Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition

, the author of a work on the Raids ( mag̲h̲āzī [ q.v.]), used by such later authors as Ibn Sayyid al-Nās and al-D̲h̲ahabī. His given name was Muḥammad. His kunya is variously given as Abū ʿAbd Allāh or Abū Aḥmad, and his grandfather’s name as Saʿīd or ʿAbd al-Raḥmān. Born in Damascus in 150/767, he died there on Thursday, 25 Rabīʿ II 233/8 December 847 (or in D̲h̲u ’l-Ḥid̲j̲d̲j̲a 232/July-August 847, or in 234/848), having been the tax collector for the G̲h̲ūṭa under al-Maʾmūn. As a historian, he stand…

, by-name of several persons, who may be distinguished as follows: I. Muḥammad b. ʿĀʾis̲h̲a , Abū D̲j̲aʿfar , Medinan singer of unknown father. A pupil of Maʿbad and of Malik, he was regarded as the equal if not the superior of his masters, and celebrated for his skill at launching into a performance. He was highly respected at Mecca and at Medina, but, extremely vain, he would become very angry when asked to sing. He was invited to the court of Damascus, probably by al-Walīd b. Yazīd but du…

(a nisba referring to the seller of shrouds, akfān ), cf. al-Samʿānī, K. al-Ansāb , f. 47b). Several persons were known by this name, amongst which three deserve some mention. 1. al-Ḳāḍī Abū Muḥammad ʿAbd Allāh b. Muḥammad b. ʿAbd Allāh b. Ibrāhīm b. ʿAbd Allāh b. al-Ḥusayn b. ʿAlī b. D̲j̲aʿfar b. ʿĀmir b. al-Akfānī al-Asadī , jurist. Born in 316/928, and dying in 405/1014 in Bag̲h̲dād, he was ḳāḍī in al-Madīna, then in Bāb al-Ṭāḳ, then in Sūḳ al-T̲h̲ulāt̲h̲āʾ (both in Bag̲h̲dād), and from 396/1005-6 ḳāḍī for the whole of Bag̲h̲dād. He was weak in relating traditions, but a libera…

, ʿAbd Allāh b. ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. ʿAbd Allāh Bahāʾ al-Dīn al-Hās̲h̲imī , born 694/1294 (or 698 or 700), died 769/1367, an important S̲h̲āfiʿī jurisconsult and grammarian. A native of Bālis [ q.v.] in Syria, he arrived destitute in Cairo, where his ability was recognized by his teacher in grammar, Abū Ḥayyān al-G̲h̲arnāṭī [ q.v.]. His main teachers in fiḳh were, among others, ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn al-Ḳōnawī (Brockelmann. II, 105; S II, 101) and the Chief Ḳāḍī D̲j̲alāl al-Dīn al-Ḳazwīnī (Subkī, Ṭabaḳāt , v, 238); having held various posts as substitute ḳāḍī ¶ ( nāʾib ), he bec…

, Abu ’l-Wafāʾ ʿAlī b. ʿAḳīl b. Muḥammad b. ʿAḳīl b. Aḥmad al-Bag̲h̲dādī al-Ẓafarī , Ḥanbalī jurist and theologian (431/1040-513/1119), a great Sunnī personality whose life and writings shed light on one of the most important periods in the development of Muslim religious thought, and who stands at the head of a progressive movement within Sunnī traditionalism. Family origins and early youth. Ibn ʿAḳīl was born in Bag̲h̲dād, on the left bank quarter of Bāb al-Ṭāḳ (see his Kitāb al-Funūn , fol. 12b: “… Bāb al-Ṭāḳ, the quarter in which I was born”), in D…

, byname of several poets, including an Iyādī (see Āmidī, Muʾtalif , 38), a Kinānī ( ibid.), a Bad̲j̲alī ( op. cit., 37; al-D̲j̲āḥiẓ, Ḥayawān , ii, 214) and a Bāhilī, who is the best known. The sources vary considerably with regard to the genealogy of this poet, but he seems to have been called Abu ’l-K̲h̲aṭṭāb ʿAmr b. (al-) Aḥmar b. ¶ al-ʿAmarrad b. Tamīm b. Rabīʿa b. Ḥirām b. Farrāṣ b. Maʿn b. Aʿṣur al-Bāhilī. He is included among the muk̲h̲aḍramūn [ q.v.], embraced Islam, took part in the conquests in South-west Asia (in the course of which he lost an eye), settled in Syria …

, S̲h̲ayk̲h̲ Abu ’l-ʿAbbās Aḥmad b. Muṣṭafā al-ʿAlawī al-Mustag̲h̲ānimī , ṣūfī and poet, born at Mostaganem in Algeria in 1286/1869 of a distinguished but at that time indigent family. He never went to school and his handwriting remained unproficient all his life, but he was taught to read and given lessons in the Ḳurʾān by his father, though even these had to be cut short owing to his family’s poverty, which forced him, at an early age, to take to cobbling and then later to open a small shop. In his spare time he attended a course of lessons in the Islamic doctrine of Divine Unity ( tawḥīd …

, Tammām , the name of two prominent figures in Muslim Spain during the early ʿUmayyad amīrate. (1) Abū G̲h̲ālib Tammām b. ʿAlḳama, mawlā (freedman) of ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. Umm al-Ḥakam ( i.e., ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. ʿAbd Allāh b. ʿUt̲h̲mān b. Rabīʿa al-T̲h̲aḳafī, Muʿāwiya’s governor of al-Kūfa in 58/678, Ṭabarī, ii, 181), came to al-Andalus in 123/741 with the vanguard ( ṭalīʿa ) of the Syrian contingent of Bald̲j̲ b. Bis̲h̲r al-Ḳus̲h̲ayrī [ q.v.]. A Ḳaysī [see ḳays ] through his connexion ¶ with T̲h̲aḳīf, Tammām b. ʿAlḳama was one of the chiefs who supported ʿAbd al-Raḥmān I, al-Dāk̲h̲il [ q.v.], in…

, Muʾayyad al-Dīn Muḥammad , the wazīr of al-Mustaʿṣim [ q.v.], the last ʿAbbāsid caliph. He belonged to a S̲h̲īʿī family, which hailed, according to Ibn al-Ṭiḳṭaḳā, from the town of Nīl on the canal of the same name. The nisba al-ʿAlḳamī was first borne by his grandfather, who was so called after a canal he had dug and not, apparently, Alḳamī [ q.v.], the western branch of the Euphrates. According to Hindū-S̲h̲āh he held the post of ustād̲h̲ al-dār at the time of al-Mustaʿṣim’s accession. Ibn al-Ṭiḳṭaḳā, a fellow-S̲h̲īʿī, speaks of his distinction ¶ as a scholar, calligrapher and biblio…

, Abū Bakr al-Ḥasan b. ʿAlī b. Aḥmad b. Bas̲h̲s̲h̲ār b. Ziyād Ibn al-ʿAllāf (so called because his father was a seller of ḳatt ) al-Nahrawānī , poet and traditionist who lived to be a hundred (218-318/833-930), becoming blind in his old age. He frequented the court at Bag̲h̲dād and was an intimate particularly of al-Muʿtaḍid and Ibn al-Muʿtazz. He knew much poetry and composed a great deal himself, so much indeed that his works, collected by a member of his family and accompanied by accounts of his relations with the persons on whom he had written panegyrics, occupied four hundred waraḳa …

, Abū Kat̲h̲īr ʿAbd Allāh b. (al-) Zabīr b. al-As̲h̲yam al-Asadī , Arabic poet of the 1st/7th century. He became a writer of panegyrics of the local Umayyads and wrote particularly, in an entirely classical manner, in praise of Asmāʾ b. K̲h̲ārid̲j̲a: but he did not hesitate to address praises to the Zubayrids after Muṣʿa b. al-Zubayr, who had seized Kūfa, had treated him leniently when his supporters had arrested him; it was, so to speak, as a private person that he wrote a hid̲j̲āʾ against ʿAbd Allāh b. al-Zubayr, who had treated badly his own brother ʿAmr, a friend of the poet. According to the Ag…

, name of a family of astronomers from Farg̲h̲āna. The ¶ family consisted of the father, Abu ’l-Ḳāsim ʿAbd Allāh b. Amād̲j̲ūr al-Turkī and of his son Abu ’l-Ḥasan ʿAlī, and also of a freedman of the latter named Mufliḥ. They worked at Bag̲h̲dād and at S̲h̲īrāz between 272/885 and 321/933, making astronomical observations which have been in part preserved by Ibn Yūnus. The son devoted much of his attention to the determination of the limits of the latitude of the moon, observing that it reached greater lat…

, the name of two viziers of the early Būyids, the first of them known also as a man of letters: (1) Abu ’l-Faḍl Muḥammad b. al-Ḥusayn b. Muḥammad was the son of a pedlar or wheat merchant in the S̲h̲īʿī town of Ḳumm in central Iran who later became a kātib in K̲h̲urāsān, where he received the title of ʿamīd [ q.v.] which was in this region usually given to high officials. He appears at Buk̲h̲ārā ( Mat̲h̲ālib , 232-6) at an unknown date, perhaps later than his appearance in 321/933 as vizier of Was̲h̲mgīr [ q.v.] in Rayy, and in 323 as one of the chief dignitaries of Mardāwid̲j̲ just before…

[see ibn al-kalānisī ; al-makīn ].

[see inal ].

, Abū ʿUmar ʿAbd Allāh b. ʿĀmir al-Yaḥṣubī , “reader” of the Ḳurʾān whose ḳirāʾa [ q.v.] is counted among the seven canonical “readings”. Of south Arabian origin, he belonged to the first class of the Tābiʿūn [ q.v.], his guarantors being ʿUt̲h̲mān b. ʿAffān, Abu ’l-Dardāʾ [ q.v.] and other less famous Companions. He settled in Damascus, where he was appointed ḳāḍī , by al-Walīd b. ʿAbd al-Malik and chief of police by Yazīd b. al-Walīd and Ibrāhīm b. al-Walīd; his “reading” was adopted by the inhabitants of Damascus. He died in 118/736…

, Abu ’l-Muṭarrif Aḥmad b. ʿAbd Allāh al-Mak̲h̲zūmī , writer, poet and judge, who was born in Valencia (Spain) in Ramaḍān 580/December 1184, and died in Tunis in D̲h̲u ’l-Ḥid̲j̲d̲j̲a 656 or 658/December 1258 or November 1260 (his grandfather’s name is given as ʿUmayra in the Ḏj̲ad̲h̲wat al-iḳtibās of Ibn al-Ḳāḍī, 72). His family originated in Alcira (D̲j̲azīrat S̲h̲uḳr), near Valencia. He studied with the best Andalusian scholars and then travelled probably to the East where he acquired an immense knowledge of fiḳh , ḥadīt̲h̲ and literature, and also gaine…

, Abu ’l-ʿAbbās Aḥmad , faḳīh and poet, known at the present time in Algeria under the name of Sīdī Ben ʿAmmār. It is not known where or when he was born and nothing is known of his childhood, his youth and his early studies. He is said to have learned ḥadīt̲h̲ from Abū Ḥafṣ ʿUmar b. ʿAḳīl (or ʿUḳāyl) al-Yāʿalawī (sic) or al-Bāʿalawī (probably al-Yaʿlāwī, i.e., of the Banī Yaʿlā, a tribe of the lesser Kabylie) al-Makkī, who died in 1170/1756; he is said to have studied more particularly the Ṣaḥīḥ of al-Buk̲h̲ārī under masters (?) whose line went back to Abū ʿUt̲h…

, Abū Bakr Muḥammad b. ʿAmmār b. Ḥusayn b. ʿAmmār , poet and vizier of al-Andalus. Born in 422/1031 in a village near Silves, he belonged to a poor and obscure family and his claim to be of Yemenī origin is doubtful. After beginning his studies at Silves, he received at Cordova an advanced literary education and then tried to make his literary talent pay, travelling throughout Spain in search of patrons. Nothing appears to have survived of his first panegyrics, addressed, it seems wi…

[see ʿammār, banū ; al-ḥākim bi-amr allāh ; ṭarābulus ].