Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition

[see d̲j̲alāl al-dīn , mawlānā ]

( Küčük čelebi-Zāde ) Ismāʿīl ʿĀsīm Efendi, 18th century Ottoman historian, poet and s̲h̲ayk̲h̲ al-islām . His familiar name ( laḳab ) derives from his father Küčük Čelebi Meḥmed Efendi ( Sid̲j̲ill-iʿOthmānī , iv, 205) who was "foreign secretary" ( reʾīs ül-küttāb ) for about ten months in 1108-09/1699 (Rās̲h̲id, Taʾrīk̲h̲ , ed. 1282, ii, 387, 421). He was born in Istanbul, and, from the statement of Müstaḳīm-zāde Süleyman Efendi ( Tuḥfe-i Ḵh̲aṭṭāṭin , Istanbul 1928, 650) that he was 77 years of age at the time of his death, his birth should be …

[see saʿīd efendi ]

[see d̲j̲andarli̊ ]

, an Og̲h̲uz tribe, which holds an important place in the political and religious history of Turkey, and in the history of its occupation by the Turks. The most intimate mürīds of Ḥād̲j̲d̲j̲ī Bektās̲h̲ belonged to this tribe, an important branch of which must therefore have been living in the Ḳi̊rs̲h̲ehir region in the 13th century. In the second half of this century there was another important group of the Čepni in the Samsun region, who in 676/1277 successfully defended Samsun against the forces of th…

[see Fak̲h̲k̲h̲ār ]

(native name Mari), people of the eastern Finnish group, living principally in the basin of the Middle Volga to the north-east of Ḳazan in ¶ the Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic of the Maris as well as in the neighbouring territories: A.S.S.R. of Tātārstān and of Bas̲h̲kiria, regions ( oblast ’) of Gorki, of Kirov and of Sverdlovsk of the R.S.F.S.R. The total number of Čeremiss reached 481,300 in 1939; they are divided into three distinct groups by their dialects and their material culture. The Čeremiss of the plains ( lugovi̊e ) live on the left bank of the Volga, those of the highlands ( gor…

[see čoka adasi̊ ]

[see muḥammad pas̲h̲a čerkes ]

, The name of Čerkes (in Turkish čerkas , perhaps from the earlier "kerkète", indigenous name: Adi̊g̲h̲e) is a general designation applied to a group of peoples who form, with the Abk̲h̲az [ q.v.], the Abaza (cf. Beskesek Abazā ) and the Ubək̲h̲, the north-west or Abasgo-Adi̊g̲h̲e branch of the Ibero-Caucasian peoples. The ancestors of the Čerkes peoples were known among the ancients under the names of Σινδοί, Κερχεταί, Ζιχγοί, Ζυγοί, etc., and lived on the shores of the Sea of Azov and the Black Sea and in the plains of the Kuban to the south an…

, Čerkes Res̲h̲īd, and Čerkes Meḥmed Tewfīḳ, Turkish guerrilla leaders, sons of a Circassian farmer in Emre near Karacabey ( wilāyet of Bursa). Res̲h̲īd, the oldest, was born in 1869 (or 1877?—see T.B.M.M . 25ci yıldönümünü anıs [1945], 63), Edhem, the youngest, in 1883-4. Res̲h̲īd fought with the Ottoman forces in Libya and the Balkans, where he was "Deputy Commander in Chief" for the provisional government of Western Thrace (September 1913), and sat for Saruhan in ¶ the last Ottoman Chamber and the Ankara National Assembly. All three brothers took leading parts in the…

, a Persian word meaning "source, fountain" which has passed into Turkish with the same sense. It is the name of a market-town in Asia Minor with a wide and safe natural harbour on the Mediterranean coast, at the entrance to the Gulf of the same name, at the north-western extremity of the peninsula of Urla opposite the island of Chios, 26° 20′ W., 38° 23′ N. It is the chief town of a kaza in the vilayet of Izmir. The town has (1950) 3,706 inhabitants; the kaza, 12,337. Originally part of the principality (later sand̲j̲aḳ ) of Aydi̊n, it was Ottoman from the time of Ba…

, Muṣṭafā Ras̲h̲īd , Ottoman historian and poet, one of a family of ʿulamāʾ founded by the Ḳāḍīʿasker of Rumelia, Čes̲h̲mī Meḥmed Efendi (d. 1044/1634) A grandson of the S̲h̲ayk̲h̲ al-Islām Meḥmed Ṣāliḥ Efendi, and the son of a ḳāḍī in the Ḥid̲j̲āz, he entered the ʿIlmiyye profession, and held various legal and teaching posts. After the resignation of the Imperial historiographer Meḥmed Ḥākim Efendi [ q.v.], he was appointed to this office, which he held for a year and a half. He then returned to his teaching career, which culminated in his appointment as müderris at…

[see sabta ]

The Muslims constitute only 6.63% of Ceylon’s population—roughly 550,000 out of a total of 8,000,000. Of this community, which is multi-racial in its composition, the Ceylon Moors form the most significant element and count 463,963. The Malays are the next in importance. They number 25,464. Nearly all of the remaining groups are of Indian origin; their ancestors first came to Ceylon after the British occupation of its Maritime Provinces during the 18th century. As a result of the insufficiency of available evidence and the lack of sustained effort and encouragement i…

, a corruption of Persian čahāryak (1/4), has in Turkish the special meaning of a quarter of an hour, or a coin, also known as the bes̲h̲lik , or five piastre piece, originally the quarter of a med̲j̲īdīyye , introduced in 1260/1844 during the reign of ʿAbd al-Mad̲j̲īd and issued by the succeeding rulers until the end of the Ottoman Empire. The silver čeyrek had a fineness of 830, weighed 6.13 grams and measured 24 mm. in diameter. (G. C. Miles)