Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition

b. Abi K̲h̲alīfa Muḥammad b. S̲h̲uʿayd b. Ṣak̲h̲r al-D̲j̲umaḥī , (d. 305/917-18), littérateur, poet, traditionist and ḳaḍī of Baṣra. He was a mawlā of D̲j̲umaḥ of Ḳurays̲h̲ and the nephew, on his mother’s side, of Ibn Sallām [ q.v.]. He was born in and died at Baṣra, where he made himself the transmitter of a fairly extensive number of religious, historical, literary and genealogical traditions. He also received a legal training sufficient for him to act as the ḳāḍī of Baṣra towards 294/907 with functions delegated by the Mālikī ḳāḍī Abū Muḥammad Yūsuf b. Yaʿḳū…

, vizier to the ʿAbbāsid al-Muʿtaṣim, and an ʿIrāḳi of Christian origin. He began his career modestly as a retainer of …

, vizier to the ʿAbbāsid caliphs al-Ras̲h̲īd and al-Amīn, was the son of al-Manṣūr’s chamberlain al-Rabīʿ b. Yūnus [ q.v.]. Born in 138/757-8, he very soon won the esteem of Hārūn al-Ras̲h̲īd, who in 173/789-90 placed him in charge of the Expenditure Office and then in 179/795-6 made him chamberlain. After the disgrace of the Barāmika [ q.v.] in 187/803, he succeeded Yaḥyā as vizier, though without being granted such wide powers; his part was confined to keeping check on public expenditure and in presenting letters and petitions ( ʿarḍ ), while another secretary directed the financial administration. On the death of al-Ras̲h̲īd, which took place at Ṭūs in 193/809, it was al-Faḍl who caused the oath of loyalty to al-Amīn to be taken and who led back to Bag…

, vizier to the ʿAbbāsid caliph al-Maʾmūn, had originally been in the se…

, the eldest son of Yaḥyā al-Barmakī, played an important part during the reign of Hārūn al-Ras̲h̲īd, in the first years of the domination of the Barāmika [ q.v.]. As tutor to the crown prince al-Amīn, on whose behalf he caused the customary oath of loyalty to be sworn by the notables, he was particularly distinguished by the benevolence he showed towards the inhabitants of the eastern provinces and by his policy of conciliation with regard to the ʿAlids, perhaps going so far as to support the e…

(commonly written Fadhlī ), a tribal territory now one of the states of the Federation of South Arabia, area about 1600 square miles with an estimated population of 55,000. Its western bounds touch on the Aden Colony and then run northwest bordering on Laḥd̲j̲ (ʿAbdalī), Ḥaws̲h̲abī and Lower Yāfiʿ territories; in the northeast it is bounded by ʿAwd̲h̲alī and Dat̲h̲īna, in the east by the Lower ʿAwlaḳī, and on the south by the Arabian Sea. The country consists of two main parts…

, Meḥmed , better known as Ḳara Faḍlī (?-971/1563-4), Turkish poet, born in Istanbul, son of a saddler. Little is known of his early life. He does not seem to have had a regular education, but acquired knowledge in the company of learned people, particularly the poet D̲h̲ātī [ q.v.], whose shop of geomancy had become a sort of a literary club for men of letters, where the old poet helped and encouraged young talents. On D̲h̲ātī’s suggestion he composed a ḳaṣīda on the occasion of the circumcision festivities of prince Meḥmed. When D̲h̲ātī had finished r…

al-ʿUmarī , al-Ḥanafī , al-Māturīdī , al-Čīs̲h̲tī (not al-Ḥabas̲h̲ī as misread by Brockelmann, S II, 458), al-K̲h̲ayrābādī b. Faḍl-i Imām [ q.v.] was born at K̲h̲ayrābād [ q.v.] in 1211/1796-7. Having studied first at home with his father, he later studied ḥadīt̲h̲ with S̲h̲āh ʿAbd al-Ḳādir al-Dihlawī [ q.v.] and at the age of thirteen completed his studies. He entered service as a pīs̲h̲kār to the Commissioner of Delhi under the East India Company and later served with the Chiefs of Ḏj̲had̲j̲d̲j̲ar, Alwar, Tonk and Rāmpur. He was a leading scholar of his day, well-versed in logic, philosophy, belles-lettres, kalām , uṣūl al-fiḳh and poetics, and a great teacher and logician who attracted students from far and near. He was often seen teaching al-Ufḳ al-mubīn of al-Dāmād [ q.v.], a rather involved text on logic, while engaged in playing chess. On the doctrine of imtināʿ al-naẓīr he entered into a lengthy controversy with Muḥammad Ismāʿīl S̲h̲ahīd [ q.v.] in refutation of whose teachings he composed a number of treatises. This controversy greatly agitated the people of Dihlī, and even the reigning monarch Bahādur S̲h̲āh Ẓafar and the egalitarian poet G̲h̲ālib…

b. Muḥammad Ars̲h̲ad al-ʿUmarī al-Hargāmī , b. Muḥ. Ṣālih b. ʿAbd al-Wād̲j̲id b. ʿAbd al-Mād̲j̲id b. Ḳāḍī Ṣadr al-Dīn al-Ḥanafī , was a contemporary of S̲h̲āh ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz al-Dihlawī, and the first Indian Muslim scholar to have accepted the post of muftī and ṣadr al-ṣudūr of De…

…

, in the sense of ‘porcelain’ [see ṣīnī ].

or Bag̲h̲būr , title of the Emperor of China in the Muslim sources. The Sanskrit * bhagaputra and the Old Iranian * bag̲h̲aput̲h̲ra , with which attempts have been made to connect this compound, are not attested, but a form bg̲h̲pwhr (= * bag̲h̲puhr ), signifying etymologically “son of God”, is attested in Parthian Pahlavī to designate Jesus, whence Sogdian bag̲h̲pūr , Arabicized as bag̲h̲būr and fag̲h̲fūr ; these forms were felt by the Arab authors as the translation of the Chinese T’ien tzŭ “son of heaven” (cf. Relation de la Chine et de l’Inde , ed. and tr. J. Sau…

(Ar.), (fem. fahda , pl. fuhūd , afhād , afhud , fuhūda ), is the name of the Cheetah (Urdū čītā < Sanskrit čitraka , “spotted”), Acinonyx jubatus, also called “Hunting-leopard and Hunting-cat”, (French: “ guépard ”, Persian: “ yūz ”), the subspecies Acin . jub . venaticus being found from Balūčistān to ʿIrāḳ and Jordan and the subspecies Acin. jub. hecki or guttatus in northern Africa, from the borders of the Sahara. The noun fahd , the form to be preferred to fahid which was recommended by al-Ḳalḳas̲h̲andī ( Ṣub…

or Fiḥl , an ancient town in Transjordania situated 12 km. south-east of Baysān [ q.v.], was known in earliest antiquity, at the time of el-Amarna, under the name Bik̲h̲il , corresponding to a Semitic …

, the name given in Muslim Spain to kinds of catalogues in which scholars enumerated, in one form or another, their masters and the subjects or works studied under their direction. The word fahrasa is an Arabicization of the Persian fihrist by means of a double vocalization -a- and the closing of the final tāʾ , a fairly frequent modification. In al-Andalus, it is completely synonymous with …

, “Plain o…

[see ʿilla ]. [see naḥw ].

[see panāyir, sūḳ ].

[see īmān ].

…