Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition

, Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad b. Muḥammad b. ʿAmr al-Anṣārī , Moroccan poet and faḳīh , of Andalusian origin, who was born at Rabat, fulfilled the office of ḳāḍī for some time, and from 1224/1809 taught at Marrākus̲h̲. Whilst making the Pilgrimage, he stopped at Tunis, and received there some id̲j̲āza s; he died in the Ḥid̲j̲āz on 10 Rabīʿ I 1243/1 October 1827. Ibn ʿAmr was neither a great faḳīh nor a great poet. His works, which include in particular a dīwān , a fahrasa and a riḥla , have not been preserved in toto, and his fame rests essentially on an imita-tion of the S̲h̲amaḳmaḳiyya of Ibn al-Wannān [ q…

[see al-anbārī , abu ’l-barakāt . Attia Amer has published in succession at Stockholm (Acta Universitatis Stockholmiensis, ii, iii, vi) the Nuzhat al-alibbāʾ (1963), the Lumaʿ al-adilla fī uṣūl al-naḥw (1963) and al-Maḳṣūr wa ’l-mamdūd (1966)].

, Abū Bakr Muḥammad b. ʿAbd Allāh al-Maʿāfirī , a traditionist belonging to Seville; b. 468/1076, d. 543/1148. In 485/1092 he travelled with his father to the East, and spent periods studying in Damascus and Bag̲h̲dād. In 489/1096 he performed the Pilgrimage, after which he returned to Bag̲h̲dād and studied under Abū Ḥāmid al-G̲h̲azālī and others. He then went with his father to Egypt and met traditionists in Cairo and Alexandria. After his father’s death in 493/1100 he returned to…

, Muḥyi ’l-Dīn Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad b. ʿAlī b. Muḥammad b. al-ʿArabī al-Ḥātimī al-Ṭāʾī , known as al-S̲h̲ayk̲h̲ al-Akbar (560/1165-638/1240), was one of the greatest Ṣūfīs of Islam. He is usually referred to—incorrectly—as Ibn ʿArabī, without the article, to distinguish him from Ibn al-ʿArabī, Abū Bakr [ q.v.]; in Turkey he is often referred to as “Muḥyi ’l-Dīn ʿArabī”; whereas some sources ( e.g., al-Kutubī, Fawāt al-wafayāt , Cairo 1951, ii, 487) give his kunya as Abū Bakr, in autograph notes he refers to himself only as Abū ʿAbd Allāh. Life. He was born at …

, Muḥammad b. Ziyād , Abū ʿAbd Allāh , philologian of the school of Kūfa, who is said to have been the son of a slave from Sind who became a mawlā of al-ʿAbbās b. Muḥammad b. ʿAlī al-Hās̲h̲imī. Born at Kūfa in 150/767, he was the pupil principally of al-Kisāʾī [ q.v.], of Abū Muʿāwiya al-Ḍarīr, of al-Ḳāsim b. Maʿn al-Masʿūdī (see Fihrist , Cairo, 103) and of al-Mufaḍḍal al-Ḍabbī [ q.v.], who had married his mother and whose Mufaḍḍaliyyāt he handed on; and he in his turn had many disciples, among them T̲h̲aʿlab [ q.v.], Ibrāhīm al-Ḥarbī and Ibn al-Sikkīt [ q.v.], besides Saʿīd b. Salm b. Ḳutayba, …

, Aḥmad b. Muḥammad b. ʿAbd Allāh b. Ibrāhīm S̲h̲ihāb al-Dīn Abu ’l-ʿAbbās al-Dimas̲h̲ḳī al-Ḥanafī al-ʿAd̲j̲amī , born in 791/1392 in Damascus, was taken with his family to Samarḳand in 803/1400-1, when Tīmūr conquered Damascus and carried off many of its inhabitants (cf. Vita Timuri , ed. Manger, Leeuwaarden 1767-72, ii, 143 ff.); there he studied with al-Ḏj̲urd̲j̲ānī, al-D̲j̲azarī and others, and learned Persian, Turkish and Mongol. In 811/1408-9 he went to K̲h̲aṭā in Mongolia where he studied ḥadīt̲h̲ with al-S̲h̲irāmī, later to K̲h̲wārazm and Das̲h̲t (at Serāy and Ḥād̲j̲d̲…

, Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad al-Warg̲h̲ammī (716/1316-803/1401), the outstanding representative of the Mālikī school in Ḥafṣid Tunisia. He was a Berber from south-eastern Tunisia, and had Tunisian and Marīnid teachers such as Ibn ʿAbd al-Salām, Ibn Salāma, Ibn Hārūn al-Kinānī, ʿUmar b. Ḳaddāḥ, Ibn al-D̲j̲abbāb, Ibn Andarās, and Muḥammad b. Ibrāhīm al-Abullī. After becoming imām of the Great Mosque of Tunis and muftī , he exerted by his knowledge and virtue a considerable influence which extended outside the frontiers of his own country. H…

, Abu’l-ʿAbbās Aḥmad b. Muḥammad b. Mūsā b. ʿAtāʾ Allāh al-Ṣanhād̲j̲ī , a distinguished man of intellect and celebrated Ṣūfī, born according to Ibn K̲h̲allikān on Monday 2 D̲j̲umādā I 481/24 July 1088, died in Marrākus̲h̲ 23 Ṣafar 536/27 September 1141. ¶ His father had once been ʿarīf in Tangier, that is to say he was employed as head of the guard responsible for keeping watch in the town at night. From this circumstance came his surname Ibn al-ʿArīf. Although naturally inclined to a studious life, the young Aḥmad was …

, al-Ḥusayn b. al-Walīd b. Naṣr , Abu ’l-Ḳāsim , Andalusian man of letters in the 4th/10th century. He was known principally as a grammarian, and was always called al-Naḥwī. He was brought up in Cordova, his native city, under the guidance of Ibn al-Ḳūṭiyya [ q.v.], and in Ifrīḳiya under that of Ibn Ras̲h̲īḳ. He spent several years in Egypt, where he outshone his brother al-Ḥasan, also known by the name of Ibn al-ʿArīf (d. 367/977-8), and, on his return to Spain, the ḥād̲j̲ib al-Manṣūr Ibn Abī ʿĀmir appointed him tutor ( muʾaddib ) to his sons. He always took part in the literary gatherings ( mad̲j̲ā…

[see ibn sayḥān ].

, Abu ’l-ʿAbbās Aḥmad , Sīdī b. ʿArūs, (died 868/1463), the greatest Tunisian saint of the late Middle Ages. A native of Cape Bon, at first he performed menial tasks while educating himself, particularly in Ṣūfism, firstly in Tunisia and then in Morocco, where he lived for a long time. He settled finally at Tunis and there lived as a vagabond marabout and miracle-worker, indulging in the most scandalous excesses, and in tak̲h̲rīb , or violation of moral and religious rules. In spite of the protests of some of the fuḳahāʾ he attracted the infatuation of the masse…

, the name of the members of the Banū ʿAsākir family, eminent figures who for almost two centuries, from 470 to 660/1077-1261, held an important position in the history of the town of Damascus and produced a dynasty of S̲h̲āfiʿī scholars. Among the most illustrious members of this remarkable family it is fitting to mention al-Ḥasan b. Hibat Allāh, who was born in 470/1077 and died at Damascus in 519/1125. A grammarian and juris-consult of note, he allied himself by marriage to the family of the Banū Kurās̲h̲ī, which traced its ancestry back to the Umayyads and which included numerous ḳāḍīs …

[see Ḥamdān Ḳarmaṭ ].

, ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. Muḥammad b. al-As̲h̲ʿat̲h̲ , descendant of a noble Kindī family of the Ḥaḍramawt, who became famous because of his insurrection against al-Ḥad̲j̲d̲j̲ād̲j̲ [ q.v.] in 80-2/699-701 or 80-3/699-702. He was the grandson of the famous al-As̲h̲ʿat̲h̲ [ q.v.] (see, further to the references given there, L. Caetani, Annali , 40 A.H. 501-5 for further information, an assessment of him and a very full bibliography; H. Lammens, Moʿawia I er , 131, 150-2), and the son of Muḥammad [ q.v.], who was less famous than his father al-As̲h̲ʿat̲h̲ but nevertheless played an im…

, Abu ’l-ʿAbbās Aḥmad b. Muḥammad b. ʿUmar al-Anṣārī al-Andalusī , Ṣufī of the Marīnid period, patron saint of the town of Salé, where he died in 764 or 765/1362-3. He was a native of Jimena in Spain and, for unknown reasons, left there to settle in Algeciras. There he supported himself by teaching the Ḳurʾān, and seems to have been happy there until one of the holy men with whom he was acquainted, and in whom he had great confidence, advised him to flee from the country before the C…

, patronymic of a family of Idrīsid descent and Moroccan origin which settled in Muslim, Spain. It is said that ʿĀs̲h̲ūr, fleeing from religious persecution, came to settle in Morocco. His son Muḥammad was born at Salé in about 1030/1621 and it was with him that the family’s importance in the history of Tunisia began, at first in the field of “mysticism”, then in those of fiḳh , of teaching and of religious offices. Muḥammad b. ʿĀs̲h̲ūr, who was initiated into mysticism in Morocco by the s̲h̲ayk̲h̲ Muḥammad al-Kud̲j̲ayrī, distinguished himself at Tunis as the leader of a religiou…

, Abū Bakr Muḥammad b. Muḥammad b. Muḥammad b. Muḥammad b. ʿĀṣim al-G̲h̲arnāṭī , a famous Mālikī jurisconsult, grammarian and man of letters. He was born in Granada on 12 D̲j̲umādā I 760/11 April 1359 and died there on 11 S̲h̲awwāl 829/15 August 1426. He had a brother, who was also called Muḥammad but had the kunya Abū Yaḥyā, and a son who also had the kunya Abū Yaḥyā; this last was the author of a ¶ Memorandum on the members of his family (Aḥmad Bābā, Nayl , 285). Ibn ʿĀṣim came of a family of scholars which belonged to the intellectual aristocracy of Granad…

, Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad b. ʿAlī b. al-Ḥusayn b. Miṣbāḥ , Idrīsid s̲h̲arīf and Moroccan author of a highly esteemed hagiographic dictionary. He was born in S̲h̲afs̲h̲āwān (Chechaouen) in 936/1529-30; his father is said to have suffered at the hands of the infidels; his mother, herself an Idrīsid, left a great reputation for saintliness. After moving from place to place in his country, he was appointed by the Saʿdid sultan Mawlāy ʿAbd Allāh, in 967/1559-60, to be ḳāḍī and muftī of the little town of Ḳṣar Kutāma. In 969/1562 he made a long stay in south…

, Muḥammad b. ʿAlī b. Ḵh̲aḍir b. Hārūn al-G̲h̲assānī , an Andalusian faḳīh, philologist, poet and man of letters, who wrote a history of Málaga. Born in a village near this important sea-port ca. 584/1188-9, he was later to hold high judicial office there. Between 626/1229 and 631/1234 he served as deputy of Ibn Hūd’s [see hūdids ] ḳāḍī, Abū ʿAbd Allāh b. al-Ḥasan al-Jud̲h̲amī. In 635/1238 he was appointed ḳāḍī of Naṣrid Málaga by Muḥammad I, and he continued in that office until his death on 4 D̲j̲umādā II 636/12 January 1239. As a young man Ibn ʿAskar was a pupi…

, Coptic family which came originally from the village of Sadamant in the Province of Beni Suef in Middle Egypt at an unknown date and settled in Cairo, where its members rose to wealth and high station at the Ayyūbid court during the 7th/13th century. They owned a residence in the capital and occupied a position of leadership in their own community. Though their history is obscure, they were reckoned among the most learned Copts in mediaeval times. Early modern historians of Egypt appear to have vaguely recognized in Ibn al-ʿAssāl only a single personality in mediaeval C…

, Tād̲j̲ al-Dīn Abu ’l-Faḍl (and Abu ’l-ʿAbbās , see Ibn Farḥūn, Dībād̲j̲ , Cairo 1351, 70) Aḥmad b. Muḥammad b. ʿAbd al-Karīm b. ʿAṭāʾ Allāh al-Iskandarī al-S̲h̲ād̲h̲ilī , Arab mystic, follower of the doctrines of the mystic al-S̲h̲ād̲h̲ilī (d. 656/1258) as a disciple of the mystic Abu ’l-ʿAbbās Aḥmad b. ʿAlī al-Anṣārī al-Mursī (d. 686/1287). He wrote a biographical work on the life and teachings of both mystics, entitled Laṭāʾif al-minan fī manāḳib al-S̲h̲ayk̲h̲ Abu ’l-ʿAbbās wa-S̲h̲ayk̲h̲ihi Abu’l-Ḥasan (Tunis 1304/1886-87; Cairo 1322/1904, on the margin of S̲h̲aʿrānī’s Laṭāʾif …

, Abū Muḥammad Aḥmad Ibn Aʿt̲h̲am al-Kūfī al-Kindī , Arab historian of the 2nd-3rd/8th-9th centuries, author of the Kitāb al-Futūḥ (composed 204/819), see Storey, 1/2, 1260. The unique manuscript, in two volumes, is preserved in Istanbul, Aḥmad III 2956. Yāḳūt ( Irs̲h̲ād , i, 379) ascribes two other books to Ibn Aʿt̲h̲am, both of which are lost. Although little is known about the author, his K. al-Futūḥ proves to be a major source for the early history of the Arabs, from the caliphate of ʿUt̲h̲mān to that of Hārūn al-Ras̲h̲īd, particularl…

, a family name (borne by a number of apparently unrelated families) which was given great and deserved lustre by three brothers, Mad̲j̲d al-Dīn, ʿIzz al-Dīn, and Ḍiyāʾ al-Dīn, who achieved literary fame in the fields of, respectively, philology and religious studies, historiography, and literary criticism. Their father, Muḥammad b. ʿAbd al-Karīm (often but apparently incorrectly: Muḥ. b. Muḥ. b. ʿAbd al-Karīm), whose life spanned the largest part of the 6th/12th century, was a high official of the Zangids of Mosul, stationed in Ḏj̲azīrat Ibn ʿUmar (hence the nisba al-D̲j̲azarī). H…

, ʿAbd al-Malik , an Ismāʿīlī dāʿī who in the mid-5th/11th century was in charge of the Daʿwa in ʿIrāḳ and western Persia. Information about him is scanty. According to the autobiography of Ḥasan-i Ṣabbāḥ [ q.v.], he went to Rayy in Ramaḍān 464/May-June 1072, and enrolled Ḥasan in the Daʿwa. He is also said to have won over the Raʾīs Muẓaffar of Girdkūh, later one of the most active leaders of the Nizārīs. Ẓahīr al-Dīn and Rāwandī also allude to his relations with Ḥasan-i Ṣabbāḥ. According to this version, ʿAbd al-Malik, a resident of Iṣfahān, …

(A.; pl. banāt āwā , rarely abnāʾ / banū āwā ) denotes the jackal ( Canis aureus , formerly Thos aureus ) in a general sense (Persian s̲h̲ag̲h̲āl , Turkish čakal , French chacal ). This small member of the canidae which, anatomically, is nearer the wolf ( d̲h̲iʾb ) than to the fox ( t̲h̲aʿlab ), has never suffered the least confusion with the last-named among the Arabs; the elongated muzzle of the ibn āwā , the round pupil of the eye, not almond-shaped, its long and shining coat and its swifter pace than that of the fox were sufficient for the Bedouin observer to distinguish between them. The jackal is…

[see filāḥa, ii].

, Abū Muḥammad ʿAbd Allāh al-Ḳuras̲h̲i al-S̲h̲ād̲h̲ilī al-Marrākus̲h̲ī , a cobbler of Marrakesh to whom thaumaturgic gifts were attributed and who died in an odour of sanctity in 1204/1789. His tomb, situated in his own residence at Bāb Aylān, has been continuously visited because of its reputation of curing the sick. Although he had not received a very advanced education, Ibn ʿAzzūz nevertheless succeeded in leaving behind an abundant body of works, dealing mainly with mysticism a…

[see al-Ḳās̲h̲ānī ].

, Abū D̲j̲aʿfar Muḥammad b. Abu ’l-Ḥasan ʿAlī b. Ḥusayn b. Mūsā al-Ḳummī , known as al-Ṣadūḳ , is universally regarded among the It̲h̲nāʿas̲h̲arī S̲h̲īʿīs as one of their foremost doctors and traditionists. E. G. Browne says “the most important of these earlier divines are the three Muḥammads, al-Kulaynī (Md. b. Yaʿḳūb, d. 329/941), Ibn Bābawayhi (Md. b. ʿAlī b. Ḥusayn b. Mūsā, d. 381/991-2) and Ṭūsī (Md. b. rlasan, 460/1067)” (Browne, iv, 358-9). The first composed the Kāfī the second Man lā yaḥḍuru-hu ’l-faḳīh , and the third the Istibṣār and Tahd̲h̲īb al-Aḥkām , …

[see muʿizz b. bādīs ].

(dialectal pron.: Ben Badīs), ʿAbd al-Ḥamīd b. al-Muṣṭafā b. Makkī , founder of the orthodox reformist movement in Algeria, born at Constantine in 1889. After studying at the Islamic university of Tunis (al-Zaytūna), he devoted himself to private teaching in a mosque in his native town and ¶ led an unspectacular life until 1925, when he turned to journalism. He founded a newspaper, al-Muntaḳid (“The Critic”), which went out of circulation after a few months. Immediately afterwards he founded a new newspaper, al-S̲h̲ihāb (“The Meteor”), which soon took th…

(Latinized as Avempace), Abū Bakr Muḥammad b. Yaḥyā b. al-Ṣāʾig̲h̲ al-Tud̲j̲ībī al-Andalusī al-Saraḳusṭī , a celebrated philosopher and wazīr in 6th/12th century Spain, and according to Ibn K̲h̲aldūn, who ranked him with Ibn Rus̲h̲d (Averroes) [ q.v.] in the West and al-Fārābī [ q.v.] and Ibn Sīnā (Avicenna) [ q.v.] in the East, one of the greatest philosophers of Islam. Ibn Bād̲j̲d̲j̲a was also well known as a poet, musician and composer of popular songs. Examples of his verses showing a real lyrical gift are to be found in the mediaeval Arab…

[see ibn ʿabdūn ].

, Abū Bakr Yaḥyā b. Aḥmad (in some sources: Yaḥyā b. Muḥammad b. ʿAbd al-Raḥmān), Andalusian poet born at the end of the 5th/11th century. Although he is considered by Arab biographers and in some modern works to be from Cordova (al-Ḳurṭubī), Ibn al-Abbār, Ibn Saʿīd (whose grandfather knew him personally) and Ibn Bassām refer to him as al-Ṭulayṭulī, and the latter states that the disturbances at Toledo ( fitnat Ṭulayṭula ) forced him to leave this town. At This time, probably about 477/1085, the year during which Alfonso VI conquered the town,…

[see al-bāḳillānī ].

, Abū Ṭāhir Muḥammad , vizier to the Būyid ʿIzz al-Dawla Bak̲h̲tiyār [ q.v.], whose history is perhaps difficult to relate objectively since the chroniclers, who wrote from the point of view of the military or bureaucratic aristocracy, were a priori hostile to a parvenu such as he. Coming from a peasant family of Awana (Upper ʿIrāḳ), he had taken advantage of the disturbances during the first half of the 4th/10th century to organize a force which had seized control of the tolls on the Tigris at Takrīt. At the time of the conquest of ʿ…

, S̲h̲araf al-Dīn Abū D̲j̲aʿfar Aḥmad b. Muḥammad b. Saʿīd , vizier of al-Mustand̲j̲id. In 563/1167-8 Ibn al-Baladī, who at that time was Nāẓir in Wāsiṭ, was appointed vizier. There was an old feud between him and the ustād-dār ʿAḍūd al-Dīn Muḥammad b. ʿAbd Allāh. After the murder of the caliph in Rabīʿ II 566/December 1170 by ʿAḍud al-Dīn and the amīr Ḳuṭb al-Dīn, they forced his successor al-Mustaḍīʾ to appoint ʿAḍud al-Dīn vizier, whereupon Ibn al-Baladi was executed. (K.V. Zetterstéen) Bibliography Ibn al-Ṭiḳṭaḳā, al-Fak̲h̲rī, ed. Derenbourg, 426-9 (Eng. tr. Whitting, 305 f.) Ibn al…

, Persian author of the Sald̲j̲ūḳ period who wrote a local history and topographical account of his native province Fārs, the Fārs-nāma . Nothing is known of him save what can be gleaned from his book, nor is the exact form of his name known, but his ancestors came from Balk̲h̲. His grandfather was mustawfī or accountant for Fārs under Berk-yaruḳ b. Malik S̲h̲āh’s governor there, the Atabeg Rukn al-Dawla or Nad̲j̲m al-Dawla Ḵh̲umārtigin, and Ibn al-Balk̲h̲ī acquired his extensive local knowledge of Fārs through accompanying hi…

, ʿAmr , famous singer, poet and musician of Bag̲h̲dād, mawlā of the T̲h̲aḳīf, died in 278/891 at Sāmarrā. His father was a famous secretary and a high official. His mother, Bāna, whose name he bears, was the daughter of Rawḥ, secretary of Salāma al-Waṣīf. Ibn Bāna was a very cultured, yet a very proud man. He was the supporter and protégé of Ibrāhīm b. al-Mahdī and among the most bitter enemies of Isḥāḳ al-Mawṣilī, whom he accused of regarding music merely as a profession, whereas f…

, Abū ʿAlī al-Ḥasan b. Aḥmad b. ʿAbd Allāh al-Bag̲h̲dādī (396/1005-471/1079), Ḳurʾānic scholar, traditionist and jurisconsult of the Ḥanbalī School in Bag̲h̲dād; he studied law under the direction of the ḳāḍī Abū ʿAlī b. Abī Mūsā al-Hās̲h̲imī (d. 428/1037), and later under the ḳāḍī, Abū Yaʿlā b. al-Farrāʾ (d. 458/1066). The available sources tell us nothing of his family origins; he apparently lived all his life in Bag̲h̲dād, where he died on 5 Rad̲j̲ab 471/11 January 1079. His scholarship was the subject of criticism as well as praise b…

, Abu ’l-ʿAbbās Aḥmad b. Muḥammad b. ʿUt̲h̲mān al-Azdī , a versatile Moroccan scholar whose reputation rests mainly on his knowledge of mathematics, astronomy, astrology and occult sciences. Born in Marrākus̲h̲ on 9 D̲h̲u ’l-Ḥid̲j̲d̲j̲a 654/29 December 1256, he studied the traditional sciences—Arabic language, grammar, the Ḳurʾān, ḥadīt̲h̲ and fiḳh— in his native town, where he was initiated into mathematics and medicine by masters whose identification is still in dispute, though he is known to have attached himself to the saint of Ag̲h̲māt [ q.v.], Abū Zayd ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-H…

, Abū Muḥammad ʿAbd Allāh b. Muḥammad b. Baraka al-ʿUmānī , Ibāḍī author born in the village of Bahlā in ʿUmān. The exact dates of his life are unknown. However, an Ibāḍī writer of ʿUmān, Ibn Mudād, regards him as a disciple and supporter of the imām Saʿd b. ʿAbd Allāh b. Maḥbūb, who was killed in 328/939-40. He himself played a considerable part in political life in ʿUmān and wrote several historical and juridical works, of which only the following survive: (1) K. al-Ḏj̲āmiʿ . dealing with the principles of law; (2) K. al-Muwāzana , on the state of ʿUmān in the time of ¶ the imām al-Ṣalt b. Mālik; i…

, Abu ’l-Ḥakam ʿAbd al-Salām b. ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. Muḥammad b. ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-Lak̲h̲mī , an Andalusian mystic theologian, born in North Africa, who taught in Seville during the first half of the 6th/12th century. His name is often associated with that of the celebrated Ṣūfī Ibn al-ʿArīf [ q.v.], head of the Almeria school. With Ibn Ḳasī and Abū Bakr al-Mayūrḳī, these two men were indeed the leaders of the resistance movement directed against the Almoravids by the canonists and traditionalists and, in general, by those men of religion who, un…

, Abū Muḥammad ʿAbd Allāh b. Barrī b. ʿAbd al-D̲j̲abbār al-Maḳdisī (so called after his family’s place of origin) al-Miṣrī al-S̲h̲āfiʿī Arab grammarian born at Cairo on 5 Rad̲j̲ab 499/13 March 1106 and died there 27 S̲h̲awwāl 582/11 January 1187. He studied under the masters of that period (see Ibn K̲h̲allikān. ii, 293); when he himself was a master, among his disciples was Abū Mūsā al-Ḏj̲azūlī al-Naḥwī [ q.v.]. During the whole of Ibn Barrī’s life the Crusades were in progress (capture of Jerusalem by the Crusaders, 1099; disastrous defeat of the Crusaders at Ḥa…

, Abu ’l-Ḥasan ʿAlī b. Muḥ. b. ʿAlī b. Muḥ. b. al-Ḥusayn al-Ribāṭī , Moroccan scholar born in Taza in about 660/1261-2, died in the same town in about 731/1331. Deeply versed in the Islamic sciences, Ibn Barrī owes his renown to an urd̲j̲ūza of 242 verses, al-Durar al-lawāmiʿ fī aṣl maḳrāʾ al-imām Nāfiʿ , completed in 697/1298 and dealing with the “reading” of Nāfiʿ [ q.v.]; this work, published several times in Cairo and Tunis in collections of treatises of Ḳurʾānic orthoepy and orthography, enjoyed a very great vogue in North Africa. From the same author has survived another urd̲j̲ūza of 30 …

, Abu ’l-Ḳāsim K̲h̲alaf b. ʿAbd al-Malik b. Masʿūd b. Mūsā, b. Bas̲h̲kuwāl b. yūsuf b. Dāḥa b. Dāḳa b. Naṣr b. ʿAbd al-Karīm b. Wāḳid al-Anṣārī , an Andalusian scholar of Spanish origin, as his name “son of Pascual” indicates, was a native of Sorrión, an unknown village of the vega of Valencia, which is not to be confused with Sarrión in the province of Teruel. He was born in Cordova on 3 D̲h̲u ’l-Ḥid̲j̲d̲j̲a 949/29 September noi and died there on the night of Tuesday-Wednesday 8 Ramaḍān 578/4-5 Janu…

[see filāḥa, ii].

, Abu ’l-Ḥasan ʿAlī b. Bassām al-S̲h̲antarīnī , Andalusian poet and anthologist, a native of Santarem. Forced to flee from his native town when it was taken by Alfonso V of Castile (485/1092-3), he went to Cordova for the first time in 493/1100 and, during the following years, undertook at Seville the compiling of his D̲h̲ak̲h̲īra and the collecting of the dīwāns of some great poets of the 5th/11th century: al-Muʿtamid, Ibn Wahbūn, Ibn ʿAmmār; he also collected the correspondence of the prince of Murcia, Ibn Ṭāhir, and collected in o…

, Abu ’l-Ḥasan ʿAlī b. Muḥ. b. Naṣr b. Manṣūr b. Bassām al-ʿAbartāʾī , poet and writer of Bag̲h̲dād. His grandfather, Naṣr, had held high office during the caliphate of al-Muʿtaṣim (see Sourdel, Vizirat , 252), and he himself was at one time employed in the service of the barīd [ q.v.]; he probably carried out other administrative duties, since his biographers attribute to him a collection of letters ( rasāʾil ) which are unlikely to have been of a private nature. However, his fame rests on his epigrams, very brief, for he was short-winded, bu…

, more generally known under the name of Ibn Baṭṭa , Ḥanbalī theologian and jurisconsult, born at ʿUkbarā in 304/917. He received his early education at Bag̲h̲dād, where he went while still very young, in 315 or 316/927 or 928, his principal teachers being, together with a number of less well-known ʿulamāʾ , Abu ’l-Ḳāsim al-K̲h̲irakī (d. 334/945), the author of the famous Muk̲h̲taṣar , and Abū Bakr al-Nad̲j̲d̲j̲ād (d. 348/960), the renowned jurisconsult, traditionist and preacher, who gave his courses in the mosque of al-Manṣūr. He stud…