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Ṭālūt

(722 words)

Author(s): Firestone, R.
, the Islamic equivalent to the biblical Saul based on a familiar form in the Arabic reproduction of ancient names (often in assonant pairs), fāʿūl (Ṭālūt-D̲j̲ālūt, Yād̲j̲ūd̲j̲-Mād̲j̲ūd̲j̲, Hārūt-Mārūt, Hārūn, Ḳārūn, Dāwūd, Tābūt, etc.). He occurs in the Ḳurʾān only in II, 246-51, a parallel with the Biblical I Samuel, v-xviii. Chosen by God to lead Israel in response to their request for a king, Ṭālūt is poor but wise and physically powerful. Although considered unworthy of kingship by the people, he is confirmed through an unnamed prophet by the divine sign of angels bearing the Ark ( Tāb…

Yūsuf

(2,270 words)

Author(s): Firestone, R.
b. Yaʿḳūb , in the Ḳurʾān and later Islamic literature parallels, the Joseph of the Hebrew Bible and Jewish and Christian tradition. The character of Yūsuf is popular in Islamic pietistic and devotional literature, in prose and in poetry from the earliest commentaries until the present day. ¶ 1. In the Ḳurʾān. Outside of sūra XII, Yūsuf is mentioned only twice. In VI, 84, he is merely listed among other biblical prophets, and in the following order: Ibrāhīm (VI, 83), Iṣḥāḳ and Yaʿḳūb, Nūḥ “[whom] We guided previously, and from his progeny, Dāwūd,…

Yaʿḳūb

(709 words)

Author(s): Firestone, R.
, the Arabic name for the Old Testament Patriarch Jacob, son of Isaac, son of Abraham. Yaʿḳūb is mentioned by name in the Ḳurʾān 16 times in ten sūras. The nature of his appearance tends to be formulaic in that he often appears in reference to other prophets and personages familiar also from the Bible. In what have traditionally been deemed earlier sūras, he appears in the following formula: “We gave [Ibrāhīm] Isḥāḳ and Yaʿḳūb ...” (VI, 84; XIX, 49; XXI, 72; XXIX, 27). This has been thought by some scholars to …

Samawʾal b. Yaḥyā al-Mag̲h̲ribī, Abū Naṣr

(709 words)

Author(s): Firestone, R.
(?520-70/?1126-75), prominent physician and mathematician who lived and practiced among the notables of Syria, ʿIrāḳ, Kurdistān and Ād̲h̲arbāyd̲j̲ān. Born and raised as a Jew, he gives an account of his conversion to Islam, including a brief autobiography, in an appendix attached to the second edition of his anti-Jewish polemic, Ifḥām al-yahūd (“Silencing the Jews”). His father, Yehūdah Ibn Abūn, was a rabbi and poet from Fās whose family came from al-Andalus. Also known as Abu ’l-Baḳāʾ Yaḥyā b. ʿAbbās al-Mag̲h̲ribī, the f…

Yaʿḳūb

(730 words)

Author(s): Firestone, R.
, nom arabe du patriarche de l’Ancien Testament, Jacob, fils d’Isaac, lui-même fils d’Abraham. Le nom de Yaʿḳub est cité 16 fois dans le Ḳurʾān, dans dix sūras. Sa caractérisation est généralement stéréotypée car il apparaît souvent en référence à d’autres prophètes et personnages également familiers de la Bible. Dans les sūras, traditionnellement considérées comme les plus anciennes, il est présent dans la formule suivante: «Nous avons donné [Ibrāhīm] Isḥaḳ et Yaʿḳub ...» (VI, 84; XIX, 49; XXI, 72; XXIX, 27)…

Samawʾal b. Yaḥyā al-Mag̲h̲ribī, Abū Naṣr

(763 words)

Author(s): Firestone, R.
(?520-70/?1126-75), physicien et mathématicien important qui vécut et exerça auprès de l’élite en Syrie, ʿIrāḳ, Kurdistān et Ād̲h̲arbāyd̲j̲ān. Né et élevé comme juif, il raconta sa conversion à l’Islam, donnant en même temps une brève autobiographie, dans un appendice à la deuxième édition de sa polémique anti-juive, Ifḥām al-yahūd (ʿRéduire au silence les Juifs’), Son père. Yehūdah Ibn Abūn, était un rabbin et poète de Fās dont la famille était venue d’al-Andalus. Connu aussi sous le nom d’Abū l-Baḳāʾ Yaḥyā b. ʿAbbās al-Mag̲h̲ribī. son père …

Yūsuf

(2,473 words)

Author(s): Firestone, R.
b. Yaʿḳūb, dans le Ḳurʾān et dans la littérature islamique postérieure, le Joseph de la ¶ Bible hébraïque et de la tradition juive et chrétienne. Le personnage de Yūsuf est célèbre dans la littérature pieuse musulmane, en prose comme en poésie, depuis les premiers commentaires et jusqu’à présent. 1. Dans le Ḳurʾān. En dehors de la sūra XII, Yūsuf n’est mentionné que deux fois. Dans VI, 84, il est simplement cité parmi d’autres prophètes bibliques, et dans l’ordre suivant: Ibrāhīm (VI, 83), Iṣhāḳ et Yaʿḳūb, Nūḥ «[que] Nous avions guidés auparavant…

Ṭālūt

(768 words)

Author(s): Firestone, R.
, équivalent islamique du Saul de la Bible ayant pour schème une forme familière permettant de reproduire en arabe d’anciens noms (souvent en paires assonantes), fāʿūl (Ṭālūt-Ḏj̲ālūt, Yād̲j̲ūd̲j̲-Mād̲j̲ūd̲j̲, Hārūt-Mārūt, Hārūn, Ḳārūn, Dāwūd, Tābūt, etc.). On ne le trouve qu’une seule fois dans le Ḳurʾān, II, 246-56, correspondant au Samuel biblique I, V-XVIII. Choisi par Dieu pour conduire Israël qui demandait un roi, Ṭālūt est pauvre mais sage et fort physiquement. Bien que n’étant pas reconnu digne de la royauté par …

Zabūr

(1,345 words)

Author(s): Horovitz, J. | , Firestone, R.
(a.), a term found in pre-Islamic poetry referring to a written text, and in the Ḳurʾān referring to divine scripture, in some contexts specifically to a scripture of David [see dāwūd ], probably the Psalms. The Arabic root z-b-r is associated with “stone” ( ḥid̲j̲āra ), and verbal forms from it convey such meanings as stoning, lining a well with stones or setting stones in walls according to an overlapping pattern (an unrelated word is zubra , said to designate a piece of iron). A further range of meanings associated with the root conveys the sens…