Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition

[see buk̲h̲ārā ]

[see ḳalʿat ayyūb ]

[see ḳalʿat rabāḥ ] ¶

( Kalikātā ), the capital of West Bengal and the largest city in India, situated about 80 miles from the sea on the left or east bank of the Huglī, a branch of the Gangā (Ganges), which is navigable for the largest ocean vessels. A centre of rail, river and ocean traffic, and lying midway between Europe and the Far East, it is one of the busiest ports of the world. About five-sevenths of India’s overseas trade is shared by Calcutta and Bombay, with Calcutta having the major s…

, the plain in north-western Persian Ād̲h̲arbayd̲j̲ān, the western boundary forming part of the present-day frontier with Turkey (cf. Farhang-i Ḏj̲ug̲h̲rāfiyāʾī-yi Īrān , iv (Tehran, 1330 s̲h̲amsī ), 154), which on the 2 Rad̲j̲ab 920/23 August 1514 was the scene of a decisive Ottoman victory over the Ṣafawids. The campaign was launched by Selīm I, despite the reluctance of his troops and military advisers, on the 23 Muḥarram 920/20 March 1514 as the first enterprise of his reign after he had secured his throne by the elimination of his brothe…

[see anwāʾ , taʾrīk̲h̲ ]

[see kalikat ]

[see k̲h̲alīfa ]

[see k̲h̲aṭṭ ]

(or Cham ), A people of Malayo-Polynesian origin which settled before the Christian era on the southern coasts of the Indo-Chinese peninsula. The Cham appear in history at the end of the 2nd century A.D. with their foundation, in 192, of the kingdom of Champa [see ṣanf ], which occupied the coastal provinces of present-day Viet-nam, from Quang-binh in the North to Binh-thuan in the South. Up to the 10th century Champa experienced a period of magnificence during which the Cham dynasties were able to extend their territories slightly and to develop their civiliz…

[see andi ]

[see kanbāya ]

[see d̲j̲amal ]

, a former German colony on the west coast of Africa, now consisting of (a) an independent state, formerly under French trusteeship, and (b) a territory at present (1960) under British trusteeship. It lies at the eastern end of the Gulf of Guinea, between Nigeria, Spanish Guinea, and former French Equatorial Africa. Area 503,600 sq. km., 4,000,000 inhabitants, of whom 20,000 are non-African. Created as a result of German penetration from the Bight of Biafra towards Chad (1884-1910) and conquered by the Allied Forces between 1914 and 1916, the Cameroons was …

[see kaminča ]

, Fārūḳ Nāfiḏh̲ modern Turkish Faruk Nafiz Çamlibel , Turkish poet and playwright (1898-1973). He was born in Istanbul, the son of Süleymān Nāfid̲h̲, a civil servant in the Ministry of Forests and Mining (Orman we Maʿādin Neẓāreti). After high school he began to study medicine, but soon abandoned it to turn to journalism and teaching. He taught Turkish literature in Kayseri (1922-4), Ankara (1924-32) and Istanbul high schools and the American Robert College (1932-46). He was electe…

, Avram , financier, philanthropist, and reformer active amongst Istanbul’s Jewish community (d. 1873). Born in Venice, he arrived in Istanbul and entered the banking business midway through the reign of Sultan Maḥmūd II (1808-39). As his influence and power increased, Camondo became the ṣarrāf (personal banker) of a number of Ottoman officials, most notably of the Grand Vizier Muṣṭafā Res̲h̲īd Pas̲h̲a, with whom he established extremely close ties. Camondo later became financial representative of the Baron Hirsch in…

, a ruined city of Gud̲j̲arat in Western India, Lat. 22° 29′ N., long. 73° 32′ E., about 78 miles south-east of Aḥmadābād, taken by the Gūd̲j̲arāt sulṭān Maḥmūd S̲h̲āh I ‘Begadā’ on his conquest (889/1484) of the adjoining stronghold ¶ of Pāwāgaŕh, which had successfully resisted Aḥmad S̲h̲āh I in 821/1418. The Begadā occupied Čampānēr forthwith, building a city wall with bastions and gates (called Ḏj̲ahānpanāh; inscription EIM 1929-30, 4-5), and a citadel ( bhādar ). He renamed the city Maḥmūdābād, and it was his favourite residence until his deat…

[see kanbāniya ]

(Çanak-kale Boǧazı) is the name now given in Turkish to the Dardanelles. This narrow channel, which unites the Marmara and the Aegean Seas, has a length of about 62 km. (Gelibolu-Çardak to Seddülbahir-Kumkale) and a width ranging from 8 km. down to 1250 m. (Çanak-kale to Kilitbahir). The strait was known to the ancient Greeks as the Hellespont (ὁ ʿΕλλήσποντος, in Doric ʿΕλλάσποντος) a name that remained in usage amongst the Byzantines. It is called in some of the mediaeval Western sources and se…