Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition

[see ilyāsids ].

[see al-yūsī ].

[see tāfīlālt ].

ʿabd al-kāfī b. abī yaʿḳūb b. ismāʿīl al-t(anāw(a)tī , Ibāḍī theologian who ¶ lived in the middle of the 6th/13th century. He studied in the oasis of Wargla/Ward̲j̲lān (in modern Algeria) wim Abū Zakariyyāʾ Yaḥyā b. Abī Bakr, the famous Ibāḍī historian (cf. EI 2, I, 167), and also in Tunis, with what must have been Sunnī authorities there. He was a tribesman, and as such he does not entirely fit the model of the bourgeois scholar; he is reported to have come with his herds to the Mzāb and to have proselytised among the tribes of that region, one which was to become a stronghold of Ibāḍī faith later on. H…

, isḥāḳ b. mirār , one of the most important philologists of the Kūfan school in the 2nd/8th century, and the contemporary of the two great figures of the rival Basran school, Abū ʿUbayda and al-Aṣmaʿī [ q.vv.]. He was born in ca. 100/719 at Ramādat al-Kūfa, and derived his nisba from the Banū S̲h̲aybān because he was their neighbour and client and because he also acted as tutor to the sons of certain members of the tribe. After having studied under the masters of the Kūfan school, such as al-Mufaḍḍal al-Ḍabbī, he went out…

, a celebrated ‘reader’ of the Ḳurʾān, regarded as the founder of the grammatical school of Baṣra, died c. 154/770. This scholar seems to have claimed a genealogy connecting him with the Arab tribe of Māzin of the confederation of Tamīm; see Ibn Ḵh̲allikān and the other biographers, including Ibn al-Ḏj̲azarī, who, however, in one isolated statement, links him with Ḥanīfa. His name, Zabbān, has never been fully confirmed, and is only given in preference to a score of others. He is believed to have been born c. 70/68…

, a town in ʿAsīr, about 20 miles from Ḏj̲īzān. Philby describes it as kite-shaped, nearly a mile across, consisting mainly of brushwood huts ( ʿarāʾis̲h̲ ) and adjoining extensive ruins. The population (about 12,000) grows millet and sesame. The merchants are mostly of Ḥaḍramī origin. First settled by a s̲h̲ayk̲h̲ (7th/13th century), it prospered under the Zaydī Imāms who captured it in 1036/1627. In the next century the local as̲h̲rāf became independent. They temporarily submitted to the Wahhābīs (1217/1802-3) and later to the Egyptians. Wh…

, al-Ḥusayn b. Abī Maʿs̲h̲ar Muḥammad b. Mawdūd al-Sulamī al-Ḥarrānī , ḥadīth scholar of Ḥarrān (b. ca. 222/837, d. 318/930-1). Practically nothing is known about his life, except the names of his authorities and his students, some of them very famous personalities. He is said to have been judge or muftī of Ḥarrān. One source (Ibn ʿAsākir apud al-Ḏh̲ahabī) states that he was a partisan of the Umayyads. According to the Fihrist , 230, Abū ʿArūba wrote only one work, a collection of traditions which were transmitted by his authorities. This work seems to be identical with the Ṭabaḳāt …

, al-ḍaḥḥāk b. mak̲h̲lad b. muslim b. al-ḍaḥḥāk al-s̲h̲aybānī al-baṣri , traditionist, born at Mecca in 122/740 but established subsequently at Baṣra, where he transmitted from a host of scholars (notably al-Aṣmaʿī) a large quantity of ḥadīt̲h̲s gathered by himself, and especially from several tābiʿīs or Successors. He was considered as trustworthy, and some of his ḥadīt̲h̲s were included in the great collections; his biographers assert that he never fabricated a single one, although he is said to have declared that pious men never lie so much as in …

, Aflaḥ (or Marzūḳ ) b. Yasār , Arabic poet. He owes his surname of al-Sindī to the fact that his father came from Sind; he himself was born in Kūfa and lived there as a client of the Banū Asad. He fought for the declining Umayyad dynasty with pen and sword, praising them and casting scorn on their adversaries. It is true, however, that when the ʿAbbāsids obtained power, he tried to insinuate himself into the favour of the new rulers by singing their praises. But the ¶ iron character of al-Saffāḥ was but little sensible to such fawning, and under the reign of his successor, al-Manṣ…

ʿAbd al-Malik b. Yazīd al-Ḵh̲urasānī , general in the service of the ʿAbbāsids. After the outbreak of the rebellion in Ḵh̲urāsān, 25 Ramaḍān 129/9 June 747, Abū ʿAwn several times took part in the war against the Umayyads. At first he accompanied the ʿAbbāsid general Ḳaḥṭaba b. S̲h̲abīb; then he was sent by the latter to S̲h̲ahrazūr, where on 20 Ḏh̲u’l-Ḥid̲j̲d̲j̲a 131/10 August 749, in conjunction with Mālik b. Ṭarīf, he defeated ʿUt̲h̲mān b. Sufyān. While Abū ʿAwn remained in t…

, generally known by his kunya , companion of the Prophet. It was in the ¶ house of Abū Ayyūb that the Prophet stayed on his emigration to Medina, before his own mosque and house were built. He took part in all the Prophet’s expeditions, was present at all the battles of early Islam and served under the command of ʿAmr b. al-ʿĀsī during the conquest of Egypt. Later on he was appointed by ʿAlī to the governorship of Medina, but was obliged to rejoin ʿAlī in ʿIrāḳ when Busr b. Abī Arṭāt approched the town with a…

[see ibn Ṭufayl ].

, the first caliph. i. Name, family, and early life.—Abū Bakr was probably born shortly after 570 as he is said to have been three years younger than Muḥammad. His father was Abū Ḳuḥāfa (ʿUt̲h̲mān) b. ʿĀmir of the clan of Taym of the tribe of Ḳurays̲h̲, and he is therefore sometimes known as Ibn Abī Ḳuḥāfa. His mother was Umm al-Ḵh̲ayr (Salmā) bint Ṣak̲h̲r of the same clan. The names ʿAbd Allāh and ʿAtīḳ (‘freed slave’) are attributed to him as well as Abū Bakr, but the relation of these names to on…

(the man of the pulley), the usual designation of a Companion of the Prophet called Nufayʿ b. Masrūḥ, an Abyssinian, formerly slave of the T̲h̲aḳafites of al-Ṭāʾif. During the siege of that town by Muḥammad (8/630) he joined the Muslims by letting himself down by a pulley and was emancipated by the Prophet. He stayed afterwards in Yaman and participated in the foundation of Baṣra where he settled and died in 51 or 52/671-2. Having been whipped by ʿUmar because he had testified against al-Mug̲h̲īra b. S̲h̲uʿba [ q.v.] on a charge of adultery, Abū Bakra played no part in politics and held aloof ( iʿt…

[see al-aṣamm in Suppl.].

[see ibn abī ’l-dunyā ].

[see ibn Ḳāḍī s̲h̲uhba ].

[see ibn Ḥid̲j̲d̲j̲a ].

[see ibn al-mund̲h̲ir ].