1. Definition
The National Language Movement (guóyǔ yùndòng 國語運動) was a movement among educators and intellectuals from the 1920s to 1940s for the promotion of Mandarin as the national language (guóyǔ 國語). The term “national language movement” has also been used to include all efforts to reform the Chinese language since the end of the 19th century, but several of these efforts c…