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(864/1459-921/1515), Ottoman statesman and man of letters, was born at Amasya (for the date see E. Blochet, Cat. des mss. turcs , ii, 1-2), where his father Tād̲j̲ī Beg was adviser to Prince (later Sultan) Bāyezīd. After rising in the theological career to müderris , he was appointed nis̲h̲ānd̲j̲i̊ by Bāyezīd II (in 903/1497-8, see Tâci-zâde Sa’dî Çelebi Münşeâtı , ed. N. Lugal & A. Erzi, Istanbul 1956, 85). Suspected of favouring Prince Aḥmad in the struggle for the succession, Ḏj̲aʿfar, with other of Aḥmad’s partisans, was dismis…

, Ottoman family of scholars, two of whom held the office of S̲h̲ayk̲h̲ al-Islām in the 10th/16th century; they take their name from the mudarris Čiwi Ilyās of Mentes̲h̲e (d. 900/1494-5). 1. Muḥyi al-Dīn S̲h̲ayk̲h̲ Muḥammad (‘Kod̲j̲a Čiwizāde’), the son of Čiwi Ilyās, b. 896/1490-1, was appointed Ḳāḍi of Cairo in 934/1527-8, Ḳāḍī ʿasker of Anadolu in 944, and S̲h̲ayk̲h̲ al-Islām (on the death of Saʿdī Ef.) in S̲h̲awwāl 945/Feb. 1539. He was dismissed (the first S̲h̲ayk̲h̲ al-Islām not to hold office for life) in Rad̲j̲ab 948 (?or 949), on the pretext that he had given an unsound fatwā …

(in earlier sources also karaverye), Ottoman name for Bérrhoia, Béroia (mod. Gk., Vérria, Véria; Slavonic, Ber), a small town in Macedonia, 60 km. WSW of Salonika, 8 km. from the left bank of the Aliákmon (Vistrítza; Tk. Ind̲j̲e Ḳara Ṣu), near the foot of the eastern slopes of the Olympene range (Tk. Ag̲h̲ustos Dag̲h̲i̊) and overlooking a broad and fertile plain: “one of the most agreeable towns in Rumili” (Leake). The Turkish epithet ḳarā [ q.v.] was prefixed perhaps in order to distinguish it from Bérrhoia in northern Thrace, Tk. [Eski] Zag̲h̲ra )cf. Jorga, GOR, i, 213). According to B…

, beylerbeyi, Turkish title meaning ‘ beg of the begs ’, ‘commander of the commanders’. Like other titles it suffered progressive debasement: having originally designated ‘commander-in-chief of the army’ it came to mean ‘provincial governor’ and finally was no more than an honorary rank. In the first sense it was used by the Sald̲j̲ūḳs of Rūm as an alternative title for the malik al-umarāʾ and by the Ilk̲h̲ānids as the title of the chief of the four umarāʾ al-ulus . In the empire of the Golden Horde the title was used for all the umarāʾ al-ulus. In Mamlūk Egypt it was perhaps used for the atābak al…

, verbal noun of T. devs̲h̲ir- ‘to collect’ (with various spellings, cf. TTS s.v. derşürmek ), Ottoman term for the periodical levy of Christian children for training to fill the ranks of the Janissaries (see yeni čeri ) and to occupy posts in the Palace service and in the administration (Gr. παιδομάζωμα). The same verb is used in the earliest Ottoman sources (Giese’s Anon . 22, l. 12 = Urud̲j̲ 22, 1. 4) for the ‘collection’ of the fifth part of prisoners from the dār al-ḥarb due to the Sultan as pend̲j̲ik [ q.v.], from whom, according to tradition, the Janissary corps was first raised …

, ‘a decking-out, an adorning’, Turkish verbal noun derived ultimately from ton , ‘clothes’. The word is used in Ottoman Turkish in two restricted meanings: ‘fleet of ships, navy’ (presumably a caique of Ital. ‘armata’), for which see art. baḥriyya , iii (adding to bibliography H. and R. Kahane and A. Tietze, The Lingua Franca in the Levant , Urbana 1958, 1-45). ‘decoration of the streets of a city’ (synonyms: s̲h̲enlik , s̲h̲ehr-āyīn ) for a Muslim festival or on a secular occasion of public rejoicing such as a victory, an accession, a royal bi…

(also Ig̲h̲ribos/z , Āg̲h̲ribos/z , Egribos ), Turkish name for the island of Euboea and its chief town, the classical Chalkis. Originally the name of the narrow strait separating Chalkis from the mainland, Εὔριπος (vulg. ῎Εγριπος) was already by the 12th century currently used for the town; a supposed connexion with the bridge over the strait produced from the ace. [εἰς τò]ν ῎Εγριπον ‘Negroponte’, the regular Western name for both town and island. In Byzantine times Euboea forme…

(also Inos/z ), Ottoman name for the classical Ainos, now Enez, town on the Aegean coast of Thrace (40° 43′ N., 26° 03′ E.) on the east bank of the estuary of the Merič ([ q.v.], anc. Hebros). From classical times until the last century it was a prosperous harbour, on an important trade route from the upper Merič valley and across the isthmus from the Black Sea, with valuable and much-coveted saltpans. With Lesbos (T. Midilli, [ q.v.]) it passed in 1355 to Francesco Gattilusio, as the dowry of Maria, the sister of John V Palaeologus. On the death of Palamede Gattilusio in…

, mak̲h̲laṣ of ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. Ḥasan (b. Edirne 1012/1603-4, d. Serez 1087/1676), historian of Edirne. His father, ‘Sal-bas̲h̲’ or ‘K̲h̲abbāz-zāde’ Ḥasan Efendi, held a series of posts in the ʿilmiyye career, dying in 1039/1630 as a müderris at the Ṣaḥn in Istanbul (ʿAṭāʾī, 733). Ḥibrī, after studying at his native Edirne and at Istanbul, followed the same career: he held a series of posts as müderris, mostly at Edirne, but after 1070/1659 was appointed ḳāḍī of various places, the last being Serez, where he is buried. His minor works are (1) a version in Turkish, entitled Riyāḍ al-ʿārifīn …

(ca. 896/ 1490-975/1567), known as ‘Ḳod̲j̲a Nis̲h̲ānd̲j̲i̊’, Ottoman civil servant and historian, was the eldest son of the ḳāḍī D̲j̲alāl al-Dīn from Tosya (for whom see S̲h̲aḳāʾiḳ , tr. Rescher, 297 = tr. Med̲j̲dī, 466). His talents having attracted the attention of Pīrī Pas̲h̲a, in 922/1516 he turned from the scholarly career to become a clerk to the dīwān-i humāyūn . He was private secretary to Pīrī Pas̲h̲a during his Grand Vizierate (924/1518-929/1523) and to his successor Ibrāhīm Pas̲h̲a; his services in helping to regulate the…

, Ottoman name for Karpenésion (Karpenisi, Carpenitze), a small township in northern Aetolia. The district was probably occupied under Bāyezīd I [ q.v.], when the adjacent regions of Salona, Domakia and [Neo-] Patras fell to the Turks (Hammer-Purgstall, i, 249-50, following Chalcocondyles); when it is first named in a published Ottoman source (the d̲j̲izya returns of 894/1489, Belgeler , i/1 (1964), 100, n. 2), as K.rāb.n.s̲h̲, it is grouped with “Badra” (Neopatras, Badrad̲j̲i̊k), Domeke, Čatald̲j̲a (Pharsala) and Mundeniče (Bodon…

(T. er ‘male’, tog̲h̲ri̊l ‘kite’).— 1. According to tradition, the name of the father of ʿOt̲h̲mān I [ q.v.], the founder of the Ottoman dynasty; but it appears in no source, Byzantine or Islamic, before the end of the 14th century, when it is mentioned in a letter (authentic?) of Bāyazīd I to Timur (Ferīdūn, Muns̲h̲aʾāt 2 , i, 127) and in the Ḏh̲āt al-s̲h̲ifāʾ (sub anno 699) of al-Ḏj̲azarī [ q.v.]. The traditions presented in the 9th/15th century Ottoman works, largely legendary in tone, fall into two main groups: (a) Ertog̲h̲rul, together with Gündüz Alp and Gök …

, town in E. Thrace, the Byzantine Τζουρουλὀς (for the various forms of the ancient name see Pauly-Wissowa, s.v. Tzurulon (E. Over-hummer]); it lies on the main road and railway between Istanbul and Edirne, 155 kms. by rail from Istanbul, facing N. over the Čorlu Su, a tributary of the Ergene. The town was taken by the Ottomans early in the reign of Murās I. In Ḏj̲um. I 917/Aug. 1511 Bāyezīd II defeated Prince Selīm near Čorlu, at a place called Ṣi̊rt-köyü by Luṭfī Pas̲h̲a ( Taʾrīk̲h̲ , Ist. 1341, 202). There were extensive waḳf s at Čorlu for Meḥemmed II’s külliyye at Ist…

, aḥmed , son of Ṣalāḥ al-Dīn ‘al-Kātib’ (and hence known as yazi̊d̲j̲i̊-og̲h̲lu aḥmed ) and younger brother of the famous Yazi̊d̲j̲i̊-og̲h̲lu Meḥmed, Turkish mystic writer and ‘popular educator’ who flourished in the middle of the 9th/15th century. The brothers, after studying under Ḥād̲j̲d̲j̲ī Bayram [ q.v.] of Ankara, lived a retired life together at Gelibolu, Aḥmed practising such austerities and becoming so emaciated that he was called—and calls himself in his books—‘Bī-d̲j̲ān’, i.e., ‘The Lifeless’. To judge from the date of the Muntahā (see below),…

( Di̊rač , Durač ), Slavonic and hence Ottoman name for the classical Dyrrhachium (med. Latin Duracium, Ital. Durazzo, Alb. Durrës), the principal port of modern Albania (41° 18′ N., 19° 26′ E.). The classical town was founded (c. 625 B.C.) under the name Epidamnus at the southern end of a narrow rocky peninsula (once an island) running parallel to the mainland coast, to which it was connected in antiquity at the North by a sand-spit …

, a physician who flourished in the middle of the 9th/15th century. According to the little treatise Ḥikāyet-i Bes̲h̲īr Čelebi (of which one MS. has been published in facsimile by İ. H. Ertaylan as Târih-i Edirne : Hikâyet-i Beşir Çelebi , Türk Edebiyati Örnekleri iii, Istanbul 1946), he was summoned from Konya to Edirne by Meḥemmed II very soon after his accession; he expounded to the Sultan the advantages of the climate of Edirne and recommended to him the site for the building of the New Palace (begun in 855/1451, cf. IA, article edi̇rne [M. Tayyib Gökbilgin], p. 117b). The Ottoman history…

, tak̲h̲alluṣ of an Ottoman poet and historian, whose personal name was Aḥmed. He was born in about 871/1466-7, the son of a certain Suleymān Bey. At the age of 13 he entered the service of Bāyezīd as a page, but was banished from court for some offence and is reported to have fled to Harāt. He was pardoned but not received back into favour. He was writing his History in the last year of Bāyezīd’s reign (917/1511-2) and probably died in that year. Bihis̲h̲tī is said to have written the first Ḵh̲amsa [ q.v.] in Ottoman Turkish; of his met̲h̲newīs survive: Leylā we Med̲j̲nūn , Mak̲h̲zen al-Esrār , Mihr ü…

, idrīs , Mewlānā Ḥakīm al-Dīn Idrīs b. Mewlānā Ḥusām al-Dīn ʿAlī al-Bidlīsī, historian of the Ottomans, was probably of Kurdish origin. He became nis̲h̲ānd̲j̲i at the Aḳ Ḳoyunlu court, and in the name of Yaʿḳūb Beg wrote a letter of congratulation to Bāyezīd II in 890/1485 which was much admired (Hammer-Purgstall, ii, 290). In consequence of the growing power of S̲h̲āh Ismaʿīl he fled to Turkey in 907/1501-2, where he was welcomed by Bāyezīd and commissioned to write the history of the Ottoman Ho…

, also karlo-īli , “The land [see īl ] of Carlo”, Ottoman name for a district of north-west Greece (Acarnania and most of Aetolia), as corresponding approximately to the territories of Carlo Tocco I (1381-1430). Carlo’s father, Leonardo, had been created count of Cephalonia in 1357; he had extended his original dominions of Cephalonia, Zante and Ithaca to embrace the island of Leucas (Leucadia, Santa Maura; Turkish: Aya Mavra) and, on the mainland, Vonitza (1362). Laying claim to the Despotate of Epirus, in 1417 Carlo made himsel…

, mak̲h̲laṣ of a minor Ottoman poet who flourished in the first decades of the 10th/16th century, the author of a verse-chronicle. According to his near-contemporay Sehī, his home was Fered̲j̲ik (near Enos), where he was k̲h̲aṭīb ; he adopted the mak̲h̲laṣ Ḥadīdī because he was a blacksmith by trade. His unpublished history of the Ottoman dynasty, completed in 930/1523-4, consists of some 7000 very pedestrian couplets in the hazad̲j̲ metre; the last incident recorded is the appointment of Ibrāhīm ¶ Pas̲h̲a as Grand Vizier (in 929/1523). In an introduct…