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Left Periphery
(2,418 words)
1. Definition According to recent syntactic theories, clauses are structured in three main layers, which are organized into sub-units. The lowest layer is primarily lexical and consists of the verb plus its arguments, and is referred to as the VP (Verb Phrase) domain. On top of the VP layer, there is the inflectional layer called the IP (Inflectional Phrase) domain, which is the domain for the realization of tense, number, person, and structural Case. On top of this, there is a layer that links th…
Date:
2017-03-02
Exclamatives
(1,998 words)
Exclamatives convey that something is surprising or noteworthy (Zanuttini and Portner 2003:47). Exclamatives generally receive a degree interpretation: they involve the placement of an entity’s property on the extreme degree on a scale, according to some contextually determined value (Rett 2008). Exclamativity can be expressed in different forms, e.g., in English using a declarative sentence with a high intonation like
You
have a nice bike!, a clause (truncated or not) with a
wh-element like
What
a nice bike (you have)!, a simple noun such as
The train!, or a simple particle
Wow!. The …
Date:
2017-03-02
Cognate and Dummy Objects
(2,105 words)
The term "cognate/dummy (verb) object constructions" (henceforth DVOCs) used here refers to verb-object phrases where either the verb or the object is a "dummy" element. It intends to capture the fact that several Chinese counterparts of some English intransitive verbs are syntactically transitive. These verbs, in fact, require a complement or a direct object, and they have always a generic activity meaning, in the sense that the action denoted by the verbs is not applied to any one specific ent…
Date:
2017-03-02
Focus
(2,477 words)
1. Definition Focus is often defined as the notion that provides new or salient information in a sentence. Focus typically involves a focus-background articulation. Focus is the "informative" part of the sentence; the background is the "non-informative" part, that is, the knowledge that the speaker presupposes to be shared by the hearer (Halliday 1967; Jackendoff 1972; Vallduví and Engdhal 1996, among others). There are different uses of focus. New information, in its simplest form, is expressed by the so-called information focus, which, for example, can c…
Date:
2017-03-02
