Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition

, “New [town]”, the name of several cities. 1. Ḥadīt̲h̲at al-Mawṣil, a town on the east bank of the Tigris, one farsak̲h̲ below the mouth of the upper (Great) Zāb. Its ruins are to be recognized in the mound of Tell al-S̲h̲aʿīr. Various accounts of its origin are given. According to His̲h̲ām b. al-Kalbī ( apud Ibn al-Faḳīh, 129 and Balād̲h̲urī, Būlāḳ ed., 340) Hart̲h̲ama b. ʿArfad̲j̲a, after making Mawṣil the capital, came to Ḥadīt̲h̲a in the reign of ʿUmar b. al-K̲h̲aṭṭāb, where he found a village with tw…

(sacred, or holy tradition), also called ḥadīt̲h̲ ilāhī , or rabbānī (divine tradition), is a class of traditions which give words spoken by God, as distinguished from ḥadīt̲h̲ nabawī (prophetical tradition) which gives the words of the Prophet. Although ḥadīt̲h̲ ḳudsī is said to contain God’s words, it differs from the Ḳurʾān which was revealed through the medium of Gabriel, is inimitable, is recited in the ṣalāt , and may not be touched or recited by the ceremonially unclean. Ḥadīt̲h̲ ḳudsī does not necessarily come through Gabriel, but may have come through inspiration ( ilhām …

[see hiba ].

[see ḥad̲j̲d̲j̲ ].

(a.), stone. The word is applied in Arabic as indiscriminately as in European languages to any solid inorganic bodies occurring anywhere in Nature; sometimes indeed it is used in a still broader sense, as in Sūra II, 60/57 and VII, 160, where the rock from which Mūsā procures water is called also ‘stone’. Although Sūra XVII, 50/53: “Say: Be ye stones, or iron” may indicate a certain discrimination between stones and minerals, later texts, or at least some of them, do not maintain it. In the Book of Stones ascribed to Aristotle all the substances ¶ described—metals, and even glass and merc…

(locally pronounced hagar ) is a cognate of the Ethiopie hagar “town”, and was the normal word for “town” in the epigraphic dialects of pre-Islamic South Arabia. It is still in use today as an element in the place-names given to ruins of pre-Islamic town sites in South Arabia. See Azimuddin Aḥmad, Die auf Südarabien bezüglichen Angaben Našwān’s in Šams al-ʿulūm , Leyden 1916, 108. (A.F.L. Beeston)

[see al-ḥasā ].

[see al-kaʿba ].

, a town in Ḥaḍramawt on the D̲j̲abal of the same name, about five miles south of Mas̲h̲had ʿAlī [ q.v.] on the Wādī Dūʿan. Situated amid extensive palm-groves, it is built against the slopes of the D̲j̲abal. The surrounding land is very fertile and produces d̲h̲ura . Irrigation is provided through channels from the say ! and from very deep wells. The town is of importance as a centre on the motor road between Mukallā and S̲h̲ibām. Its houses are built of brick and are large but the streets are narrow and steep. It belongs to the Ḳuʿaytīs of S̲h̲ibām [ q.v.] who are represented in it by a member…

(“the rock of the vulture”), a fortress founded by the last Idrīsids [ q.v.] in a natural mountainous retreat, placed by Ibn K̲h̲aldūn among the dependencies of the town of al-Baṣra [ q.v.]. Its site has now been identified in the territory occupied by the small tribe of the Sumatra, east-north-east of the Moroccan town of al-Ḳaṣr al-Kabīr (Alcazarquivir). It is reported to have been known also by the name of Ḥad̲j̲ar al-S̲h̲urafāʾ. In 317/929-30 the Banū Muḥammad, expelled from Fās after the assassination of their prince, the…

(a.), pilgrimage to Mecca, ʿArafāt and Minā, the fifth of the five “pillars” ( arkān ) of Islam. It is also called the Great Pilgrimage in contrast to the ʿumra [ q.v.] or Little Pilgrimage. Its annual observance has had, and continues to have, a profound influence on the Muslim world. Those not taking part follow the pilgrims in thought; the religious teachers, and nowadays the press, radio and television help them in this by providing doctrine and news bulletins. For the Muslim community itself this event is the occasion fo…

, Ḥād̲j̲d̲j̲ī , one who has performed the pilgrimage to Mecca [see ḥad̲j̲d̲j̲].

ruler of Kirman [see ḳutlug̲h̲ k̲h̲āns ].

b. Yūsuf b. Maṭar al-Ḥāsib , a translator who lived in Bag̲h̲dād in the late 2nd/8th and early 3rd/9th centuries. His translations include the Elements of Euclid (revised by T̲h̲ābit b. Ḳurra and commented by al-Nayrīzī [ qq.v.]) and a version, from a Syriac text, of the Astronomy of Ptolemy. The latter, called K. al-Mad̲j̲istī , was completed in 212/827-8. (Ed.) Bibliography Brockelmann, I 203, SI 363 A. Mieli, La science arabe, Leiden 1938, 85.

b. al-Ḥakam b. ʿAḳīl al-T̲h̲aḳafī , Abū Muḥammad , the most famous and most able governor of the Umayyads, of the Aḥlāf clan of the Banū T̲h̲aḳīf, born ¶ in Ṭāʾif about 41/661. His forebears, poor and of lowly origin, are said to have earned their living as stone carriers and builders (Ibn ʿAbd Rabbin, ʿIḳd , v, 38; Ibn al-At̲h̲īr, Chronicon , iv, 313); his mother, al-Fāriʿa, also from the tribe of the Banū T̲h̲aḳīf, was the divorced wife of al-Mug̲h̲īra b. S̲h̲uʿba. a man as capable as he was unscrupulous, who was appointed by Muʿāwi…

[see faṣṣād, in Suppl.].

b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz (d. 1201/1787), secretary to ʿAlī b. al-Ḥusayn, Bey of Tunis (1172-96/1759-82), and then of his successor Ḥammūda b. ʿAlī (1196-1229/1782-1814), composed a Kitāb al-Bās̲h̲ā , a history of the Ḥafṣids and the Turkish governors of Tunis, which is still largely in manuscript. A portion dealing with the wars of K̲h̲ayr al-Dīn and ʿArūd̲j̲ was published by Houdas, Chrestomathie maghrébine , Paris 1891,14-96; two other portions were translated by A. Rousseau (Algiers 1849) and Cherbonneau ( JA, July 1851). (R. Basset*) Bibliography Roy, Extrait du catalogue des manusc…

(? 753/1352-833/1429-30), patron saint of Ankara and founder of the order of the Bayrāmiyya [ q.v.], was born at the ¶ village of Solfasol, 7 km. north-east of Ankara, the son of a certain Koyunlud̲j̲a Aḥmad; his personal name was Nuʿmān. After studying at Ankara and Bursa, he taught at the Kara Medrese at Ankara, but abandoned the theological career when invited by S̲h̲eyk̲h̲ Ḥāmid (on whom see S̲h̲aḳāʾiḳ . tr. Med̲j̲dī, 74 f. = tr. Rescher, 29 f.) to join him at Kayseri (they are said to have met on Ḳurbān bayrami̊ , whence he was given the name Bayrām); as his mürīd he ac…

[see riḍwān begovič ].

[see bektās̲h̲iyya ].