Danube
c. 325 BC, advanced as far as the Borysthenes (modern Dnieper), besieged Olbia [1], but as his army was severely worn down by bad weather, was defeated by the Scythae and killed (Curt. 10,1,43-45; Iust. Epit. 2,3,4; 12,1,4; 12,2,16f. with incorrect dating; 37,3,2; Macr. Sat. 1,11,33). Zahrnt, Michael (Kiel) Bibliography Berve, vol. 2, Nr. 340 A. B. Boswort…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Zopyrus
(988 words)
(Ζώπυρος;
Zṓpyros). [German version] [1] Persian, took part in the capture of Babylon Prominent Persian, son of Megabyzus [1], who according to Hdt. 3,153ff. had the gates of rebelling Babylon opened to Darius [1] I by using a ruse (self-mutilation and pretending to be a victim of the Great King). For this deceptive manoeuvre (Polyaenus, Strat. 7,13; referring to King Cyrus: Frontin. Str. 3,3,4) Z. allegedly received from Darius the satrapy of Babylonia for life and tribute-free, but he was killed when the B…
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Zoroaster
(508 words)
[German version] (Ζωροάστρης/
Zōroástēs, Avestan
Zara
θ
uštra, Middle Persian
Zardu(x)št, New Persian
Zartošt or
Zardošt). First mentioned by Xanthus [5] the Lydian, later the most widespread (and also astrologically inspired) Greek form of the Old Iranian male name Zaraθuštra, which is of unclear etymology. Only the latter part, °
uštra- ('camel'), can be clearly determined. Zaraθuštra's (extended) family is supposed to have borne the epithet
spitāma-, its precise significance is also unknown. When Zaraθuštra lived and where he worked are notoriously disputed (if in…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Zoroaster/Zoroastrianism
(2,300 words)
Stausberg, Michael [German version] A. Antiquity (CT) The reception history in the West of the figure of Zoroaster and of the religious traditions that trace themselves to it, the religion of Zarathustra, also known as Zoroastrianism or Mazdaism, begins with Greek reports [2; 6]. Early examples include Herodotus' description of the
nomoi of the Persians and the report of Xanthus the Lydian, transmitted in Diogenes Laertius (1, 2), according to which Zoroaster (Zarathuštra) - there are several Greek variants of the name - lived 6000 years before …
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Brill’s New Pauly
Zoroastrianism
(1,961 words)
Ancient Iranian religion, widespread to this day. [German version] I. Definitions The term Zoroastrianism derives from the name Zoroaster (for dates and name forms cf. Zoroaster), who is considered as 'founder', 'prophet' and 'apostle' of this religion. Its members have also been using the term Zoroastrianism to refer to themselves since the British colonial period. Self-designations found in older (Avestan = Av., Middle-Persian = MP and New-Persian = NP) sources, by contrast, derive from the worship of the god Ahura Mazdā (Av.; MP
Ohrmazd): the 'good religion worshipping Mazd…
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Zoscales
(63 words)
[German version] (Ζωσκάλης
/Zōskálēs). Hellenistically influenced king who reigned in Axum and ruled from the territory of the Moschophagi (to the west of Ptolemaïs [6] Theron) to the area of Barbaria: Peripl. m. r. 5; the author of this 1st cent. AD work [1. 6 f.] describes Z. as a contemporary. Huß, Werner (Bamberg) Bibliography
1 L. Casson, The Periplus Maris Erythraei, 1989. F. Gisinger, s. v. Z., RE 10 A, 844-848.
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Zosimus
(1,744 words)
(Ζώσιμος;
Zṓsimos). [German version] [1] Of Thasos, epigrammatist, probably between 150 BC and AD 50 Z. of Thasos. Greek epigrammatist, whose works are probably to be dated between 150 BC and AD 50: three (Anth. Pal 6,183-185; 6,15 is also ascribed to him, alternatively to Antipater [8] of Sidon) are variations on the theme of 'dedication to Pan' from the view of a hunter, a bird catcher and a fisherman (cf. Satyrius). Another deals with the unusual theme of a shield saving its owner who uses it as a raft (Anth. Pal. 9,40, cf. Diocles [10]). Albiani, Maria Grazia (Bologna) Bibliography FGE 104-…
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Brill’s New Pauly