Religion Past and Present
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Subject: Religious Studies
Edited by: Hans Dieter Betz, Don S. Browning†, Bernd Janowski and Eberhard Jüngel
Religion Past and Present (RPP) Online is the online version of the updated English translation of the 4th edition of the definitive encyclopedia of religion worldwide: the peerless Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart (RGG). This great resource, now at last available in English and Online, Religion Past and Present Online continues the tradition of deep knowledge and authority relied upon by generations of scholars in religious, theological, and biblical studies. Including the latest developments in research, Religion Past and Present Online encompasses a vast range of subjects connected with religion.
Subscriptions: see brill.com
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Religion Past and Present (RPP) Online is the online version of the updated English translation of the 4th edition of the definitive encyclopedia of religion worldwide: the peerless Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart (RGG). This great resource, now at last available in English and Online, Religion Past and Present Online continues the tradition of deep knowledge and authority relied upon by generations of scholars in religious, theological, and biblical studies. Including the latest developments in research, Religion Past and Present Online encompasses a vast range of subjects connected with religion.
Subscriptions: see brill.com
Jesus Christ
(19,624 words)
[German Version] I. Name and Titles – II. Jesus Christ in the History of Christianity – III. Jesus Christ in Other Religions – IV. Jesus Christ in Jewish Perspective – V. Jesus Christ in Islamic Perspective – VI. Jesus Christ in Art
I. Name and Titles
1. Jesus of Nazareth
a. Terminology The appellation
Jesus Christ signals a significant tension regarding the figure in question. Although generally understood as a double name, it originated as a fusion of two heterogeneous elements: the theophoric personal name Joshua/Jeshua (Heb. “the Lord help…
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Religion Past and Present
Jetzer Affair, The
(196 words)
[German Version] in Bern. In 1507/1508, the lay brother Johannes Jetzer (1483–1514) experienced many appearances of Mary (Mary, Appearances of) accompanied by miracles in the Dominican monastery in Bern: the Mother of God allegedly authorized the doctrine of her maculate conception as supported by the Order of Preachers over against the Franciscans. The deceit was discovered. In three sensational Inquisition processes, the city reached a harsh verdict: on May 31, 1509, the four leaders of the mona…
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Religion Past and Present
Jewel, John
(191 words)
[German Version] (May 24, 1522, Buden, Devon – Sep 23, 1571, Monkton Farleigh, Wiltshire). At Oxford, Jewel, who was influenced by Peter Martyr Vermigli, became one of the intellectual leaders of the English Reformation. Upon the succession of Mary Tudor in 1553, he fled to the continent. At Frankfurt he opposed J. Knox and defended the
Book of Common Prayer of 1552. Later he and Vermigli traveled together to Zürich. Upon the accession of Elizabeth I (1558) he returned to England. In 1560 Jewel was appointed bishop of Salisbury, where he exercised a vig…
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Religion Past and Present
Jewelry
(1,031 words)
[German Version] I. History of Religions – II. Archaeology – III. Bible
I. History of Religions Jewelry, attested since the Middle Paleolithic (75,000 bce), is part of the primarily visual repertoire of signs expressing group membership, social roles (such as gender, office, status or function) and identity, and used for communicating hopes, wishes, obligations and the like. Depending on whether jewelry is worn openly or concealed, the positive effect on the person her- or himself, intimate identity or its function…
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Religion Past and Present
Jewish Christians
(4,088 words)
[German Version] I. New Testament – II. Early Church – III. Middle Ages and Modern Period – IV. 19th Century to the Present
I. New Testament
1. Definition and sources Although the New Testament does not speak explicitly of Jewish Christians, the phenomenon is everywhere apparent. Makeshift expressions are used (Acts 9:2; 19:9, 23; 24:5; Rom 15:26; Gal 2:9, 12; note also that
Christians as a designation used by outsiders is itself rare: Acts 11:26; 26:28; 1 Pet 4:16). In addition, all the NT documents except Luke-Acts were written by Jewish Christian aut…
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Religion Past and Present
Jewish Missions
(553 words)
[German Version] The mission to the Jews began when the Jewish Christian apostles first gave testimony to their own people concerning their encounter with the Messiah Jesus – in accordance with his commission (Act 1:8; Rom 1:16). Christianity's further theological and political development led to a situation since the end of the early church in which the mission to the Jews stood primarily under the aegis of dominion (by force) over the Jews (e.g. compulsory sermons, Italian and English convert ho…
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Religion Past and Present
Jewish Revolt, First
(1,381 words)
[German Version] I. Causes and background – II. Course of war – III. Result
I. Causes and background In 66–73 (74?) ce there was an uprising of the Jews in Palestine against the Roman Empire and, simultaneously, a many-sided civil war within the Jewish population there. The brutal conflict resulted – aside from the loss of thousands of lives – in the destruction of Jerusalem and the second temple in 70 ce. The name “Jewish Revolt” (taken from Flavius Josephus's,
De bello Iudaico) betrays the Roman perspective. The Jews would have called it the war of liberation or redempti…
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Religion Past and Present
Jewish Studies
(865 words)
[German Version] The roots of what we today call Jewish studies go back to the first half of the 19th century, and are usually associated with figures like L. Zunz, Immanuel Wohlwill/Wolf (1799–1847), Isaac Markus Jost (1793–1860), M. Steinschneider, A. Geiger, and H. Graetz. This field of scholarship began with the programmatic
Etwas über die rabbinische Litteratur, published by Zunz in 1818. Zunz's program comprised a wide range of subjects, including theology (which he treated very cursorily), jurisprudence, ethics, geography, mathematics, astrono…
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Religion Past and Present
Jezebel
(315 words)
[German Version] was a Phoenician princess, the daughter of Ittobaal of Tyre (or of Sidon, according to Timm), who was married to Ahab of Israel. After Ahab's death, Jezebel gained great political influence as queen mother and used this to promote the Baal/Baalat religion. Jezebel's historical appearance is not easy to determine, since she became the object of a biased historical tradition. It is unlikely that this development of the tradition has deuteronomistic or even later origins. The traditi…
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Religion Past and Present
Jezreel
(228 words)
[German Version] (Heb. יִזְרְעֶאל/
Yizriʿēal), is attested in the Hebrew Bible as a place name for an unlocated settlement in Judah (Josh 15:56; 1 Sam 25:43, etc.) and a city in northern Israel (1 Kgs 21; 2 Kgs 9f.; Hos 1:4, etc.), modern Tell Jezreel on the western edge of the plain by the same name. Excavations (1990–1997) have yielded settlements in the Early Bronze I/III, Middle Bronze II, Late Bronze and Early Iron I periods, but, especially, a carefully planned and constructed approx. 4.5-hect…
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Religion Past and Present