Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition

, G̲h̲āzi ’l-Dīn K̲h̲ān , Fīrūz D̲j̲ang (III), was named S̲h̲ihāb al-Dīn after his great-grandfather G̲h̲āzi ’l-Dīn K̲h̲ān, Fīrūz D̲j̲ang I [see s̲h̲ihāb al-dīn , mir ]. His mother was the daughter of the wazīr , Ḳamar al-Dīn K̲h̲ān (d. 1161/1746). He was eight years old when his father, (Mir) Muḥammad ¶ Panāh [ q.v.] died suddenly at Awrangābād in 1165/1752 during his abortive attempt to seize the viceroyalty of the Deccan. On his father’s departure for the Deccan, S̲h̲ihāb al-Dīn had been left behind at Delhi in the care of the minister, Abu ’l-Manṣūr Ṣafdar D̲j̲ang [ q.v.]. He seems to ha…

, the title of a ruling family, founded by a Hindu convert to Islam, which ruled over Berar [ q.v.] for nearly a century from 896/1490 until 982/1574. The founder of the dynasty, Daryā K̲h̲ān, better known to history by his title Fatḥ Allāh ʿImād al-Mulk, was descended from the Canarese Brahmans of Vid̲j̲yanagar [ q.v.]. He fell as a prisoner of war in 827/1423 into the hands of K̲h̲ān-i D̲j̲ahān, the commander-in-chief of the Bahmani [ q.v.] forces in Berar, who appointed him to his personal bodyguard. Impressed by his talents and ability K̲h̲ān-i D̲j̲ahān quickly promo…

, “inflection” (verbal noun of fourth form, amāla ), a phonetic phenomenon. It consists in “ alif ’ s tending towards yāʾ and fatḥa ’ s tending towards kasra ” (Ibn al-Sarrād̲j̲, Mūzad̲j̲ , 139). Modern phonetics regards it as a palatalization, produced by a rising movement of the tongue towards the prepalatal region. Depending on the extent of this movement, the vowel a shifts from its zone of articulation to that of ę or to that of e (or even to that of i). Arab grammarians distinguish an imāla s̲h̲adīda , “strong” (probably a > e) and an imāla mutawassiṭa , “medium” (probably a > ä …

[see imāma , masd̲j̲id ].

, the imāmate in the meaning of “supreme leadership” of the Muslim community after the death of the Prophet. The present article will deal with the theological and judicial theory. For the institutional development see k̲h̲ilāfa . Early development. The establishment of Abū Bakr after the death of Muḥammad as K̲h̲alīfat Rasūl Allāh , “Vicar of the Messenger of God”, affirmed the continued unity of the Muslim community under a single leader. It favoured a preferential right to the imāmate for the early Meccan, Ḳurays̲h̲ite Com…

[see libās ].

[see abū ḥanīfa ].

[see k̲h̲alīfa ].

, literally “enclosure of the Imāms”, is a term used in India for the buildings where the S̲h̲īʿīs assemble during Muḥarram and recite elegies on the martyrdom of Ḥasan and Ḥusayn and in which the taʿziyas [ q.v.] are stored. The Imām-bārā is an Indian institution, whose beginnings may be traced to the 18th century, when many of the S̲h̲īʿī institutions and practices took their ritualistic form. Ṣafdar D̲j̲ang (1708-54) constructed a building in Delhi for the purpose of the Muḥarram rituals; it was not known as Imām-bārā, but may well be considered its forerunner. An almost simila…

[see al-d̲j̲uwaynī ].

[see abu ’l-layt̲h̲ al-samarḳandī ].

[see imāma , it̲h̲nā ʿas̲h̲ariyya ].

Imām al-Dīn ʿAbd al-Raḥīm b. Ḥasan (b. 856/1452; d. 919/1513), was a saint ( pīr ) of an Ismāʿīlī sect known as Imāms̲h̲āhīs, and better known as sat-panthīs (followers of truth). Sat-panth (the true path) was a term applied originally to Eastern Ismāʿīlīsm in India. Later the sat-panthīs denied all connection with the K̲h̲od̲j̲as, although there is a great similarity in their doctrines. His tomb is at Pīrāna (near Aḥmadābād, Gujarat), where Imām S̲h̲āh lived and taught. It is greatly venerated by his ¶ followers, who are also to be found in Madhya Pradesh, neat Burhānpūr, whe…

is used to designate both the descendant of a S̲h̲īʿī imām and the shrine of such a person (with which this article is mainly concerned). The imāmzādagān are thus sayyids [ q.v.], but all sayyids are not accorded the title of imāmzāda . In common usage it is given to the sons and grandsons of the imāms, but excluding those who themselves became imāms, and also to those of their descendants distinguished by special sanctity or by suffering martyrdom. It is not normally accorded to the female descendants of the imāms. The lives of many of the imāmzādagān are recorded in biographical and hagio…

(a.), faith (in God), maṣdar of the 4th form of the root ʾ mn. The root has the connotations of “being secure, trusting in, turning to”; whence: “good faith, sincerity” ( amana ), then “fidelity, loyalty” ( amāna ), and thus the idea of “protection granted” ( amān ). The fourth form ( āmana ) has the double meaning of “to believe, to give one’s faith” and (with bi) “to protect, to place in safety”. The root ʾ mn is one of those most frequently found in the vocabulary of the Ḳurʾān, where īmān means sometimes the act and sometimes the content of faith, sometimes bot…

[see amīr ].

(the United Arab Amirates), the federation of seven shaykhdoms of the lower Gulf, formerly known as the Trucial States, inaugurated on 14 S̲h̲awwāl 1391/2 December 1971. The member states are Abū Ẓabī (Abū D̲h̲abī), Dubayy, al-S̲h̲āriḳa (S̲h̲ārd̲j̲a), ʿAd̲j̲mān, Umm al-Ḳaywayn, Raʾs al-Ḵh̲ayma and Fud̲j̲ayra. The federation’s total area is about 30,000 square miles and its population (180,226 at the 1968 census) has been variously estimated, in the absence of reliable statistics, at anything between 320,000 and 700,000, mostly concentrated in Abū Ẓabī and Dubayy shaykhdoms. Unti…

[see nubuwwa ].

[see k̲h̲ayr and waḳf ].

[see berbers ].