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The terms ‘Educated Arabic’ (EA) or ‘Educated Spoken Arabic’ (ESA) are broad designations that refer to spoken Arabic showing the following features: i.A higher, more formal register than the colloquial of primary discourses of familiarity among family and acquaintances; ii.A mix of literary and colloquial lexical items; iii.Absence of ʾiʿrāb, the markers of desinential inflection (case and mood). Some scholars define Educated Arabic as the higher-register spoken variety of a particular country or region. “Of all spoken varieties it is the most dynamic, v…

1. The ʾiḍāfa in the Arabic linguistic tradition Two Arabic nouns may be linked together in a noun phrase in such a way that the second noun in the sequence determines the first by limiting, identifying, possessing, defining, or amplifying it. The two nouns in this phrase function as a closely knit syntactic unit. In Arabic grammatical terminology, this structure is referred to as ʾiḍāfa ‘annexation; addition’; the first noun in the structure is muḍāf ‘annexed’ to the second noun, which is the muḍāf ʾilay-hi lit. ‘the added-to (or ‘annexing’) noun’. The annexing noun is in the …