Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition

[see Hind -iv and Ṣindābūr ].

[see maʿz ].

[see allāh ].

[see andi ].

[see Yād̲j̲ūd̲j̲ wa-mād̲j̲ūd̲j̲ ].

[see gao ].

, Turkish thinker, born Meḥmed Ḍiyāʾ (Ziya) at Diyārbakr in 1875 or 1876 and known by his pen name after 1911. Ziya became acquainted with the Young Ottoman ideas of patriotism and constitutionalism through his father, who died having entered him in the modern high school to learn modern sciences and French. From his uncle he learned Arabic, Persian, and the traditional Muslim sciences and became acquainted with the works of the Muslim theologians, philosophers, and mystics. The clash of orthodo…

[see gökče ].

, Gökče-göl or Gökče-deniz ; otherwise Sevan, from Armenian Sew-vank , ‘Black monastery’; a great lake in the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic, approx. 40° 20° N and 45′ 30′ E. Triangular in shape, Lake Gökče lies 6,000 feet/1830 metres above sea level and is surrounded by barren mountains; its area was formerly reckoned at 540 sq. miles and maximum depth 67 fathoms, but the level of the lake is being systematically …

, a Turkmen tribe mainly inhabiting the country round Bojnurd in northern Persia, but with some elements in the Turkmen SSR and the Kara-Kalpak ASSR of the Soviet Union. The number in Persia is difficult to determine but is probably about 60,000. Soviet sources now tend to avoid tribal distinctions, but according to the 1926 census there were. 17,000 Göklän in the Kara-Kala district of the Turkmen SSR (South of Kizyl-Arvat) and some 38,000 in the area lying between Il’yaly (S. of Khodzheyli) and…

, literally ‘blue water’, name given by the Turks to numerous rivers or streams, notably (1) one of the two small rivers flowing into the Bosphorus, by the confluence of which were the pleasure gardens between Kandilli and Anadolu hisarı called ‘The Sweet Waters of Asia’, a place particularly frequented in the 19th century by Ottoman and Levantine society; (2) the great river (168 miles/270 km long, drainage basin of 4000 square miles/10,350 sq. km) of Cilicia Trachea, the ancient Kalykadnos, th…

, also Göksün , a small town in south-eastern Turkey, the ancient Kokussos, W. Armenian Gogi̊son, now the chef-lieu of an ilçe of the vilâyet of Maraş, pop. (1960) 3697. It is the ‘Cocson’, ‘Coxon’, where the army of the First Crusade rested for three days in the autumn of 1097 (see A History of the Crusades , ed. K. M. Setton, i, Philadelphia 1955, 297-8). (Ed.) Bibliography İA, s.v. Göksun (by Besim Darkot), with full bibliography.

(Turkish “blue hill”), transcribed in Russian “Geok Tepe”, a fort in the oasis of the Ak̲h̲al-Teke [ q.v.] Turkmen, on the Sasi̊k su (Sasi̊k Āb), situated about 45 km. west of ʿAs̲h̲ḳābād, today in the Soviet Republic of Turkmenistān. It consists ¶ of a series of isolated places, one of which, Dengil Tepe (4½ km. in circumference), was defended from I until 24 Jan. 1881 (new style) by about 12,000 Ak̲h̲al-Teke Turkmen [see teke ] against the Russians under General Mik̲h̲aїl Dmitrievič Skobelev (about 8,000 Caucasians and Turkestanis). Both sides suffered heavy losses,…

[see d̲h̲ahab ].

[see ghana ].

[see bātūʾids , Ḳipcaḳ , sarāy ].

[see al-Ḳulayʿa ].

[see Ḥalḳ al-wādi ].

[see d̲j̲ālūt ].

, renamed Muḥammadnagar by Sulṭān Ḳulī Ḳuṭb al-Mulk, the founder of the Ḳuṭb S̲h̲āhī [ q.v.] dynasty, a hill fort about five miles west of Ḥaydarābād (Deccan) [ q.v.], is situated in 17° 23′ N., 78° 24′ E. The hill rises majestically in a vast boulderstrewn plain. The site is a natural one for the construction of fortifications, as the summit, ¶ called Bālā Ḥiṣār or acropolis, is about four hundred feet above ground level and commands the whole countryside. The name, Golkondā, is derived from two Telugu words, golla (shepherd) and kond́a (hill). There is no doubt …