Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition

, name of the members of a family of Cordova, the Banū D̲h̲akwān, which produced several ḳāḍīs . (1) The first was ʿAbd Allāh b. Hart̲h̲ama b. D̲h̲akwān b. ʿAbd Allāh b. ʿAbdūs b. D̲h̲akwān al-Umawī who, in 370/981, was appointed ṣāḥib al-radd (that is, his duty was to pronounce judgements on matters on which the ordinary ḳāḍīs were in doubt); see Ibn al-Faraḍī, no. 722; E. Lévi-Provençal, Hist. Esp. Mus ., iii, 145. (2) The most famous member of the family was the son of the above, Abu ’l-ʿAbbās Aḥmad b. ʿAbd Allāh, who, after having been ḳāḍī of Faḥṣ al-Ballūṭ, succeeded his father as ṣāḥib al-rad…

[= Daḥya ], ʿUmar b. al-Ḥasan al-Kalbī , also known under the name of Ibn al-D̲j̲umayyil , Andalusian poet, philologist, and traditionist, born probably in Valencia, in the middle of the 6th/12th century (the year of his birth is variously given as 544, 546, 547 or 548). His kunya was Abu ’l-Faḍl but he preferred to call himself Abu ’l-K̲h̲aṭṭāb and this is what he is generally called. In some sources he appears with the laḳab Mad̲j̲d al-Dīn, but he used that of D̲h̲u ’l-nasabayn (he who has two [illustrious] origins), since he claimed descent through his father from Diḥya b. K̲h̲alīfa [ q.v.] an…

[see ʿīsā b. dīnār ; mālik b. dīnār ; muḥammad b. dīnār ; yazīd b. dīnār ].

, D̲j̲aʿd , heretic, was a native of K̲h̲urāsān but spent most of his life at Damascus; he was imprisoned and then put to death, on the orders of His̲h̲ām b. ʿAbd al-Malik [ q.v.], by K̲h̲ālid al-Ḳasrī [ q.v.] on the day of the Feast of Sacrifices as a substitute for the ritual sacrifice of a sheep; the sources vary on the place and date of his execution: Kūfa or Wāsiṭ, 124/742 or 125/743. Very few facts are known on the doctrinal position of D̲j̲aʿd b. Dirham; it is, however, clear that anti-Marwānid political propaganda and theolog…

, seldom-used patronym of an eminent family of Mālikī jurists and ḳāḍī s, originally of Baṣra, who bear the ethnic name al-Azdī in some sources; but since the members of this family are most often cited under their personal name or simply by their kunya , and since the line of parentage which connects them is consequently ¶ difficult to determine, it has been judged expedient to assemble them here under this somewhat artificial appellation, following the example of F. al-Bustānī who, in the Dāʾirat al-maʿārif (iii, 61), adopted it for one of them, the tenth of those listed below. These ḳāḍīs, w…

, name of the members of a family (Banu ’l-D̲j̲add) famous and influential in Muslim Spain during the 5th-6th/11th-12th centuries, the origin of which, according to Ibn Tag̲h̲rībirdī (vi, 112), goes back to a certain al-Faraḥ b. al-Ḏj̲add al-Fihrī. They were established at Seville and Niebla, where they possessed vast territories. Four important members of this family are mentioned: I.—Abu ’l-Ḥasan (or al-Ḥusayn) Yūsuf b. Muḥammad Ibn al-Ḏj̲add (Ibn Bassām, D̲h̲ak̲h̲ira . i/2,109 ff.; Ibn Saʿīd, Mug̲h̲rib , i, 340; Ibn Faḍl Allāh al-ʿUmarī, Masālik al-abṣār …

, Abū D̲j̲ābir Muḥammad b D̲j̲aʿfar al-Azkawī , Ibāḍī scholar of ʿUmān, d. 281/894. He was the author of an important work of fiḳh entitled Kitāb al-D̲j̲āmiʿ and usually known as D̲j̲āmiʿ Ibn D̲j̲aʿfar to distinguish it from the other Ibāḍī works with the same title. This work is still unpublished; there are several manuscripts of it in the Mzāb, the earliest of them dated 914/1508. Ibn D̲j̲aʿfar also took part in the political events of his time as supporter of the imām al-Ṣalt b. Mālik. (T. Lewicki) Bibliography A. de C. Motylinski, Bibliographie du Mzab, in Bulletin de Correspondance Afr…

[see d̲j̲ahīr , Banū].

[see ʿalī b. al-d̲j̲ahm ; muḥammad b. al-d̲j̲ahm ].

name of a distinguished S̲h̲āfiʿi family of the Mamlūk period, in Syria and Egypt, which produced a number of able jurists, notably Badr al-Dīn Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad Ibn D̲j̲amāʿa (639-733/1241-1333), his son ʿIzz al-Dīn ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz (694-767/1294-1366), and his grandson Burhān al-Dīn Abū Isḥāḳ Ibrāhīm b. ʿAbd al-Raḥīm (725-790/1325-1388). Originally from Ḥamāt, in northern Syria, the ¶ Banū D̲j̲amaʿa traced their descent to the North Arab tribe of Kināna. The first member of the family to gain a modest reputation for Islamic learning was Burhān al-…

(or Ḏj̲umayʿ ), Abu ’l-Makārim (Abu ’l-ʿAs̲h̲āʾir ) Hibat Allāh (Nathaniel) b. Zayn (al-Dīn) b. Ḥasan b. Ifrāʾīm b. YaʿḲūb b. Ismāʿīl , Jewish physician who received the honorific titles of S̲h̲ams al-riʾāsa and Ustād̲h̲ zamānih. Born at Fusṭāṭ, he was the disciple of Ibn al-ʿAynzarbī (d. 548/1153), entered the service of Saladin, and died in 594/1198. One of his pupils was Ibn Abi ’l-Bayān al-Isrāʾīlī (d. ca. 634/1236) and he became famous for having prevented a person in a cataleptic fit from being buried alive. He was the author of several works: (1) al-Irs̲h̲ād li-maṣāliḥ ¶ al-anfus wa …

, Abu ’l-Ḳāsim Ismāʿīl , famous singer and musician of Mecca. Of noble origin, he belonged to the clan of Sahm, one of the principal branches of the tribe of Ḳurays̲h̲. A handsome man, well-versed in jurisprudence, ḥadīt̲h̲ and the Ḳurʾān, he had won the admiration of the ḳāḍī, Abū Yūsuf until the latter discovered that he was a singer. He was the pupil of Yaḥyā al-Makkī and of his father-inlaw Siyyāṭ, with whom he went to Bag̲h̲dād. Some time afterwards, he was expelled from there by al-Mahdī in order to separate him from his sons Hārūn and …

, Abu ’l-Walīd Marwān (Hebrew name Yōnāh, Latin name Marinus [?]), Jewish physician and philologist, born at Cordova circa 380/990, died at Saragossa about fifty years later. His very important works, written in Arabic, as a grammarian and lexicographer of the Hebrew language do not concern us here. Ṣāʿid b. Aḥmad Ibn Ṣāʿid al-Andalusī (whose notice was reproduced by Ibn Abī Uṣaybiʿa), however, praises him as a logician and the author of an epitome of pharmacology, which is mentioned also by Ibn al-Bayṭār. (G. Vajda) Bibliography The study by S. Munk (who had correctly deduced th…

Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad b. Dāwūd b. al-D̲j̲arrāḥ . secretary of state of the ʿAbbāsid caliphs and uncle of the famous vizier ʿAlī b. ʿĪsā [ q.v.]. He belonged to a family of Iranian origin which had formerly been converted to Christianity and then embraced Islam. His father Dāwūd had been secretary under al-Mutawakkil and he himself began his career in government service during the caliphate of al-Muʿtaḍid and the vizierate of ʿUbayd Allāh b. Sulaymān, whose son-in-law he became. He was director of taxes for the eastern …

[see d̲j̲arrāḥids ].

, “the plasterer’s son”, the by-name of at least two persons who should be distinguished: I. Abū YaʿḲūb Isḥāḳ b. ʿAmmār al-Kūfī , who handed down poetry and was very closely connected with the ʿAbbāsid prince ʿĪsā b. Mūsā [ q.v.]. Bibliography Yāḳūt, Udabāʾ, vi, 74-6 (= Irs̲h̲ād, ii, 232). II. Abū ʿAbd Allāh Ḥusayn (or Ḥasan) b. ʿAbd Allāh b. al-D̲j̲aṣṣāṣ al-D̲j̲awharī . a celebrated jeweller and financier of the ʿAbbāsid period. Originally a broker in attendance on the harem of the Ṭūlūnid K̲h̲umārawayh [ q.v.], he seems to have owed the start of his fortune to a necklace; when …

, ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. ʿAlī b. Muḥammad Abu ’l-Faras̲h̲ b. al-D̲j̲awzī , jurisconsult, traditionist, historian and preacher, was one of the most famous Ḥanbalīs of Bag̲h̲dād, where he was born in 510/1126 and died in 597/1200 after a life of great intellectual, religious and political activity. He belonged to a fairly wealthy family and received a very thorough education. Among his chief teachers (cf. D̲h̲ayl . i, 401) were some of the most famous ʿulamāʾ of his time: Ibn al-Zāg̲h̲ūnī (d. 527/1133), Abū Bakr al-Dinawarī (d. 532/1137-8), Abū Manṣūr a…

, famous preacher and historian (581/1185 or 582/1186-654/1256). Son of a Turkish freedman of the vizier Ibn Hubayra and of a daughter of the famous preacher and voluminous writer, Ibn al-D̲j̲awzī of Bag̲h̲dād, from whom he derived the name by which he is known, the young Yūsuf was in fact brought up by this grandfather; after the latter’s death (597/1201), he settled at Damascus, where he joined the Ayyūbid al-Muʿaẓẓam, then his successors al-Nāṣir Dāwūd and al-As̲h̲raf. Although he abandoned t…

, S̲h̲ams al-Dīn abu ’l-Ḵh̲ayr muḥ. b. Muḥ. b. Muḥ. b. Muḥ. b. ʿAlī b. Yūsuf al-D̲j̲azarī , faḳīh , “reader” and ḳāḍī , born in Damascus on 25 Ramaḍān 751/26 November 1350. After completing the traditional studies in his native town, with particular attention to ḥadīt̲h̲ and Ḳurʾānic “readings”, he made the pilgrimage to Mecca in 768/1367 and then went to Cairo, where he continued the study of the ḳirāʾāt . Returning to Damascus, he devoted himself to ḥadīt̲h̲ and fiḳh , attending the classes of the pupils of al-Dimyāṭī, al-Abarḳūhī and al-Asnawī. He the…

, Abū ʿAlī Yaḥyā b. ʿĪsā , Arab physician of Bag̲h̲dād, known in the West under the names of Ben Gesla, Byngezla, Buhahylyha, etc. Of Christian origin, he embraced Islam under the influence of his teacher, the Muʿtazilī Abū ʿAlī ibn al-Walīd, on 11 Ḏj̲umādā II 466/11 February 1074. He was secretary to the Ḥanafī ḳāḍī of Bag̲h̲dād and studied medicine with Ṣāʿid b. Hibat Allāh, court physician to al-Muḳtadī. He lived in the al-Kark̲h̲ quarter, where he attended his neighbours and his friends without payment and even obtained the…