Religion Past and Present
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Subject: Religious Studies
Edited by: Hans Dieter Betz, Don S. Browning†, Bernd Janowski and Eberhard Jüngel
Religion Past and Present (RPP) Online is the online version of the updated English translation of the 4th edition of the definitive encyclopedia of religion worldwide: the peerless Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart (RGG). This great resource, now at last available in English and Online, Religion Past and Present Online continues the tradition of deep knowledge and authority relied upon by generations of scholars in religious, theological, and biblical studies. Including the latest developments in research, Religion Past and Present Online encompasses a vast range of subjects connected with religion.
Subscriptions: see brill.com
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Religion Past and Present (RPP) Online is the online version of the updated English translation of the 4th edition of the definitive encyclopedia of religion worldwide: the peerless Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart (RGG). This great resource, now at last available in English and Online, Religion Past and Present Online continues the tradition of deep knowledge and authority relied upon by generations of scholars in religious, theological, and biblical studies. Including the latest developments in research, Religion Past and Present Online encompasses a vast range of subjects connected with religion.
Subscriptions: see brill.com
Schartau, Henrik
(88 words)
[German Version] (Sep 27, 1757, Malmö – Feb 3, 1825, Lund), pastor in Lund from 1785, afterward provost and rural dean. As a pastor and preacher, he left his mark on a whole generation of clergy. Through them and his posthumously published works, he initiated a revival movement in western Sweden that is still vital today, combining the penitential rigor of Pietism with the churchliness of orthodox Lutheranism. Martin Friedrich Bibliography W. v. Kloeden,
BBKL IX, 1995, 9–11 A. Jarlert,
Svenskt Biografiskt Lexikon XXXI, 2002, 466–473.
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Religion Past and Present
Schaumann, Ruth
(104 words)
[German Version] (Aug 24, 1899, Hamburg – Mar 13, 1975, Munich), poet, sculptor, and graphic artist. Alongside G. v. Le Fort, she was the most important representative of the German
renouveau catholique. She lost her hearing at the age of six. She was converted to the Catholic Church in 1924. Her poetry – in part autobiographical and directed against the Third Reich – is centered on the imagery of women and mothers. Her sculpture, stained glass windows, and drawings breathe a Franciscan spirit. Joël Pottier Bibliography L. Bossle & J. Pottier, eds.,
Deutsche christliche Dichterinnen de…
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Religion Past and Present
Schaumburg-Lippe
(560 words)
[German Version] In the Middle Weser region, which had been part of the bishopric of Minden since Christianization in the 8th/9th century, the counts of Schauenburg/Schaumburg succeeded in acquiring territorial sovereignty in the 11th century. Given their high position in the
Reichskirche (e.g. as archbishops of Cologne), the counts initially rejected the Reformation, knowing its ideas through the activity of individual preachers. In 1559 Count Otto IV introduced the 1552 Mecklenburg church order, and 1564 saw the first visitation; now…
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Religion Past and Present
Schechter, Solomon
(131 words)
[German Version] (Shne’ur Salman; 1847/1850, Focşani, Romania – Nov 20, 1915, New York), rabbinic scholar. After studying at Jewish institutions in Lviv, Vienna, and Berlin, Schechter went to England, where he taught at Cambridge University. His outstanding scholarly accomplishment was his discovery and study of the Cairo Geniza (II; including the book of Sirach). From 1902 until his death, he served as president and reorganizer of the Jewish Theological Seminary of America, leaving a substantial …
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Religion Past and Present
Schedel, Hartmann
(115 words)
[German Version] (Feb 13, 1440, Nuremberg – Nov 28, 1514, Nuremberg), the son of a merchant, studied in Leipzig, Rome, and Padua, where he received a doctorate in medicine in 1466. After working in Nördlingen and Amberg, he was appointed municipal physician in Nuremberg. A humanist and book collector, he is best known for his world chronicle, based on the traditional structure of salvation history (Chronicles: IV); it is generally known in the English-speaking world as the
Nuremberg Chronicle. Printed by Anton Koberger in 1493 then later published in German translation, w…
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Religion Past and Present
Scheeben, Matthias Joseph
(360 words)
[German Version] (Mar 1, 1835, Meckenheim, near Bonn – Jul 21, 1888, Cologne), Catholic dogmatic theologian, in the judgment of K. Barth “the greatest the Roman Catholic Church has produced on German soil in the modern era” (E. Busch,
Karl Barths Lebenslauf, 1975, 428; ET:
Karl Barth: His Life from Letters and Autobiographical Texts, 1976). While he was studying at the Gregorianum (1852–1859), Scheeben’s theology was given its anti-rationalist bent (against A. Günther and G. Hermes) – emphasizing the supernatural character of the act of faith and …
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Religion Past and Present
Schegk, Jakob
(243 words)
[German Version] (born Degen; 1511, Schorndorf – May 9, 1587, Tübingen), professor of philosophy at Tübingen from 1536, also professor of medicine there from 1543; he was superintendent and several times rector of the Tübingen Stift; he lost his sight in 1577. His commentaries on Aristotle’s logic and physics represented the (non-Scholastic and anti-Ramist) reform of ¶ Aristotelian topics and theory of proof in logic and were closely associated with scientific advances in Italy in physics. His theological significance rests on his opposition to M. Ser…
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Religion Past and Present
Scheibel, Johann Gottfried
(340 words)
[German Version] (Sep 16, 1783, Breslau [Wrocław] – Mar 21, 1843, Nuremberg), Old Lutheran theologian. After studying at Halle, he served as a pastor in Breslau; at the same time, he was appointed associate professor at the newly-founded university, and in 1818 he was appointed a full professor. Increasing study of Luther convinced him after 1815 that the Lutheran doctrine of the Lord’s Supper was the critical issue separating the confessions; he considered the Reformed doctrine and contemporary e…
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Religion Past and Present
Scheibler, Christoph
(198 words)
[German Version] (Dec 6, 1589, Armsfeld, Waldeck – Nov 10, 1653, Dortmund), Lutheran philosopher and theologian. In 1610 he was appointed professor of Greek, logic, and metaphysics at Gießen and served as rector. In 1625 he was appointed superintendent and gymnasiarch in Dortmund. A prolific writer, Scheibler gave Lutheran Scholastic Aristotelianism a distinctive character
vis-à-vis Wittenberg (J. Martini): in its more didactic logic, which included Ramist motifs (
Opus logicum, 1613), and in its metaphysics, which was oriented sapientially as well as ontological…
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Religion Past and Present
Scheidt, Samuel
(272 words)
[German Version] (baptized Nov 4, 1587, Halle – Mar 24, 1654, Halle), German organist and composer. From 1603 to 1607, he was already organist of the Moritzkirche. Then from 1607/1608 to 1609, he studied organ and composition with J.P. Sweelinck in Amsterdam. When the administrator of the archbishopric of Magdeburg took up his residence in Halle, Scheidt became his court organist in 1609 and
Kapellmeister in 1619. When the administrator left the city in 1625 for military duty, Scheidt found himself unemployed. Only from 1628 to 1630 did he find temporary employment as
Director musices of…
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Religion Past and Present
Schein, Johann Hermann
(286 words)
[German Version] (Jan 20, 1586, Grünhain – Nov 19, 1630, Leipzig), composer and poet. Schein received his early musical training at the Dresden Hofkapelle, studied law from 1608 in Jena and Leipzig, and there published his
Venus Kräntzlein, a collection of secular songs and dances, in 1609. He was appointed to the Hofkapelle in Weimar in 1615 and in 1616 as
Kantor at the Thomaskirche in Leipzig. Schein figures among the most important of the middle German musicians of the early 17th century, alongside M. Praetorius and H. Schütz (Church music: IV, 4.a). D…
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Religion Past and Present
Scheler, Max
(432 words)
[German Version] (Aug 22, 1874, Munich – May 19, 1928, Frankfurt am Main), prominent German philosopher between E. Husserl and M. Heidegger, sociologist, and philosophical anthropologist. The extravagant profusion of Scheler’s ideas, his gift of inspired intuition, and his troubled personal and religious life fascinated his contemporaries. The manifold motifs of his thought have had a lasting impact. At the age of 12, Scheler, the son of a Jewish mother and Protestant father, converted to Catholicism. He was influenced by the philosophies of F. Nietzsc…
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Religion Past and Present
Schelhorn, Johann Georg
(169 words)
[German Version] (Dec 8, 1694, Memmingen – Mar 31, 1773, Memmingen) served as a teacher, Lutheran pastor, and librarian in Memmingen; he was a significant 18th-century scholar and a productive author (some 40 works), but is scarcely noticed by researchers. From 1712 on he studied at Jena and Altdorf, returning to Memmingen in 1718; there he was appointed librarian and deputy rector in 1725. In 1732 he became pastor of Buxach and Hart, near Memmingen, in 1734 municipal preacher, and in 1753 superintendent. He wrote on literary and ecclesiastical history (e.g.
Amoenitates literariae, 14 …
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Religion Past and Present
Schell, Herman
(505 words)
[German Version] (Feb 28, 1850, Freiburg im Breisgau – May 31, 1906, Würzburg), Catholic apologist and theologian. After studies in Freiburg and Würzburg and ordination to the priesthood in 1873, Schell had a lengthy pastoral ministry, interrupted by a study leave at the Anima in Rome from 1879 to 1881. Against the wishes of the conservative majority of the faculty, he was appointed associate professor of apologetics, history of Christian art, and comparative religion at Würzburg in 1883; in 1888 …
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Religion Past and Present
Schelling, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph
(1,671 words)
[German Version] (Jan 27, 1775, Leonberg – Aug20, 1854, Bad Ragaz).
I. Life Schelling’s father, pastor in Leonberg since 1771, was appointed professor of oriental studies at the monastic school of Bebenhausen. There his gifted son participated in seminars as early as 1786. When he was 15, Schelling received special permission to begin studies at the Tübingen Stift (Tübingen: II), where for some time he shared a room with F. Hoelderlin and G.W.F. Hegel. After passing his master’s examination (1792) and theolo…
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Religion Past and Present
Schelsky, Helmut
(154 words)
[German Version] (Oct 14, 1912, Chemnitz – Feb 24, 1984, Münster) was one of the scholars who re-established sociology in West Germany after 1945, between René König and M. Horkheimer & T.W. Adorno, building on the philosophical anthropology of M. Scheler, H. Plessner, and A. Gehlen. He established and directed the tracing service of the German Red Cross. He occupied chairs in Hamburg, Münster, and (temporarily) also in Bielefeld. He was an independent thinker whose work was often contradictory; i…
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Religion Past and Present
Schelwig, Samuel
(131 words)
[German Version] (Mar 8, 1643, Leszno, Poland – Jan 15, 1715, Danzig [Gdansk]). After studying at Wittenberg with A. Calovius, in 1668 he was appointed deputy rector of the Gymnasium in Toruń; in 1673 he was appointed professor at the Danzig Gymnasium, and in 1681 deacon with the Katharinenkirche. In 1685 he was appointed rector of the Gymnasium and pastor of Sankt Trinitatis. His conflict with his Pietist colleague Konstantin Schütz turned into a literary debate with P.J. Spener that lasted for some years (e.g.
Die Sektiererische Pietisterey, 1696/1697). Johannes Wallmann Bibliograph…
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Religion Past and Present
Schema
(181 words)
[German Version] The great and small schema (from Gk σχῆμα/
schḗma) is the monastic habit of the Eastern churches. Uniformity of monastic garb originated in the cenobitic monasteries of Pachomius. His
vita recounts his receiving his rule from an angel and describes the habit. Later frescoes depict Pachomius in a simple tunic, while the angel wears a scapular (
analabos), a schema embroidered with a cross or crosses worn over the shoulders; it is connected with a hood (
kykylion) and held to the body by a thin cord and a belt. There is also a sleeveless cloak (
mandyas or pallium). A novice re…
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Religion Past and Present
Schempp, Paul
(220 words)
[German Version] (Jan 4, 1900, Stuttgart – Jun 4, 1959, Bonn). Appointed pastor in Iptingen in 1934, Schempp joined the Kirchlich-theologische Sozietät; in 1936 he became involved in an increasingly acrimonious conflict with the leadership of the Württemberg church, charging them with being bureaucrats rather than spiritual leaders and giving order priority over their duty as watchmen. In 1939 he was removed from office. In 1943 he left the Württemberg church and in 1945 joined the Reformed congre…
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Religion Past and Present