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Gīlān-s̲h̲āh , ispahbad of Ṭabaristān, known as the Great ( buzurg ) and the Virtuous ( d̲h̲u ’l-manāḳib ), son of Dābūya, conquered Māzandarān and restored peace to the frontiers. When defeated by the Daylamīs in their revolt, he fled to Āmul and entrenched himself in the castle of Fīrūzābād; he saved himself by the ruse of making his besiegers believe that he had enormous stocks of bread. He gave asylum to the K̲h̲ārid̲j̲īs when they were being pursued by al-Ḥad̲j̲d̲j̲ād̲j̲, but fought against them and put their chiefs to death on the approach of an army commanded by Ṣufyān b. Abi ’l-Abrad al-Kalbī. Yazīd b. al-Muhallab, governor of K̲h̲urāsān under Sulaymān b. ʿAbd al-Malik, tried in vain to conquer the country and could count himself fortunate to be able to withdraw in return for a sum of money, as compensation for the depredations that had been committed. Farruk̲h̲ān died a year or two later, after reigning for seventy y…

, daughter of Aḥmad Pas̲h̲ā, wife of Sulaymān Pas̲h̲a Mizrāḳli̊ ("Abū Laylā"), Ottoman governor of Bag̲h̲dād. During the lifetime of her husband she took par…

, the third mythical ruler of the Iranian dynasty of the Kayānids [ q.v.], corresponding to Kavi Haosrovah of the religious tradition (see A. Christensen, Les Kayanides , Copenhagen 1931, 90-2 and index). He is reckoned as the son of Siyāwus̲h̲/Siyāwak̲h̲s̲h̲ [ q.v.] and the grandson, through his mother, of Afrāsiyāb [ q.v.], and according to the national tradition (Christensen, 114-17) was born after his father’s death and was brought up amongst the mountain shepherds of Ḳalū near Bāmiyān, in ignorance of his illustrious origin. This, however, s…

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(in Ptolemy ΔελυμκΐΣ), the mountainous part of Gīlān, which is inhabited by a tribe of the same name (the Δελυμαῖοι of Polybius); it is bounded on the north by Gīlān proper, in the east by Ṭabaristān or Māzandarān, in the west by Ād̲h̲arbaid̲j̲ān and the …

ʿAbd al-Mad̲j̲īd ʿIzz al-Dīn, in Turkish also called Firis̲h̲te-og̲h̲lu and in Arabic Ibn Firis̲h̲ta, one of the principal disciples of Faḍl Allāh [q. v., p. 37] the founder of the Ḥurūfī [q. v.] sect, died in 874 (1469). In 833 (1430) he wrote a book on the doctrines of the sect in Turkish, entitled ʿIs̲h̲ḳnāme (Book of mystic Love), whi…

(in Turkish āzerī, “Red River”), the ancient Amardus, a river which flows through Ād̲h̲arbāid̲j̲ān and enters the Caspian Sea, forty miles east of Enzeli, after having received the Persian name of Sefīd-Rūd, “White River”, at its junction with the river S̲h̲āh-Rūd at Mend̲j̲il. Its source lies in the province of Ārdilān, and it begins by crossing ʿIrāḳ-ʿad̲j̲amī to the nor…

, in Turkish Ḳalʿa-i Sulṭānīya Bog̲h̲azi, the ancient Hellespont, a strait which joins the Archipelago to the sea of Marmora (Propontis), and separates Europe from Asia (44 miles long and one to five miles broad). Its shores are covered with fortifications which guard the approach to Constantinople and are armed with Krupp guns of large calibre; their garrison consists of two regiments of unmounted artillery and one of engineers. The forts and batteries on the Asiatic side are: Ḳalʿa-i Sulṭānīya, Ḳūm…

(from ΔόβηρεΣ, in Herodotus V, 16 a Paeonian people, or from Dobrotič, the name of a Bulg̲h̲ār ruler of the xivth century, or from the Bulgarian dobriče “stony, unfertile plain”), a district in Roumania, a peninsula bounded by the lower Danube and the Black Sea (from the coast of Balčiḳ to the delta of the river); it is a broad, arid plateau from 200—300 feet high, of grey sand, covered with swamps, without drinking water, but rich in pasture for cattle; it has numerous lakes of which Ḳaraṣū in the centre and the lake of…

(t.) “interior” the name of a province in Asia Minor, which at present forms an independent sand̲j̲aḳ of the wilāyet of ʿAdana [q. v.] with Selefke as its chief town; 17 villages belong directly to it and also the nāḥīya of Ayās̲h̲. with 13 villages and Bulād̲j̲alu with 6 villages. This Sand̲j̲aḳ comprises four ḳaḍā, viz. Ermenek [q.v.] Mūṭ, Gulnār (Kilindria, Celendaris) and Anamūr (q. v;, capital Čoraḳ). The popalatioa consists of …

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( ḳačar “marching quickly”; cf. Sulaimān Efendi, Lug̲h̲at-i Čag̲h̲atai, Stambul 1298, p. 214), the name of the present ruling dynasty of Persia. It takes its origin from the Turkoman tribe of the same name settled in the district of Astarābād [q. v.], but which had not always been there. Persian historians assert that it is a branch of the great tribe of Ḏj̲alāir [q. v.] and that it takes its name from Ḳād̲j̲ār Noyān, son of Sertāḳ Noyān, who had been the tutor of G̲h̲āzān Ḵh̲ān [q. v.]; this Sertāḳ is …

b. Hasan Pas̲h̲a, surnamed the conqueror of Hamad̲h̲ān, succeeded his father in the government of the provinces of Bagdad, Baṣra and Mārdīn; he recaptured Kirmāns̲h̲āhān and Ardelān (1144= 1731) from the Persians. Taking advantage of the Turkish victory at Ḳorid̲j̲ān, he concluded a treaty, according to which the Araxes should be the frontier between the two realms, but Tibrīz was restored to the Persians. He defended Bagdad against the attempts of Nādir S̲h̲āh (1145 = 1733), was commissioned to c…

, called Nis̲h̲ānd̲j̲ī, Grand Vizier of the Turkish Sulṭān Sulaimān II, a native of Ayās̲h̲ in the province of Angora. After first of all filling the office of a čoḳadār (mantlebearer…

(also called Ḳaramān from the name of the dynasty which reigned there in the xivth century), a town in Asia Minor, capital of the ḳazā of the same name and of the sand̲j̲aḳ of Konia, to the S.E. and 35 miles from this town. It is 4,000 feet above sea-level, has 2,000 houses, 7,500 inhabitants, 105 mosques, 21 Friday mosques, dervish monasteries, 515 shops, 30 warehouses, 9 cafes, 4 caravanserais, 14 baking ovens, 7 b…

, (the name means “badger” in Eastern Turkī), companion and friend of the Sald̲j̲uḳ Sulṭān Ṭog̲h̲rul-Beg, was the first to hold the office of chief of police ( s̲h̲iḥna) in Bag̲h̲dād after the burning of that town in 451 (1059); he commanded a section of the advance-guard of the army sent against Aleppo by Malik-S̲h̲āh in 479 (1089) and walked at the head of the procession on the occasion of the marriage of Malik-S̲h̲āh’s daughter with the Caliph in 480 (1087), He took the side of Barkiyārūḳ in his struggle with his uncle …

= “skirmisher”, “scout” (from āḳin “incursion”, “razzia”, “raid of cavalry”, from the root āḳ-maḳ = “flow”, “gush”.) At the beginning of the Ottoman conquests the āḳind̲j̲i, in the van of the regular troops of the invading army, struck Oriental Europe with terror by the rapidity of their movements; they received neither fiefs nor pay, but lived on the booty they captured from the enemy. They appear for the first time in the early years of ʿOt̲h̲mān’s dominion, first in Asia Minor, notably in a combat…

(Turkish pronunciation: Diyār-Bekir), formerly the name of a province, at the present day the name of the town of Āmid, the ancient Ainida, called Ḳara-Āmid by the Turks on account of the black colour of its walls and buil…

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(t.), “servant of the interior” (i. e. of the palace) was the name given in Turkey to the pages in the Sulṭān’s service. They were Christian children who had either been taken in war or given as tribute in Europe; Asia was free from this levy. The most beautiful and best developed were chosen and those who seemed to be best endowed and to possess the best character. Their names, ages, and country of origin were noted and then they were converted to Islām and circumcised. They received a strict t…