Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition

, al-Ḥusayn b. Muḥammad Abū ʿAbd Allāh , Murd̲j̲iʾī D̲j̲abrī theologian of the period of al-Maʾmūn. Born in the city of Bamm, he apparently grew up there as well, and worked as a weaver at the embroidery house ( dār al-ṭirāz ); according to another version, he worked at a factory which ¶ produced metal weights. The sources are silent with regard to the dates of his birth and death; however, if we accept as true the report that he died of sorrow over his argument with al-Naẓẓām, the Muʿtazilī theologian, it is reasonable to assume that al-Nad̲j̲d̲…

, carpenter [see k̲h̲as̲h̲ab , mas̲h̲rabiyya , etc.].

, also called al-Ḥusayniyya , the followers of al-Ḥusayn al-Nad̲j̲d̲j̲ār [ q.v.], an early, specifically Ḥanafī sect of kalām (see W. Madelung, Religious trends in early Islamic Iran , Albany 1988, 29) which flourished during the reign of al-Maʾmūn (198-218/813-33), and whose representatives took part in the controversies throughout the course of the miḥna [ q.v.] or inquisition. But this doctrine, unlike the Muʿtazila, was compelled to ¶ withdraw from Bag̲h̲dād and from the borders of ʿIrāḳ and to move on to the eastern provinces in the wake of the abolition of the miḥna by al-Mutawakk…

, Ibrāhīm (1898-1953), influential Egyptian Romantic poet. He graduated from the Medical School in 1923, going into private practice. He was then employed by Egyptian Railways, and later became Director of the Medical Department of the Ministry of Waḳfs . He associated with and influenced the Romantic poets ʿAlī Maḥmūd Ṭāhā, Muḥammad ʿAbd al-Muʿṭī al-Hams̲h̲arī and Ṣāliḥ D̲j̲awdat, like him all connected with the Apollo magazine, founded ¶ by Aḥmad Zakī Abū S̲h̲ādī [ q.v.] in 1932. An outstanding lyrical poet, much of his work concerns his personal relationships, in p…

(Neguib) [see muḥammad nad̲j̲īb ]

, a town in the western part of the Rohilk̲h̲and region of modern Uttar Pradesh state in India (lat. 29° 37′ N., long. 78° 19′ E.), the centre of a taḥṣīl of the same name in the Bijnor District. The town was founded by the Afg̲h̲ān commander and wazīr of the Mug̲h̲al Emperors, Nad̲j̲īb al-Dawla [ q.v.], who in 1168/1755 built a fort, Patthagaŕh, one mile to the east. Sacked by the Marāt́hās [ q.v.] in 1186/1772, it passed two years later to the Nawwābs of Awadh [ q.v.] (Oudh). Nad̲j̲īb al-Dawla’s greatgrandson Maḥmūd participated in the Great Rebellion of 1857-8, and his palace wa…

(1867-99). Syro-Egyptian journalist, poet, novelist, playwright and prolific translator, born in Beirut. His family moved to Alexandria in 1873. He was a journalist on al-Ahrām for more than ten years, founded the Lisān al-ʿArab and al-Salām newspapers, and edited the Anīs al-D̲j̲alīs magazine. Considered an excellent poet, his youthful dīwān was published as Tad̲h̲kār al-ṣibā and later selections from his poetry and prose appeared. One of the most competent translators of the period, he translated fiction by Alexandre Dumas père , Lamartine and others…

, Afg̲h̲ān commander in northern India during the 18th century, whose power-base was in Rohilkand, where he founded the town of Nad̲j̲ībābād [ q.v.]. Involved in the confused struggles for power in Dihlī during the reigns of the fainéant Mug̲h̲al Emperors Aḥmad S̲h̲āh Bahādur [ q.v.] and ʿAlamgīr II in the 1750s, as opponent of the Nawwāb-wazīr of Awadh (Oudh) [ q.v.] Ṣafdār D̲j̲ang, he worked closely with the Afg̲h̲ān ruler Aḥmad S̲h̲āh Durrānī [ q.v.] and received from him in 1757 the title of amīr al-umarāʾ and custodianship of the Emperor ʿĀlamgīr II. At…

(see nad̲j̲īb al-dawla ).

(1932-78), a leading experimental Egyptian dramatist, director, actor and poet. He studied law at the College of Law and drama in Cairo and Moscow, working for several years in the Arabic section of Radio Moscow. Back in Cairo from 1964 onwards, in a flourishing era of Egyptian theatre, using Brechtian devices, he utilised the Egyptian folk heritage and music, and classical and modern poetry as source material for his colloquial plays, telling the story of the struggle of the ordinary Egyptian p…

(a.), impure, the opposite of ṭāhir [see Ṭahāra ]. According to the S̲h̲āfiʿī doctrine, as systematised by al-Nawawī ( Minhād̲j̲ , i, 36 ff.; cf. G̲h̲azālī, al-Wad̲j̲īz , i, 6-7), the following are the things impure in themselves ( nad̲j̲āsāt ): wine and other spirituous drinks, dogs, swine, mayta , blood and excrements; and milk of animals whose flesh is not eaten. Regarding these groups, the following may be remarked. On wine and other spirituous drinks cf. the arts, k̲h̲amr and nabīd̲h̲ .—Dogs are not declared impure in the Ḳurʾān; on the contrary, in…

[see kubrā ].

, Abū Bakr ʿAbd Allāh b. Muḥammad b. S̲h̲āhāwar Asadī (573-654/1177-1256), Ṣūfī of the Kubrawī order [see kubrā , nad̲j̲m al-dīn ] and author of several important works in Persian and Arabic. He left his native city of Rayy at the age of twenty-six and travelled widely in Syria, Egypt, the Ḥid̲j̲āz, ʿIrāḳ, and Ād̲h̲arbāyd̲j̲ān. He ultimately turned eastwards, passing through Nīs̲h̲āpūr before arriving in K̲h̲wārazm where he became a murīd of Nad̲j̲m al-Dīn Kubrā [ q.v.], eponym of the Kubrawiyya. Kubrā assigned his training to a senior disciple, Mad̲j̲d al-Dīn Bag̲h̲dād…

, a city in northern Yaman and a major urban centre in the Arabian Peninsula in ancient times. It was an agricultural, an industrial, and a trade centre, owing all this to the facts of geography. It was celebrated for its cereals, fruits and vegetables and also for its leather and textiles, situated as it was in the midst of a fertile wādī , which also bore the name Nad̲j̲rān. Its importance as a caravan city was owed to the fact that it was located at the intersection of two main caravan routes, one that ran from Ḥaḍramawt through Ḥid…

b. ʿAlḳama b. Kalada b. ʿAbd Manāf b. ʿAbd al-Dār b. Ḳuṣayy, a rich Kurays̲h̲ite who, in the pre-Islamic period, carried on trade with al-Ḥīra and Persia, from where he is said to have brought back books (?) and to have brought back also one or more singing slave girls ( ḳayna [ q.v.]). He represented ʿAbd al-Dār in the group of the muṭʿimūn , i.e. the Meccans who were charged with supplying food for pilgrims, and he occupied a fairly eminent position in the town. He was a strenuous opponent of the Prophet, scoffing at him and not faili…

b. K̲h̲aras̲h̲a al-Māzinī, Abu ’l-Ḥasan, Arab scholar who, born in Marw al-Rūd̲h̲ in 122/740, was brought up at Baṣra. He led a miserable life there, but was able to derive instruction from the most famous masters of the time (see Pellat, Milieu , passim ), notably al-K̲h̲alīl b. Aḥmad [ q.v.], whose K. al-ʿAyn…

, Nedroma , a small town of northwestern Algeria, situated 58 km/33 miles from Tlemcen, 45 km/28 miles from the Moroccan border and only 17 km/10 miles from the coast, from where in clear weather the dark mountains of the Sierra Nevada can be seen. It lies in the heart of the Traras, the coastal chain of moderate altitude, which is nevertheless very broken by the eroding effects of the hydrographic system, where Nedroma spreads along the lower slopes of the ridge of the D̲j̲.…

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, Sayyid Sulaymān (1884-1953), Indian scholar of Islam. He was born at Desna, near Pat́nā, on 22 November 1884. After receiving traditional Urdu and Persian education in his village and neighbouring towns, he joined Dār al-ʿUlūm of the Nadwat al-ʿUlamāʾ [ q.v.] at Lucknow in 1901 and graduated in 1906. His talents were recognised by S̲h̲iblī Nuʿmānī [ q.v.] who became his mentor and appointed him as the assistant editor of al-Nadwa magazine in 1907. He also star…