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(a.) custom, customary law. (i) General, (ii) North Africa, (iii) India, (iv) Indonesia. i. — General. The realities of social life have never exactly reflected the s̲h̲arīʿa [ q.v.], or s̲h̲arʿ , the ideal Muslim Law corresponding to God’s will. This is true not only in regard to the ritual provisions of this Law, but also and even more so in regard to its juridical aspects. It is not, of course, the modern reforms of Muslim law in various countries that are envisaged here, but the survival of pre-Islamic custom ( ʿāda or ʿurf [ q.v.]). The words ʿāda and ʿurf have the same meaning, but the u…