Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition

(written Pāsbān-og̲h̲lī , as if from Pers. pāsbān “guard, shepherd”, cf. Ḳāmūs al-Aʿlām , ii, 1467) or Pāzwānd-og̲h̲lī (as in ʿAbd al-Raḥmān S̲h̲eref. Taʾrīk̲h̲ , ii, 280) or, according to modern Turkish orthography, Pazvantoğlu (Hamit and Muhsin, Türkiye tarihi, 423), but on his own seal “Pāzwānd-zāde ʿOt̲h̲mān” (in Orěškov, see Bibl .), the rebel Pas̲h̲a of Vidin (1758-1807). His family originated in Tuzla in Bosnia, but his grandfather, Paswan Ag̲h̲a, for his services in the Austrian wars was granted two villages near Vidin [ q.v.] in Bulgaria in ca. 1739. ʿOt̲h̲mān’s father ʿÖm…

, one of the oldest and most renowned towns of Gud̲j̲arāt [ q.v.] in the Aḥmādabād district of Bombay. It was founded in 746 by the Čavadas of Gud̲j̲arāt. Originally known as Anhilwāra, the Arab geographers refer to it as Nahrwāla [see nahrawāl ]. Later, it became known as Pāt́an. According to the Mirʾāt-i Aḥmadī , the Hindus used the word Pātan for a big or capital town. The poet Farruk̲h̲ī [ q.v.] says that ¶ on its possession “Bhīm prided himself over the princes of India” (Nāẓim, The life and times of Sulṭān Maḥmūd of G̲h̲azna , Cambridge 1931, 217). Sultan Maḥmūd …

(Thai: Pattani), a region of Southeast Asia, formerly a Malay Sultanate but now included in Thailand (as a result of the Treaty of Bangkok, 1909, between Great Britain and Siam), and at present comprised of the four southern provinces of Pattani, Narathiwat, Yala (Jala) and Satun. The population of these four provinces is approximately 1,500,000, 80% of whom are Malay Muslims. From the 14th to 18th centuries, Patani was a leading entrepôt for trade between China and Southeast Asia. The conversion of the royal court to Islam, reportedly in the mid-15th cen…

, a small town on an island of that name in East Africa. It lies in lat. 2°05′ S., and long. 41°05′ E., off the Kenya coast in the Lamu [ q.v.] archipelago. The use by Arab sailors of the Mkanda , the channel between it and Lamu, is mentioned in the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea , written ca. A.D. 50. Aḥmad b. Mād̲j̲id al-Nad̲j̲dī identifies it as Batā , and several epitaphs spell the adjective Batāwī . H.N. Chittick excavated the periphery of the site in the 1960s, and claimed that it was not occupied before the 14th century. An excavation by Athma…

[see afg̲h̲ān ].

, a city in Bihār Province of the Indian Union, situated on the right bank of the Ganges (lat. 25° 37′ N., long. 85° 8′ E.) and with a population (1971 census) of 474,000. In the years 1912-36, it was the capital of the province of Bihar and Orissa of British India, and subsequently, of Bihar alone. From 1116/1704 onwards, it is known in Muslim chronicles as ʿAẓīmābād, after Awrangzīb’s grandson ʿAẓīm al-S̲h̲aʾn who made his court here. Pat́nā, however, ¶ had already been selected as the Muslim provincial capital of Bihār [ q.v.] by the Afg̲h̲ān ruler S̲h̲īr S̲h̲āh in 948/1541. At that …

[see baliabadra ].

, patriarch, the form found in Ottoman Turkish (see Redhouse, Turkish and English lexicon, s.v.) for the Patriarchs of the Greek Orthodox and Eastern Christian Churches in the empire, of whom by the 19th century there were seven. It stems from the Arabic form biṭrīḳ/baṭrīḳ [ q.v.] “patricius”, confused with baṭriyark/baṭraḳ “patriarch”, also not infrequently found in mediaeval Arabic usage as faṭrak . See G. Graf, Verzeichnis arabischer kirchliche Termini 2, Louvain 1954, 84; C.E. Bosworth, Christian and Jewish religious dignitaries in Mamlûk Egypt and Syria ..., in IJMES, iii (197…

, Ottoman rebel (d. 14 D̲j̲umādā I 1143/25 November 1730). Of Albanian origin, he belonged to the protégés of the Ḳapudān-Pas̲h̲a Muṣṭafā and ʿAbdī Pas̲h̲a ( ca. 1680-5 and later). He was born at K̲h̲urpis̲h̲te (Khroupista, now Argos Orestikon, to the south of Kastoria, Greece). He served as a Lewend [ q.v.] on board the flagship of the Ottoman vice-admiral, the Patrona (for this term, see riyala) whence probably his name. Transferred from naval service, he was able to join the Seventeenth Orta of the Janissary Corps in which he served till the peace set…

, the name given in the Mug̲h̲al emperor Akbar’s monetary system to the ¼ dām (¼ paysā ). (J. Allan)

, the Ottoman Turkish form of modern Turkish Payas, a small town at the head of the Gulf of Alexandretta 18 km/12 miles north of Iskandarūn [ q.v.] (lat. 36° 46′ N., long. 36° 10′ E.). Lying as it ¶ does in the very narrow coastal corridor between the sea and the Amanus Mts. or D̲j̲abal al-Lukkām [ q.v.], the modern Turkish Gavur Dağlari, Payās has always been a strategically important point on the route from Cilicia to Antioch; the name itself goes back to that of the classical Greek town of Baiae (see PW, ii/2, col. 2775 (Ruge)). In the early Islamic period, Payās was on the road connecting…

(t.), a Turkish name found e.g. among the early Sald̲j̲ūḳs, usually written P.y.g̲h̲ū or B.y.g̲h̲ū . In many sources on the early history of the Sald̲j̲ūḳs these orthographies seem to reflect the old Turkish title Yabg̲h̲u , which goes back at least to the time of the Ork̲h̲on inscriptions (see C.E. Bosworth and Sir Gerard Clauson, in JRAS [1965], 9-10), and it was the Yabg̲h̲u of the western, Og̲h̲uz Turks whom the eponymous ancestor of the Sald̲j̲ūḳs, Duḳāḳ Temir-Yali̊g̲h̲ “Iron-bow” served (see Cl. Cahen, in Oriens , ii [1949], 42; Bosworth, The Ghaznavids , their empire in Afghanistan a…

, Paisā (Hindi), English form pice, a copper coin of British India = 3 pies or ¼ anna. Under the Mug̲h̲als, the name paisā became applied to the older dām, introduced by S̲h̲īr S̲h̲āh, 40 of which went to the rupee, as the unit of copper currency; the name found on the coins however is usually simply fulūs or rewānī . Paisā is the general name for the extensive ¶ copper coinage coined in the 18th and 19th centuries by the numerous native states which arose out of the Mug̲h̲al empire (see J. Prinsep, Useful tables, ed. E. Thomas, London 1858, 62-3). In the currencies of modern India and Pakistan, 100 pais…

, a Turkic tribal confederation of mediaeval central and western Eurasia. Their ethnonym appears in our sources as Tibet. Be-ča-nag , Arabo-Persian Bd̲j̲nāk , Bd̲j̲ānāk , Bd̲j̲ynh , Georg. Pačanik-i , Arm. Pacinnak , Greek Πατζινακῑται, Πατζινάκοι, Rus’. Pečeneg’ Lat. Pizenaci , Bisseni , Bysseni , Bessi , Beseneu , Pol. Pieczyngowie and Hung. Besenyő (< Bes̲h̲enäg̲h̲ ) = Bečenäk/Pečenäk . It has been etymologised, with some uncertainty (cf. Pritsak, Pečenegs , 211; Bazin, À propos du nom des Petchénèques ), as a variant of bad̲j̲anak/bad̲j̲i̊nak “in-law” (>Old Church Slav. Pas̲h̲eno…

, Ibrāhīm (982- ca. 1060/1574-ca. 1649-50), Ottoman historian. Pečewī was born in 982/1574 in Pécs in southwestern Hungary, whence his epithet Pečewī (or, alternatively, Pečuylu, from the Croatian ). His family had a long tradition of Ottoman military service. Both his great-grandfather Ḳara Dāwūd and his grandfather D̲j̲aʿfer Beg served as alay begi in Bosnia; his father (name unknown) took part in campaigns in Bosnia, and in ʿlrāḳ during the 1530s (Pečewī, Taʾrīk̲h̲ , i, 87, 102-6, 436-7, ii, 433). Pečewī’s mother was a member of the Ṣoḳollu [ q.v.] family. At the age of 14, after…

[see bad̲j̲d̲j̲āna ].

(Ottoman Pečūy , German Fünfkirchen, Latin Quinque Ecclesiae), town and centre of a sand̲j̲aḳ in Transdanubian Hungary. Founded on the site of Roman Sopianae and preserving remnants of buildings from the first centuries of Christianity, Pécs became an episcopal see in 1009, housed the first university of the country (established in 1367) and was the most important economic centre south of Lake Balaton throughout the Middle Ages. The town surrendered without fight to the forces of Ḳāsi̊m, sand̲j̲aḳ-begi of Mohács [ q.v.], and Murād, sand̲jaḳ-begi of Pozsega…

[see biṭraws̲h̲ ].

[see pahlawān ].

[see mora ].