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an outstanding man of letters and essayist of the Buyid period. A version of this article is available in print Volume I, Fascicle 3, pp. 317-318 ABŪ ḤAYYĀN TAWḤĪDĪ, ʿALĪ B. MOḤAMMAD B. AL-ʿABBĀS, an outstanding man of letters and essayist of the Buyid period. He was born between 310/922 and 320/932, probably in Shiraz, though his birthplace is also given as Nīšāpūr, Wāseṭ, or even Baghdad. He is said to have received the name Tawḥīdī because his father was a seller in Baghdad of a type of date known as tawḥīd; but it is possible (cf. Soyūṭī, Lobb al-lobāb) that Tawḥīdī is derived from the name ahl a…

b. Savār (or Sovār), b. Bābā b. Bahrām (or Behnām) Ḵᵛārazmī, philosopher. A version of this article is available in print Volume VIII, Fascicle 1, pp. 36-37 EBN ḴAMMĀR, ABU’L- ḴAYR ḤASAN b. Savār (or Sovār)b. Bābā b. Bahrām (or Behnām) Ḵᵛārazmī, philosopher. He was born in 331/942, presumably in Baghdad; his father, a Nestorian Christian, was apparently a wineseller ( ḵammār). He studied logic and other philosophical subjects under the noted philosopher Yaḥyā b. ʿAdī, and medicine under Jebrāʾīl b. ʿObayd-Allāh b. Boḵtīšūʿ. The names of his books have long been known from the Fehrest of E…

an alleged teacher of Abū Ḥāmed Ḡazālī (450-505/1058-1111). A version of this article is available in print Volume I, Fascicle 4, pp. 350 ABŪ NAṢR AL- ESMĀʿĪLĪ, an alleged teacher of Abū Ḥāmed Ḡazālī (450-505/1058-1111); it is not possible to identify him. A well-known Abū Naṣr Aḥmad b. Emām Abū Bakr Aḥmad al-Esmāʿīlī taught in Gorgān but died in 405/1014-15 (Sobkī, Ṭabaqāt1 III, p. 37; Ebn ʿAsāker, Tabyīn kaḏeb al-moftarī, Damascus, 1347/1928-29, p. 231). A suggested identification is Emām Abu’l-Qāsem Esmāʿīl b. Masʿada b. Esmāʿīl b. Emām Abū Bakr Esmāʿīlī, who …

heretical theologian of the 3rd/9th century. A version of this article is available in print Volume I, Fascicle 3, pp. 325-326 ABŪ ʿĪSĀ MOḤAMMAD B. HĀRŪN AL- WARRĀQ, heretical theologian of the 3rd/9th century. His birthdate is unknown, and there are contradictory statements about the date of his death. Masʿūdī ( Morūǰ VII, p. 236) says he died in 247/861-62. It is also stated, however (in a late work quoted in the notes to Ḵayyāṭ, Ketāb al-enteṣār, ed. H. S. Nyberg, Cairo, 1927, p. 205), that his pupil Ebn al-Rāwandī (q.v.) died shortly after him; and Ebn al-Rāwandī is…

philologist and poet born about the middle of the 4th/10th century. A version of this article is available in print Volume II, Fascicle 7, pp. 768-769 ʿASKARĪ, ABŪ HELĀL ḤASAN B. ʿABDALLĀH B. SAHL, philologist and poet born about the middle of the 4th/10th century at ʿAskar Mokram in Ḵūzestān (hence his nesba ʿAskarī), where he seems to have spent much or most of his life. He studied philology under Abū Aḥmad ʿAskarī (293-382/906-93), who is said to have been his maternal uncle; but the relationship has been doubted on the grounds that Abū Helāl,…

noted scholar in both Islamic and philosophical disciplines, but now known chiefly as a geographer. He was born in the village of Šāmestīān, near Balḵ in Khorasan, ca. 235/849 and died there in Ḏu’l-qaʿda, 322/October, 934. A version of this article is available in print Volume I, Fascicle 4, pp. 399-400 ABŪ ZAYD AḤMAD B. SAHL BALḴĪ, in his day a noted scholar in both Islamic and philosophical disciplines, but now known chiefly as a geographer. He was born in the village of Šāmestīān, near Balḵ in Khorasan, ca. 235/849 and died there in Ḏu’l-qaʿda, 3…

, a name said to be of S. Arabian origin [See ḥabas̲h̲at ], applied in Arabic usage to the land and peoples of Ethiopia, and at times to the adjoining areas in the Horn of Africa. Although it has remained a predominantly Christian ¶ country, Ethiopia has an important Muslim population, and has moreover had relations with the world of Islam since the days of the Prophet. These will be examined under the following headings: (1) history, (2) the spread of Islam, (3) Ḥabas̲h̲ in Muslim geographical writings, (4) Ethiopian languages spoken by Muslims. A final section will deal with the Aḥābīs̲h̲ …

, nom peut-être d’origine sud-arabique [mais voir Ḥabas̲h̲at], appliqué dans la pratique arabe au territoire et aux peuples de l’Éthiopie et parfois aux régions limitrophes de la Corne d’Afrique. Bien qu’elle soit demeurée en grande majorité chrétienne, l’Éthiopie compte une importante population musulmane; elle a de plus, depuis le temps du Prophète, entretenu des relations avec le monde islamique. Ces relations seront étudiées sous les titres suivants: — 1. histoire, — 2. expansion de l’Islam, — 3. a…