Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition

, Abū Bakr ʿAbd Allāh b. Muḥammad b. Ibrāhīm (= Abū S̲h̲ayba) b. ʿUt̲h̲mān al-ʿAbsī al-Kūfī , ʿIrāḳī traditionist and historian (159-235/775-849) who came of a family of religious scholars; his grandfather Abū S̲h̲ayba was already ḳāḍī of Wāsiṭ, but he is described as ḍaʿīf (Ibn Ḥad̲j̲ar, Lisān al-Mīzān , vi, 395). Abū Bakr studied ¶ at al-Ruṣāfa, travelled “in search of learning” and died at Kūfa after having resided at Bag̲h̲dād. He had many pupils, among them Ibn Mād̲j̲a [ q.v.], and wrote several works, which are listed in the Fihrist : K. al-Taʾrīk̲h̲ , K. al-Fitan , K. Ṣiffīn , K. al-Ḏj̲am…

, Abu ’l-Faḍl Aḥmad , Bag̲h̲dādī littérateur and historian. Born in 204/819-20 into a family of Persian origin, he started out as a teacher and eventually took up residence in the bookmen’s bazaar in the Eastern quarter of Bag̲h̲dād, embarking upon a literary career which brought him into contact with many of the outstanding littérateurs and high government officials of his time and resulted in the composition of about fifty works. He was also a poet whose verses provoked criticism—deserved or undeserved—in some quarters. Among other things, he wrote works in the fürstenspiegel …

, Yaḥyā b. Ḥamīd al-Nad̲j̲d̲j̲ār al-Ḥalabī (575/1180- ca. 625-30/1228-33), an important S̲h̲īʿī historian of Aleppo, and in particular the author of a universal History, Maʿādin al-d̲h̲ahab fi taʾrīk̲h̲ al-mulūk wa ’l-k̲h̲ulafāʾ wa d̲h̲awi ’l-ratab , which even the Sunnī writers, whether or not they acknowledge the fact, were unable to refrain from utilizing. Important extracts from it are to be found preserved in the History of Ibn al-Furāt [ q.v.] and the Rawḍatayn of Abū S̲h̲āma [ q.v.], dealing with the first three-quarters of the 6th/12th century; it was known also …

[see ḥafṣids ].

, Muwaffaḳ al-Dīn Abu ’l-ʿAbbās Ahmād b. al-Ḳāsim b. K̲h̲alīfa b. Yūnus al-K̲h̲azrad̲j̲ī , physician and bibliographer whose patronymic probably derives from the fact that one of his ancestors had a deformed hand. He belonged to a family of physicians and was born in Damascus, after 590/1194. He studied under the principal teachers of his time, notably Ibn al-Bayṭār [ q.v.], who taught him botany; with his father (d. 649/1251) and al-Raḥbī (d. 631/1233) he studied medicine, which he practised in the Nūrī hospital in Damascus and the Nāṣirī hospital in Ca…

, name of two poets of Baṣra of the 2nd/8th century. (I) Ibn Abī ʿUyayna the Younger or Abu ’l-Minhāl Abū ʿUyayna b. Muḥammad b. Abī ʿUyayna is the better known. He was a great-grandson of al-Muhallab and the son of a governor of al-Rayy under al-Manṣūr. Towards the middle of the 2nd/8th century he became known in Baṣra through his love poems addressed to Dunyā, the pseudonym of a distant cousin, Fāṭima, the daughter of ʿUmar b. Ḥafṣ (d. 153/770), who in spite of promises was refused to …

[see muḥ. b. abī ʿuyayna ].

, Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad b. ʿAbd Allāh b. ʿĪsā al-Murrī , Andalusian poet and particularly jurist, born at Elvira in 324/936, died in the same town in 399/1009. The few verses of his which we have are of a somewhat religious nature and show a rather pessimistic attitude and a leaning to asceticism which is expressed in his Ḥayāt al-ḳulūb . However, he is principally known as an independent Mālikī jurist and author of several works, in particular a commentary on the Muwaṭṭaʾ of Mālik, a summary of Saḥnūn’s Mudawwana , a Kitāb Aḥwāl al-sunna and a formulary which has …

, Abu ’l-ʿAbbās Aḥmad al-Fāsī , d. between 710 and 720/1310-20 at Fez, where he was imām , composed a history of Morocco entitled al-Anīs al-muṭrib bi-rawḍ al-ḳirṭās fī ak̲h̲bār mulūk al-Mag̲h̲rib wa-taʾrīk̲h̲ madīnat Fās , a title often abbreviated to Rawḍ al-ḳirṭās , or Ḳirṭās . The ¶ text of this important work, several times printed and translated, has not yet been the object of a critical edition. Texts of the Ḳirṭās : Tornberg, Annales regum Mauritaniae , Upsala 1843-6 (with Latin tr.); Fez, lithographed several times, e.g., 1303/1885; ed. (badly) Muḥammad al-Hās̲h̲imī al-Fil…

, Abū Muḥammad ʿAbd Allāh b. Abī Zayd ʿAbd al-Raḥmān (310-86/922-96), head of the Mālikī school of Ḳayrawān. He came of a family from Nafzawa and studied at Ḳayrawān, his birthplace, where his knowledge, his literary gifts, his piety and his wealth very soon earned him considerable prestige throughout the Muslim world. He came under the influence of As̲h̲ʿarism, which had a large following in Ḳayrawān at that time, and also that of mysticism, against whose excesses, and especially that of miracle-working, he fought. By teaching, delivering innumerable fatwā s a…

[see ibn ʿid̲h̲ārī ].

, Kamāl al-Dīn Abu ’l-Ḳāsim ʿUmar b. Aḥmad b. Hibat Allāh , historian of Aleppo, born there in 588/1192, died in Cairo in 660/1262. A wealthy and prominent family of ʿIrāḳī Arab origin, the Banu ’l-ʿAdīm acquired property in and around Aleppo, and a number of them rose to eminence or office under the successive dynasties that ruled in that city. For five generations they held the office of ḳāḍī; the historian’s father was a chief ḳāḍī under Zangid and then Ayyūbid rule. He himself, after studies in Aleppo, Damascus, Jerusalem, Bag̲h̲dād and the Ḥid̲j̲āz, served in Aleppo as a secretary, as a ḳāḍī…

[see ʿad̲j̲ārida ].

, Abū Isḥāḳ Ibrāhīm b. Ismāʿīl b. Aḥmad b. ʿAbd Allāh al-Ṭarābulusī, philologist, native of Ad̲j̲dābiya (between Barḳa and Tripoli), who lived in the 6th/12th century and died in about 650/1251. He is the author of a number of works, of which reference is made particularly to his Kitāb al-Anwāʾ (ed. Damascus 1964, by ʿIzzat Ḥasan, as al-Azmina wa’l-anwāʾ ) and to a short treatise on lexicography entitled Kifāyat al-mutaḥaffiẓ wa-nihāyat al-mutalaffiẓ , printed in Egypt in 1285/1868 and in Beirut in 1305/1887. (Ch. Pellat) Bibliography Yāḳūt, Udabāʾ, i, 130 Suyūṭī, Bug̲h̲ya, 178 Ḥād̲j̲d̲…

, Abū Isḥāḳ Ibrāhīm b. Ismāʿīl al-Ṭarābulusī , Arab philologist from a family originally stemming from Ad̲j̲dābiya (Libya); he himself lived at Tripoli, where he died at an uncertain date, probably in the first half of the 7th/13th century. Hardly anything further is known about his life, and the biographers limit themselves to emphasising the breadth of his knowledge and his contribution to the technical literature of scholars of his time. They attribute to him some eight works, whose titles show that he was interested in lexicography, metrics, the anwāʾ [ q.v.] and genealogies (he i…

, Abu ’l-ʿAbbās Aḥmad b. Muḥammad b. al-Mahdī Ibn ʿAd̲j̲ība al-Ḥasanī , Moroccan Ṣūfī of S̲h̲arīfian origin, was one of the most distinguished representatives of the mystical order of the Darḳāwa [ q.v.]. He was born in 1160 or 1161/1746-7 at al-K̲h̲amīs, an important village of the And̲j̲ra tribe (Mediterranean coastal region of Morocco, between Tangier and Tetuan). Having been attracted from his childhood to devotional observance ¶ and religious learning, he studied assiduously the ‘reading’ of the Ḳurʾān, theology, holy law and philology, first with local fuḳahāʾ …

, Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad b. Muḥammad b. Dāwūd al-Sanhād̲j̲ī , Moroccan grammarian born 672/1273-4, died 723/1323 at Fez, where he taught grammar and the art of Ḳurʾānic recitation. Ibn Ād̲j̲urrūm is the author of a celebrated Muḳaddima which bears his name, a little treatise of a few pages in which he sets out the system of the iʿrāb of words. This summary syntax, easy to memorize, has enjoyed to the present day great popularity in all the Arabic-speaking countries, in the west as well as in the east. Because of its extreme conciseness, the Muḳaddima has provoked about 60 commentaries by…

, S̲h̲ams al-Dīn Muḥammad b. ʿAfīf al-Dīn Sulaymān b. ʿAlī b. ʿAbd Allāh al-Tilimsānī , nicknamed al-S̲h̲ābb al-Ẓarīf , “the witty young man”, was a poet of great skill. His father, ʿAfīf al-Dīn al-Tilimsānī [see al-tilimsānī ], was a mystic who had left Tlemcen and settled in the k̲h̲ānḳāh of Saʿīd al-Suʿadāʾ in Cairo, where the poet was born on 10 Ḏj̲umādā II 661/21 April 1263. While still young, Ibn al-ʿAfīf went with his father to Damascus, where he completed his education under the direction of his father and a numb…

[see ʿabbās b. al-aḥnaf ].

[see ʿamr b. al-ahtam ].

, the author of a work on the Raids ( mag̲h̲āzī [ q.v.]), used by such later authors as Ibn Sayyid al-Nās and al-D̲h̲ahabī. His given name was Muḥammad. His kunya is variously given as Abū ʿAbd Allāh or Abū Aḥmad, and his grandfather’s name as Saʿīd or ʿAbd al-Raḥmān. Born in Damascus in 150/767, he died there on Thursday, 25 Rabīʿ II 233/8 December 847 (or in D̲h̲u ’l-Ḥid̲j̲d̲j̲a 232/July-August 847, or in 234/848), having been the tax collector for the G̲h̲ūṭa under al-Maʾmūn. As a historian, he stand…

, by-name of several persons, who may be distinguished as follows: I. Muḥammad b. ʿĀʾis̲h̲a , Abū D̲j̲aʿfar , Medinan singer of unknown father. A pupil of Maʿbad and of Malik, he was regarded as the equal if not the superior of his masters, and celebrated for his skill at launching into a performance. He was highly respected at Mecca and at Medina, but, extremely vain, he would become very angry when asked to sing. He was invited to the court of Damascus, probably by al-Walīd b. Yazīd but du…

(a nisba referring to the seller of shrouds, akfān ), cf. al-Samʿānī, K. al-Ansāb , f. 47b). Several persons were known by this name, amongst which three deserve some mention. 1. al-Ḳāḍī Abū Muḥammad ʿAbd Allāh b. Muḥammad b. ʿAbd Allāh b. Ibrāhīm b. ʿAbd Allāh b. al-Ḥusayn b. ʿAlī b. D̲j̲aʿfar b. ʿĀmir b. al-Akfānī al-Asadī , jurist. Born in 316/928, and dying in 405/1014 in Bag̲h̲dād, he was ḳāḍī in al-Madīna, then in Bāb al-Ṭāḳ, then in Sūḳ al-T̲h̲ulāt̲h̲āʾ (both in Bag̲h̲dād), and from 396/1005-6 ḳāḍī for the whole of Bag̲h̲dād. He was weak in relating traditions, but a libera…

, ʿAbd Allāh b. ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. ʿAbd Allāh Bahāʾ al-Dīn al-Hās̲h̲imī , born 694/1294 (or 698 or 700), died 769/1367, an important S̲h̲āfiʿī jurisconsult and grammarian. A native of Bālis [ q.v.] in Syria, he arrived destitute in Cairo, where his ability was recognized by his teacher in grammar, Abū Ḥayyān al-G̲h̲arnāṭī [ q.v.]. His main teachers in fiḳh were, among others, ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn al-Ḳōnawī (Brockelmann. II, 105; S II, 101) and the Chief Ḳāḍī D̲j̲alāl al-Dīn al-Ḳazwīnī (Subkī, Ṭabaḳāt , v, 238); having held various posts as substitute ḳāḍī ¶ ( nāʾib ), he bec…

, Abu ’l-Wafāʾ ʿAlī b. ʿAḳīl b. Muḥammad b. ʿAḳīl b. Aḥmad al-Bag̲h̲dādī al-Ẓafarī , Ḥanbalī jurist and theologian (431/1040-513/1119), a great Sunnī personality whose life and writings shed light on one of the most important periods in the development of Muslim religious thought, and who stands at the head of a progressive movement within Sunnī traditionalism. Family origins and early youth. Ibn ʿAḳīl was born in Bag̲h̲dād, on the left bank quarter of Bāb al-Ṭāḳ (see his Kitāb al-Funūn , fol. 12b: “… Bāb al-Ṭāḳ, the quarter in which I was born”), in D…

, byname of several poets, including an Iyādī (see Āmidī, Muʾtalif , 38), a Kinānī ( ibid.), a Bad̲j̲alī ( op. cit., 37; al-D̲j̲āḥiẓ, Ḥayawān , ii, 214) and a Bāhilī, who is the best known. The sources vary considerably with regard to the genealogy of this poet, but he seems to have been called Abu ’l-K̲h̲aṭṭāb ʿAmr b. (al-) Aḥmar b. ¶ al-ʿAmarrad b. Tamīm b. Rabīʿa b. Ḥirām b. Farrāṣ b. Maʿn b. Aʿṣur al-Bāhilī. He is included among the muk̲h̲aḍramūn [ q.v.], embraced Islam, took part in the conquests in South-west Asia (in the course of which he lost an eye), settled in Syria …

, S̲h̲ayk̲h̲ Abu ’l-ʿAbbās Aḥmad b. Muṣṭafā al-ʿAlawī al-Mustag̲h̲ānimī , ṣūfī and poet, born at Mostaganem in Algeria in 1286/1869 of a distinguished but at that time indigent family. He never went to school and his handwriting remained unproficient all his life, but he was taught to read and given lessons in the Ḳurʾān by his father, though even these had to be cut short owing to his family’s poverty, which forced him, at an early age, to take to cobbling and then later to open a small shop. In his spare time he attended a course of lessons in the Islamic doctrine of Divine Unity ( tawḥīd …

, Tammām , the name of two prominent figures in Muslim Spain during the early ʿUmayyad amīrate. (1) Abū G̲h̲ālib Tammām b. ʿAlḳama, mawlā (freedman) of ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. Umm al-Ḥakam ( i.e., ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. ʿAbd Allāh b. ʿUt̲h̲mān b. Rabīʿa al-T̲h̲aḳafī, Muʿāwiya’s governor of al-Kūfa in 58/678, Ṭabarī, ii, 181), came to al-Andalus in 123/741 with the vanguard ( ṭalīʿa ) of the Syrian contingent of Bald̲j̲ b. Bis̲h̲r al-Ḳus̲h̲ayrī [ q.v.]. A Ḳaysī [see ḳays ] through his connexion ¶ with T̲h̲aḳīf, Tammām b. ʿAlḳama was one of the chiefs who supported ʿAbd al-Raḥmān I, al-Dāk̲h̲il [ q.v.], in…

, Muʾayyad al-Dīn Muḥammad , the wazīr of al-Mustaʿṣim [ q.v.], the last ʿAbbāsid caliph. He belonged to a S̲h̲īʿī family, which hailed, according to Ibn al-Ṭiḳṭaḳā, from the town of Nīl on the canal of the same name. The nisba al-ʿAlḳamī was first borne by his grandfather, who was so called after a canal he had dug and not, apparently, Alḳamī [ q.v.], the western branch of the Euphrates. According to Hindū-S̲h̲āh he held the post of ustād̲h̲ al-dār at the time of al-Mustaʿṣim’s accession. Ibn al-Ṭiḳṭaḳā, a fellow-S̲h̲īʿī, speaks of his distinction ¶ as a scholar, calligrapher and biblio…

, Abū Bakr al-Ḥasan b. ʿAlī b. Aḥmad b. Bas̲h̲s̲h̲ār b. Ziyād Ibn al-ʿAllāf (so called because his father was a seller of ḳatt ) al-Nahrawānī , poet and traditionist who lived to be a hundred (218-318/833-930), becoming blind in his old age. He frequented the court at Bag̲h̲dād and was an intimate particularly of al-Muʿtaḍid and Ibn al-Muʿtazz. He knew much poetry and composed a great deal himself, so much indeed that his works, collected by a member of his family and accompanied by accounts of his relations with the persons on whom he had written panegyrics, occupied four hundred waraḳa …

, Abū Kat̲h̲īr ʿAbd Allāh b. (al-) Zabīr b. al-As̲h̲yam al-Asadī , Arabic poet of the 1st/7th century. He became a writer of panegyrics of the local Umayyads and wrote particularly, in an entirely classical manner, in praise of Asmāʾ b. K̲h̲ārid̲j̲a: but he did not hesitate to address praises to the Zubayrids after Muṣʿa b. al-Zubayr, who had seized Kūfa, had treated him leniently when his supporters had arrested him; it was, so to speak, as a private person that he wrote a hid̲j̲āʾ against ʿAbd Allāh b. al-Zubayr, who had treated badly his own brother ʿAmr, a friend of the poet. According to the Ag…

, name of a family of astronomers from Farg̲h̲āna. The ¶ family consisted of the father, Abu ’l-Ḳāsim ʿAbd Allāh b. Amād̲j̲ūr al-Turkī and of his son Abu ’l-Ḥasan ʿAlī, and also of a freedman of the latter named Mufliḥ. They worked at Bag̲h̲dād and at S̲h̲īrāz between 272/885 and 321/933, making astronomical observations which have been in part preserved by Ibn Yūnus. The son devoted much of his attention to the determination of the limits of the latitude of the moon, observing that it reached greater lat…

, the name of two viziers of the early Būyids, the first of them known also as a man of letters: (1) Abu ’l-Faḍl Muḥammad b. al-Ḥusayn b. Muḥammad was the son of a pedlar or wheat merchant in the S̲h̲īʿī town of Ḳumm in central Iran who later became a kātib in K̲h̲urāsān, where he received the title of ʿamīd [ q.v.] which was in this region usually given to high officials. He appears at Buk̲h̲ārā ( Mat̲h̲ālib , 232-6) at an unknown date, perhaps later than his appearance in 321/933 as vizier of Was̲h̲mgīr [ q.v.] in Rayy, and in 323 as one of the chief dignitaries of Mardāwid̲j̲ just before…

[see ibn al-kalānisī ; al-makīn ].

[see inal ].

, Abū ʿUmar ʿAbd Allāh b. ʿĀmir al-Yaḥṣubī , “reader” of the Ḳurʾān whose ḳirāʾa [ q.v.] is counted among the seven canonical “readings”. Of south Arabian origin, he belonged to the first class of the Tābiʿūn [ q.v.], his guarantors being ʿUt̲h̲mān b. ʿAffān, Abu ’l-Dardāʾ [ q.v.] and other less famous Companions. He settled in Damascus, where he was appointed ḳāḍī , by al-Walīd b. ʿAbd al-Malik and chief of police by Yazīd b. al-Walīd and Ibrāhīm b. al-Walīd; his “reading” was adopted by the inhabitants of Damascus. He died in 118/736…

, Abu ’l-Muṭarrif Aḥmad b. ʿAbd Allāh al-Mak̲h̲zūmī , writer, poet and judge, who was born in Valencia (Spain) in Ramaḍān 580/December 1184, and died in Tunis in D̲h̲u ’l-Ḥid̲j̲d̲j̲a 656 or 658/December 1258 or November 1260 (his grandfather’s name is given as ʿUmayra in the Ḏj̲ad̲h̲wat al-iḳtibās of Ibn al-Ḳāḍī, 72). His family originated in Alcira (D̲j̲azīrat S̲h̲uḳr), near Valencia. He studied with the best Andalusian scholars and then travelled probably to the East where he acquired an immense knowledge of fiḳh , ḥadīt̲h̲ and literature, and also gaine…

, Abu ’l-ʿAbbās Aḥmad , faḳīh and poet, known at the present time in Algeria under the name of Sīdī Ben ʿAmmār. It is not known where or when he was born and nothing is known of his childhood, his youth and his early studies. He is said to have learned ḥadīt̲h̲ from Abū Ḥafṣ ʿUmar b. ʿAḳīl (or ʿUḳāyl) al-Yāʿalawī (sic) or al-Bāʿalawī (probably al-Yaʿlāwī, i.e., of the Banī Yaʿlā, a tribe of the lesser Kabylie) al-Makkī, who died in 1170/1756; he is said to have studied more particularly the Ṣaḥīḥ of al-Buk̲h̲ārī under masters (?) whose line went back to Abū ʿUt̲h…

, Abū Bakr Muḥammad b. ʿAmmār b. Ḥusayn b. ʿAmmār , poet and vizier of al-Andalus. Born in 422/1031 in a village near Silves, he belonged to a poor and obscure family and his claim to be of Yemenī origin is doubtful. After beginning his studies at Silves, he received at Cordova an advanced literary education and then tried to make his literary talent pay, travelling throughout Spain in search of patrons. Nothing appears to have survived of his first panegyrics, addressed, it seems wi…

[see ʿammār, banū ; al-ḥākim bi-amr allāh ; ṭarābulus ].

, Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad b. Muḥammad b. ʿAmr al-Anṣārī , Moroccan poet and faḳīh , of Andalusian origin, who was born at Rabat, fulfilled the office of ḳāḍī for some time, and from 1224/1809 taught at Marrākus̲h̲. Whilst making the Pilgrimage, he stopped at Tunis, and received there some id̲j̲āza s; he died in the Ḥid̲j̲āz on 10 Rabīʿ I 1243/1 October 1827. Ibn ʿAmr was neither a great faḳīh nor a great poet. His works, which include in particular a dīwān , a fahrasa and a riḥla , have not been preserved in toto, and his fame rests essentially on an imita-tion of the S̲h̲amaḳmaḳiyya of Ibn al-Wannān [ q…

[see al-anbārī , abu ’l-barakāt . Attia Amer has published in succession at Stockholm (Acta Universitatis Stockholmiensis, ii, iii, vi) the Nuzhat al-alibbāʾ (1963), the Lumaʿ al-adilla fī uṣūl al-naḥw (1963) and al-Maḳṣūr wa ’l-mamdūd (1966)].

, Abū Bakr Muḥammad b. ʿAbd Allāh al-Maʿāfirī , a traditionist belonging to Seville; b. 468/1076, d. 543/1148. In 485/1092 he travelled with his father to the East, and spent periods studying in Damascus and Bag̲h̲dād. In 489/1096 he performed the Pilgrimage, after which he returned to Bag̲h̲dād and studied under Abū Ḥāmid al-G̲h̲azālī and others. He then went with his father to Egypt and met traditionists in Cairo and Alexandria. After his father’s death in 493/1100 he returned to…

, Muḥyi ’l-Dīn Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad b. ʿAlī b. Muḥammad b. al-ʿArabī al-Ḥātimī al-Ṭāʾī , known as al-S̲h̲ayk̲h̲ al-Akbar (560/1165-638/1240), was one of the greatest Ṣūfīs of Islam. He is usually referred to—incorrectly—as Ibn ʿArabī, without the article, to distinguish him from Ibn al-ʿArabī, Abū Bakr [ q.v.]; in Turkey he is often referred to as “Muḥyi ’l-Dīn ʿArabī”; whereas some sources ( e.g., al-Kutubī, Fawāt al-wafayāt , Cairo 1951, ii, 487) give his kunya as Abū Bakr, in autograph notes he refers to himself only as Abū ʿAbd Allāh. Life. He was born at …

, Muḥammad b. Ziyād , Abū ʿAbd Allāh , philologian of the school of Kūfa, who is said to have been the son of a slave from Sind who became a mawlā of al-ʿAbbās b. Muḥammad b. ʿAlī al-Hās̲h̲imī. Born at Kūfa in 150/767, he was the pupil principally of al-Kisāʾī [ q.v.], of Abū Muʿāwiya al-Ḍarīr, of al-Ḳāsim b. Maʿn al-Masʿūdī (see Fihrist , Cairo, 103) and of al-Mufaḍḍal al-Ḍabbī [ q.v.], who had married his mother and whose Mufaḍḍaliyyāt he handed on; and he in his turn had many disciples, among them T̲h̲aʿlab [ q.v.], Ibrāhīm al-Ḥarbī and Ibn al-Sikkīt [ q.v.], besides Saʿīd b. Salm b. Ḳutayba, …

, Aḥmad b. Muḥammad b. ʿAbd Allāh b. Ibrāhīm S̲h̲ihāb al-Dīn Abu ’l-ʿAbbās al-Dimas̲h̲ḳī al-Ḥanafī al-ʿAd̲j̲amī , born in 791/1392 in Damascus, was taken with his family to Samarḳand in 803/1400-1, when Tīmūr conquered Damascus and carried off many of its inhabitants (cf. Vita Timuri , ed. Manger, Leeuwaarden 1767-72, ii, 143 ff.); there he studied with al-Ḏj̲urd̲j̲ānī, al-D̲j̲azarī and others, and learned Persian, Turkish and Mongol. In 811/1408-9 he went to K̲h̲aṭā in Mongolia where he studied ḥadīt̲h̲ with al-S̲h̲irāmī, later to K̲h̲wārazm and Das̲h̲t (at Serāy and Ḥād̲j̲d̲…

, Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad al-Warg̲h̲ammī (716/1316-803/1401), the outstanding representative of the Mālikī school in Ḥafṣid Tunisia. He was a Berber from south-eastern Tunisia, and had Tunisian and Marīnid teachers such as Ibn ʿAbd al-Salām, Ibn Salāma, Ibn Hārūn al-Kinānī, ʿUmar b. Ḳaddāḥ, Ibn al-D̲j̲abbāb, Ibn Andarās, and Muḥammad b. Ibrāhīm al-Abullī. After becoming imām of the Great Mosque of Tunis and muftī , he exerted by his knowledge and virtue a considerable influence which extended outside the frontiers of his own country. H…

, Abu’l-ʿAbbās Aḥmad b. Muḥammad b. Mūsā b. ʿAtāʾ Allāh al-Ṣanhād̲j̲ī , a distinguished man of intellect and celebrated Ṣūfī, born according to Ibn K̲h̲allikān on Monday 2 D̲j̲umādā I 481/24 July 1088, died in Marrākus̲h̲ 23 Ṣafar 536/27 September 1141. ¶ His father had once been ʿarīf in Tangier, that is to say he was employed as head of the guard responsible for keeping watch in the town at night. From this circumstance came his surname Ibn al-ʿArīf. Although naturally inclined to a studious life, the young Aḥmad was …

, al-Ḥusayn b. al-Walīd b. Naṣr , Abu ’l-Ḳāsim , Andalusian man of letters in the 4th/10th century. He was known principally as a grammarian, and was always called al-Naḥwī. He was brought up in Cordova, his native city, under the guidance of Ibn al-Ḳūṭiyya [ q.v.], and in Ifrīḳiya under that of Ibn Ras̲h̲īḳ. He spent several years in Egypt, where he outshone his brother al-Ḥasan, also known by the name of Ibn al-ʿArīf (d. 367/977-8), and, on his return to Spain, the ḥād̲j̲ib al-Manṣūr Ibn Abī ʿĀmir appointed him tutor ( muʾaddib ) to his sons. He always took part in the literary gatherings ( mad̲j̲ā…

[see ibn sayḥān ].

, Abu ’l-ʿAbbās Aḥmad , Sīdī b. ʿArūs, (died 868/1463), the greatest Tunisian saint of the late Middle Ages. A native of Cape Bon, at first he performed menial tasks while educating himself, particularly in Ṣūfism, firstly in Tunisia and then in Morocco, where he lived for a long time. He settled finally at Tunis and there lived as a vagabond marabout and miracle-worker, indulging in the most scandalous excesses, and in tak̲h̲rīb , or violation of moral and religious rules. In spite of the protests of some of the fuḳahāʾ he attracted the infatuation of the masse…

, the name of the members of the Banū ʿAsākir family, eminent figures who for almost two centuries, from 470 to 660/1077-1261, held an important position in the history of the town of Damascus and produced a dynasty of S̲h̲āfiʿī scholars. Among the most illustrious members of this remarkable family it is fitting to mention al-Ḥasan b. Hibat Allāh, who was born in 470/1077 and died at Damascus in 519/1125. A grammarian and juris-consult of note, he allied himself by marriage to the family of the Banū Kurās̲h̲ī, which traced its ancestry back to the Umayyads and which included numerous ḳāḍīs …

[see Ḥamdān Ḳarmaṭ ].

, ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. Muḥammad b. al-As̲h̲ʿat̲h̲ , descendant of a noble Kindī family of the Ḥaḍramawt, who became famous because of his insurrection against al-Ḥad̲j̲d̲j̲ād̲j̲ [ q.v.] in 80-2/699-701 or 80-3/699-702. He was the grandson of the famous al-As̲h̲ʿat̲h̲ [ q.v.] (see, further to the references given there, L. Caetani, Annali , 40 A.H. 501-5 for further information, an assessment of him and a very full bibliography; H. Lammens, Moʿawia I er , 131, 150-2), and the son of Muḥammad [ q.v.], who was less famous than his father al-As̲h̲ʿat̲h̲ but nevertheless played an im…

, Abu ’l-ʿAbbās Aḥmad b. Muḥammad b. ʿUmar al-Anṣārī al-Andalusī , Ṣufī of the Marīnid period, patron saint of the town of Salé, where he died in 764 or 765/1362-3. He was a native of Jimena in Spain and, for unknown reasons, left there to settle in Algeciras. There he supported himself by teaching the Ḳurʾān, and seems to have been happy there until one of the holy men with whom he was acquainted, and in whom he had great confidence, advised him to flee from the country before the C…

, patronymic of a family of Idrīsid descent and Moroccan origin which settled in Muslim, Spain. It is said that ʿĀs̲h̲ūr, fleeing from religious persecution, came to settle in Morocco. His son Muḥammad was born at Salé in about 1030/1621 and it was with him that the family’s importance in the history of Tunisia began, at first in the field of “mysticism”, then in those of fiḳh , of teaching and of religious offices. Muḥammad b. ʿĀs̲h̲ūr, who was initiated into mysticism in Morocco by the s̲h̲ayk̲h̲ Muḥammad al-Kud̲j̲ayrī, distinguished himself at Tunis as the leader of a religiou…

, Abū Bakr Muḥammad b. Muḥammad b. Muḥammad b. Muḥammad b. ʿĀṣim al-G̲h̲arnāṭī , a famous Mālikī jurisconsult, grammarian and man of letters. He was born in Granada on 12 D̲j̲umādā I 760/11 April 1359 and died there on 11 S̲h̲awwāl 829/15 August 1426. He had a brother, who was also called Muḥammad but had the kunya Abū Yaḥyā, and a son who also had the kunya Abū Yaḥyā; this last was the author of a ¶ Memorandum on the members of his family (Aḥmad Bābā, Nayl , 285). Ibn ʿĀṣim came of a family of scholars which belonged to the intellectual aristocracy of Granad…

, Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad b. ʿAlī b. al-Ḥusayn b. Miṣbāḥ , Idrīsid s̲h̲arīf and Moroccan author of a highly esteemed hagiographic dictionary. He was born in S̲h̲afs̲h̲āwān (Chechaouen) in 936/1529-30; his father is said to have suffered at the hands of the infidels; his mother, herself an Idrīsid, left a great reputation for saintliness. After moving from place to place in his country, he was appointed by the Saʿdid sultan Mawlāy ʿAbd Allāh, in 967/1559-60, to be ḳāḍī and muftī of the little town of Ḳṣar Kutāma. In 969/1562 he made a long stay in south…

, Muḥammad b. ʿAlī b. Ḵh̲aḍir b. Hārūn al-G̲h̲assānī , an Andalusian faḳīh, philologist, poet and man of letters, who wrote a history of Málaga. Born in a village near this important sea-port ca. 584/1188-9, he was later to hold high judicial office there. Between 626/1229 and 631/1234 he served as deputy of Ibn Hūd’s [see hūdids ] ḳāḍī, Abū ʿAbd Allāh b. al-Ḥasan al-Jud̲h̲amī. In 635/1238 he was appointed ḳāḍī of Naṣrid Málaga by Muḥammad I, and he continued in that office until his death on 4 D̲j̲umādā II 636/12 January 1239. As a young man Ibn ʿAskar was a pupi…

, Coptic family which came originally from the village of Sadamant in the Province of Beni Suef in Middle Egypt at an unknown date and settled in Cairo, where its members rose to wealth and high station at the Ayyūbid court during the 7th/13th century. They owned a residence in the capital and occupied a position of leadership in their own community. Though their history is obscure, they were reckoned among the most learned Copts in mediaeval times. Early modern historians of Egypt appear to have vaguely recognized in Ibn al-ʿAssāl only a single personality in mediaeval C…

, Tād̲j̲ al-Dīn Abu ’l-Faḍl (and Abu ’l-ʿAbbās , see Ibn Farḥūn, Dībād̲j̲ , Cairo 1351, 70) Aḥmad b. Muḥammad b. ʿAbd al-Karīm b. ʿAṭāʾ Allāh al-Iskandarī al-S̲h̲ād̲h̲ilī , Arab mystic, follower of the doctrines of the mystic al-S̲h̲ād̲h̲ilī (d. 656/1258) as a disciple of the mystic Abu ’l-ʿAbbās Aḥmad b. ʿAlī al-Anṣārī al-Mursī (d. 686/1287). He wrote a biographical work on the life and teachings of both mystics, entitled Laṭāʾif al-minan fī manāḳib al-S̲h̲ayk̲h̲ Abu ’l-ʿAbbās wa-S̲h̲ayk̲h̲ihi Abu’l-Ḥasan (Tunis 1304/1886-87; Cairo 1322/1904, on the margin of S̲h̲aʿrānī’s Laṭāʾif …

, Abū Muḥammad Aḥmad Ibn Aʿt̲h̲am al-Kūfī al-Kindī , Arab historian of the 2nd-3rd/8th-9th centuries, author of the Kitāb al-Futūḥ (composed 204/819), see Storey, 1/2, 1260. The unique manuscript, in two volumes, is preserved in Istanbul, Aḥmad III 2956. Yāḳūt ( Irs̲h̲ād , i, 379) ascribes two other books to Ibn Aʿt̲h̲am, both of which are lost. Although little is known about the author, his K. al-Futūḥ proves to be a major source for the early history of the Arabs, from the caliphate of ʿUt̲h̲mān to that of Hārūn al-Ras̲h̲īd, particularl…

, a family name (borne by a number of apparently unrelated families) which was given great and deserved lustre by three brothers, Mad̲j̲d al-Dīn, ʿIzz al-Dīn, and Ḍiyāʾ al-Dīn, who achieved literary fame in the fields of, respectively, philology and religious studies, historiography, and literary criticism. Their father, Muḥammad b. ʿAbd al-Karīm (often but apparently incorrectly: Muḥ. b. Muḥ. b. ʿAbd al-Karīm), whose life spanned the largest part of the 6th/12th century, was a high official of the Zangids of Mosul, stationed in Ḏj̲azīrat Ibn ʿUmar (hence the nisba al-D̲j̲azarī). H…

, ʿAbd al-Malik , an Ismāʿīlī dāʿī who in the mid-5th/11th century was in charge of the Daʿwa in ʿIrāḳ and western Persia. Information about him is scanty. According to the autobiography of Ḥasan-i Ṣabbāḥ [ q.v.], he went to Rayy in Ramaḍān 464/May-June 1072, and enrolled Ḥasan in the Daʿwa. He is also said to have won over the Raʾīs Muẓaffar of Girdkūh, later one of the most active leaders of the Nizārīs. Ẓahīr al-Dīn and Rāwandī also allude to his relations with Ḥasan-i Ṣabbāḥ. According to this version, ʿAbd al-Malik, a resident of Iṣfahān, …

(A.; pl. banāt āwā , rarely abnāʾ / banū āwā ) denotes the jackal ( Canis aureus , formerly Thos aureus ) in a general sense (Persian s̲h̲ag̲h̲āl , Turkish čakal , French chacal ). This small member of the canidae which, anatomically, is nearer the wolf ( d̲h̲iʾb ) than to the fox ( t̲h̲aʿlab ), has never suffered the least confusion with the last-named among the Arabs; the elongated muzzle of the ibn āwā , the round pupil of the eye, not almond-shaped, its long and shining coat and its swifter pace than that of the fox were sufficient for the Bedouin observer to distinguish between them. The jackal is…

[see filāḥa, ii].

, Abū Muḥammad ʿAbd Allāh al-Ḳuras̲h̲i al-S̲h̲ād̲h̲ilī al-Marrākus̲h̲ī , a cobbler of Marrakesh to whom thaumaturgic gifts were attributed and who died in an odour of sanctity in 1204/1789. His tomb, situated in his own residence at Bāb Aylān, has been continuously visited because of its reputation of curing the sick. Although he had not received a very advanced education, Ibn ʿAzzūz nevertheless succeeded in leaving behind an abundant body of works, dealing mainly with mysticism a…

[see al-Ḳās̲h̲ānī ].

, Abū D̲j̲aʿfar Muḥammad b. Abu ’l-Ḥasan ʿAlī b. Ḥusayn b. Mūsā al-Ḳummī , known as al-Ṣadūḳ , is universally regarded among the It̲h̲nāʿas̲h̲arī S̲h̲īʿīs as one of their foremost doctors and traditionists. E. G. Browne says “the most important of these earlier divines are the three Muḥammads, al-Kulaynī (Md. b. Yaʿḳūb, d. 329/941), Ibn Bābawayhi (Md. b. ʿAlī b. Ḥusayn b. Mūsā, d. 381/991-2) and Ṭūsī (Md. b. rlasan, 460/1067)” (Browne, iv, 358-9). The first composed the Kāfī the second Man lā yaḥḍuru-hu ’l-faḳīh , and the third the Istibṣār and Tahd̲h̲īb al-Aḥkām , …

[see muʿizz b. bādīs ].

(dialectal pron.: Ben Badīs), ʿAbd al-Ḥamīd b. al-Muṣṭafā b. Makkī , founder of the orthodox reformist movement in Algeria, born at Constantine in 1889. After studying at the Islamic university of Tunis (al-Zaytūna), he devoted himself to private teaching in a mosque in his native town and ¶ led an unspectacular life until 1925, when he turned to journalism. He founded a newspaper, al-Muntaḳid (“The Critic”), which went out of circulation after a few months. Immediately afterwards he founded a new newspaper, al-S̲h̲ihāb (“The Meteor”), which soon took th…

(Latinized as Avempace), Abū Bakr Muḥammad b. Yaḥyā b. al-Ṣāʾig̲h̲ al-Tud̲j̲ībī al-Andalusī al-Saraḳusṭī , a celebrated philosopher and wazīr in 6th/12th century Spain, and according to Ibn K̲h̲aldūn, who ranked him with Ibn Rus̲h̲d (Averroes) [ q.v.] in the West and al-Fārābī [ q.v.] and Ibn Sīnā (Avicenna) [ q.v.] in the East, one of the greatest philosophers of Islam. Ibn Bād̲j̲d̲j̲a was also well known as a poet, musician and composer of popular songs. Examples of his verses showing a real lyrical gift are to be found in the mediaeval Arab…

[see ibn ʿabdūn ].

, Abū Bakr Yaḥyā b. Aḥmad (in some sources: Yaḥyā b. Muḥammad b. ʿAbd al-Raḥmān), Andalusian poet born at the end of the 5th/11th century. Although he is considered by Arab biographers and in some modern works to be from Cordova (al-Ḳurṭubī), Ibn al-Abbār, Ibn Saʿīd (whose grandfather knew him personally) and Ibn Bassām refer to him as al-Ṭulayṭulī, and the latter states that the disturbances at Toledo ( fitnat Ṭulayṭula ) forced him to leave this town. At This time, probably about 477/1085, the year during which Alfonso VI conquered the town,…

[see al-bāḳillānī ].

, Abū Ṭāhir Muḥammad , vizier to the Būyid ʿIzz al-Dawla Bak̲h̲tiyār [ q.v.], whose history is perhaps difficult to relate objectively since the chroniclers, who wrote from the point of view of the military or bureaucratic aristocracy, were a priori hostile to a parvenu such as he. Coming from a peasant family of Awana (Upper ʿIrāḳ), he had taken advantage of the disturbances during the first half of the 4th/10th century to organize a force which had seized control of the tolls on the Tigris at Takrīt. At the time of the conquest of ʿ…

, S̲h̲araf al-Dīn Abū D̲j̲aʿfar Aḥmad b. Muḥammad b. Saʿīd , vizier of al-Mustand̲j̲id. In 563/1167-8 Ibn al-Baladī, who at that time was Nāẓir in Wāsiṭ, was appointed vizier. There was an old feud between him and the ustād-dār ʿAḍūd al-Dīn Muḥammad b. ʿAbd Allāh. After the murder of the caliph in Rabīʿ II 566/December 1170 by ʿAḍud al-Dīn and the amīr Ḳuṭb al-Dīn, they forced his successor al-Mustaḍīʾ to appoint ʿAḍud al-Dīn vizier, whereupon Ibn al-Baladi was executed. (K.V. Zetterstéen) Bibliography Ibn al-Ṭiḳṭaḳā, al-Fak̲h̲rī, ed. Derenbourg, 426-9 (Eng. tr. Whitting, 305 f.) Ibn al…

, Persian author of the Sald̲j̲ūḳ period who wrote a local history and topographical account of his native province Fārs, the Fārs-nāma . Nothing is known of him save what can be gleaned from his book, nor is the exact form of his name known, but his ancestors came from Balk̲h̲. His grandfather was mustawfī or accountant for Fārs under Berk-yaruḳ b. Malik S̲h̲āh’s governor there, the Atabeg Rukn al-Dawla or Nad̲j̲m al-Dawla Ḵh̲umārtigin, and Ibn al-Balk̲h̲ī acquired his extensive local knowledge of Fārs through accompanying hi…

, ʿAmr , famous singer, poet and musician of Bag̲h̲dād, mawlā of the T̲h̲aḳīf, died in 278/891 at Sāmarrā. His father was a famous secretary and a high official. His mother, Bāna, whose name he bears, was the daughter of Rawḥ, secretary of Salāma al-Waṣīf. Ibn Bāna was a very cultured, yet a very proud man. He was the supporter and protégé of Ibrāhīm b. al-Mahdī and among the most bitter enemies of Isḥāḳ al-Mawṣilī, whom he accused of regarding music merely as a profession, whereas f…

, Abū ʿAlī al-Ḥasan b. Aḥmad b. ʿAbd Allāh al-Bag̲h̲dādī (396/1005-471/1079), Ḳurʾānic scholar, traditionist and jurisconsult of the Ḥanbalī School in Bag̲h̲dād; he studied law under the direction of the ḳāḍī Abū ʿAlī b. Abī Mūsā al-Hās̲h̲imī (d. 428/1037), and later under the ḳāḍī, Abū Yaʿlā b. al-Farrāʾ (d. 458/1066). The available sources tell us nothing of his family origins; he apparently lived all his life in Bag̲h̲dād, where he died on 5 Rad̲j̲ab 471/11 January 1079. His scholarship was the subject of criticism as well as praise b…

, Abu ’l-ʿAbbās Aḥmad b. Muḥammad b. ʿUt̲h̲mān al-Azdī , a versatile Moroccan scholar whose reputation rests mainly on his knowledge of mathematics, astronomy, astrology and occult sciences. Born in Marrākus̲h̲ on 9 D̲h̲u ’l-Ḥid̲j̲d̲j̲a 654/29 December 1256, he studied the traditional sciences—Arabic language, grammar, the Ḳurʾān, ḥadīt̲h̲ and fiḳh— in his native town, where he was initiated into mathematics and medicine by masters whose identification is still in dispute, though he is known to have attached himself to the saint of Ag̲h̲māt [ q.v.], Abū Zayd ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-H…

, Abū Muḥammad ʿAbd Allāh b. Muḥammad b. Baraka al-ʿUmānī , Ibāḍī author born in the village of Bahlā in ʿUmān. The exact dates of his life are unknown. However, an Ibāḍī writer of ʿUmān, Ibn Mudād, regards him as a disciple and supporter of the imām Saʿd b. ʿAbd Allāh b. Maḥbūb, who was killed in 328/939-40. He himself played a considerable part in political life in ʿUmān and wrote several historical and juridical works, of which only the following survive: (1) K. al-Ḏj̲āmiʿ . dealing with the principles of law; (2) K. al-Muwāzana , on the state of ʿUmān in the time of ¶ the imām al-Ṣalt b. Mālik; i…

, Abu ’l-Ḥakam ʿAbd al-Salām b. ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. Muḥammad b. ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-Lak̲h̲mī , an Andalusian mystic theologian, born in North Africa, who taught in Seville during the first half of the 6th/12th century. His name is often associated with that of the celebrated Ṣūfī Ibn al-ʿArīf [ q.v.], head of the Almeria school. With Ibn Ḳasī and Abū Bakr al-Mayūrḳī, these two men were indeed the leaders of the resistance movement directed against the Almoravids by the canonists and traditionalists and, in general, by those men of religion who, un…

, Abū Muḥammad ʿAbd Allāh b. Barrī b. ʿAbd al-D̲j̲abbār al-Maḳdisī (so called after his family’s place of origin) al-Miṣrī al-S̲h̲āfiʿī Arab grammarian born at Cairo on 5 Rad̲j̲ab 499/13 March 1106 and died there 27 S̲h̲awwāl 582/11 January 1187. He studied under the masters of that period (see Ibn K̲h̲allikān. ii, 293); when he himself was a master, among his disciples was Abū Mūsā al-Ḏj̲azūlī al-Naḥwī [ q.v.]. During the whole of Ibn Barrī’s life the Crusades were in progress (capture of Jerusalem by the Crusaders, 1099; disastrous defeat of the Crusaders at Ḥa…

, Abu ’l-Ḥasan ʿAlī b. Muḥ. b. ʿAlī b. Muḥ. b. al-Ḥusayn al-Ribāṭī , Moroccan scholar born in Taza in about 660/1261-2, died in the same town in about 731/1331. Deeply versed in the Islamic sciences, Ibn Barrī owes his renown to an urd̲j̲ūza of 242 verses, al-Durar al-lawāmiʿ fī aṣl maḳrāʾ al-imām Nāfiʿ , completed in 697/1298 and dealing with the “reading” of Nāfiʿ [ q.v.]; this work, published several times in Cairo and Tunis in collections of treatises of Ḳurʾānic orthoepy and orthography, enjoyed a very great vogue in North Africa. From the same author has survived another urd̲j̲ūza of 30 …

, Abu ’l-Ḳāsim K̲h̲alaf b. ʿAbd al-Malik b. Masʿūd b. Mūsā, b. Bas̲h̲kuwāl b. yūsuf b. Dāḥa b. Dāḳa b. Naṣr b. ʿAbd al-Karīm b. Wāḳid al-Anṣārī , an Andalusian scholar of Spanish origin, as his name “son of Pascual” indicates, was a native of Sorrión, an unknown village of the vega of Valencia, which is not to be confused with Sarrión in the province of Teruel. He was born in Cordova on 3 D̲h̲u ’l-Ḥid̲j̲d̲j̲a 949/29 September noi and died there on the night of Tuesday-Wednesday 8 Ramaḍān 578/4-5 Janu…

[see filāḥa, ii].

, Abu ’l-Ḥasan ʿAlī b. Bassām al-S̲h̲antarīnī , Andalusian poet and anthologist, a native of Santarem. Forced to flee from his native town when it was taken by Alfonso V of Castile (485/1092-3), he went to Cordova for the first time in 493/1100 and, during the following years, undertook at Seville the compiling of his D̲h̲ak̲h̲īra and the collecting of the dīwāns of some great poets of the 5th/11th century: al-Muʿtamid, Ibn Wahbūn, Ibn ʿAmmār; he also collected the correspondence of the prince of Murcia, Ibn Ṭāhir, and collected in o…

, Abu ’l-Ḥasan ʿAlī b. Muḥ. b. Naṣr b. Manṣūr b. Bassām al-ʿAbartāʾī , poet and writer of Bag̲h̲dād. His grandfather, Naṣr, had held high office during the caliphate of al-Muʿtaṣim (see Sourdel, Vizirat , 252), and he himself was at one time employed in the service of the barīd [ q.v.]; he probably carried out other administrative duties, since his biographers attribute to him a collection of letters ( rasāʾil ) which are unlikely to have been of a private nature. However, his fame rests on his epigrams, very brief, for he was short-winded, bu…

, more generally known under the name of Ibn Baṭṭa , Ḥanbalī theologian and jurisconsult, born at ʿUkbarā in 304/917. He received his early education at Bag̲h̲dād, where he went while still very young, in 315 or 316/927 or 928, his principal teachers being, together with a number of less well-known ʿulamāʾ , Abu ’l-Ḳāsim al-K̲h̲irakī (d. 334/945), the author of the famous Muk̲h̲taṣar , and Abū Bakr al-Nad̲j̲d̲j̲ād (d. 348/960), the renowned jurisconsult, traditionist and preacher, who gave his courses in the mosque of al-Manṣūr. He stud…

(sometimes Baṭūṭa ), S̲h̲ams al-Dīn Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad b. ʿAbd Allāh b. Muḥammad b. Ibrāhīm b. Muḥammad b. Ibrāhīm b. Yūsuf al-Lawātī al-Ṭand̲j̲ī , Moorish traveller born at Tangier on 17 Rad̲j̲ab 703/25 February 1304, died in Morocco in 770/1368-9 or 779/1377, after many lengthy journeys which make him one of the world’s most famous travellers ( d̲j̲awwāla ) and authors of travel-books ( riḥla ). The chronology of his journeys may, in spite of some uncertainties of detail, be set out as follows: (1) Departure from Tangiers 2 Rad̲j̲ab 725/13 June 1325; Nor…

, Abu ’l-Ḥasan ʿAlī b. Hilāl , known also under the name of Ibn al-Sitrī, famous calligrapher of the Buwayhid period who died in Bag̲h̲dād in 413/1022 (This date is more probable than 423/1031). He frequented the governmental circles of the period, as he was closely attached to the vizier Fak̲h̲r al-Mulk Abū G̲h̲ālib Muḥammad b. K̲h̲alaf at Bag̲h̲dād and was for some time in charge of the library of the Buwayhid Bahāʾ al-Dawla at S̲h̲īrāz. He was also an illuminator (at least one…

, Abu Muḥammad ʿAbd Allāh b. Aḥmad al-Dīn b. al-Bayṭār al-Mālaḳī , botanist and pharmacologist, born in Malaga at the end of the 6th/12th century. He probably belonged to the family of the same name whose existence in Malaga is attested by Ibn al-Abbār ( Muʿd̲j̲am , nos. 35, 165, 241). He studied in Seville and collected plants in the districts round the town with his teachers Abu ’l-ʿAbbās al-Nabātī, ʿAbd Allāh b. Ṣāliḥ and Abu ’l-Ḥad̲j̲d̲j̲ād̲j̲. In about 617/1220 he emigrated to the East: after crossing North Africa…

, Tawakkulī ( Tūklī ) b. Ismāʿīl , murīd of S̲h̲ayk̲h̲ Ṣadr al-Dīn al-Ardabīlī (d. 794/1391-2), son and first successor of S̲h̲ayk̲h̲ Ṣafī al-Dīn al-Ardabīlī (d. 735/1334), the founder of the Ṣūfī order of the Ṣafawiyya and, as ancestor of S̲h̲āh Ismāʿīl I (d. 930/1524 [ q.v.]), the eponym of the Ṣafawids [ q.v.; see also ardabīl ]. The exact dates of Ibn al-Bazzāz are unknown. At the stimulus of S̲h̲ayk̲h̲ Ṣadr al-Dīn he composed a biography of S̲h̲ayk̲h̲ Ṣafī al-Dīn, with the title Ṣafwat al-ṣafāʾ or Mawāhib al-saniyya fī manāḳib al-ṣafawiyya . Written in a simp…

, al-Ḥusayn b. Muḥammad b. ʿAlī al-D̲j̲aʿfarī al-Rug̲h̲adī , known by the name of Ibn al-Bībī al-Munad̲j̲d̲j̲ima (son of the “lady”, the astrologer) or simply Ibn Bībī, is the author of al-Awāmir al-ʿAlāʾiyya fi ’l-umūr al-ʿAlāʾiyya , written in Persian, which was completed early in 680 A.H. (beg. 22 April 1281); it deals with the period from 588/1192 to 679/1280 and is an extremely important work for the history of the Seld̲j̲ūks of Rūm in whose domains it was written. This work is neither a chronicle nor a …

, Yūsuf ( Yünus ?) b. Isḥāḳ al-Isrāʾīlī , Judaeo-Arab physician and pharmacist who lived in Almeria ca. 1100 A.D. There he wrote the K. al-Mustaʿīnī for al-Mustaʿīn billāh Abū D̲j̲aʿfar Aḥmad b. Yūsuf al-Muʾtamin billāh (reigned 478-503/1085-1109), the Hūdid ruler of Saragossa [see hūdids ], after whom the work was named. The book must have attracted attention immediately, for it is often quoted by al-G̲h̲āfiḳī [ q.v. above], a younger contemporary of Ibn Biklāris̲h̲, in his K. al-Adwiya al-mufrada ; in the Latin version of the latter under the name Bu…

, Abū Bakr Muḥammad b. ʿAlī b. al-Ḥasan (or al-Ḥusayn) al-Ṣiḳillī , lexicogragrapher and philologist born in Sicily towards the end of the 4th/10th century. After studying in the east (in 415/1024 he was at Alexandria and Mahdiyya with Abu ’l-Ṭāhir Ismāʿīl al-Tud̲j̲ībī al-Barḳī) he returned to the island at the end of the Kalbī period at the time when the country was split up by the greed of several ḳāʾids . It was one of these ḳāʾids, Ibn Mankūd (the sources do not agree on the spelling of this name), the ruler of Mazara, who welcomed him warmly. Ibn al-Birr devoted him…

[see al-birzālī ].

, [see ʿut̲h̲mān b. ʿabd allāh].

[see saʿīd b. al-biṭrīḳ ].