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In volume 1 | book 1, The National Literature of the Arabs | Section 2, Muḥammad and His Time previous chapter | German edition had inherited his talent as a poet from his father (see p. 15). He flourished during the time Islam conquered the whole of Arabia in its unstoppable, victorious march. Both his tribe, Muzayna, and his brother Bujayr adopted the new faith, and as such the poet made fun of this in mocking verse. When Muḥammad learned of this he pronounced the death sentence on him. In order not to fall victim to a random fanatic, Kaʿb now had to obtain the Prophet’s pardon at any price. |³³|³⁹ Th…

In volume 1 | book 2, Islamic Literature in the Arabic Language | Section 2, The Post-Classical Period of Islamic Literature from ca. 400/1000 until ca. 656/1258 previous chapter | German edition 1. While he was still an official in his hometown of Basra Abū ʿAlī al-Ḥasan (Muḥammad) b. al-Ḥasan (al-Ḥusayn b. Ḥusayn) b. al-Haytham al-Baṣrī al-Miṣrī (the Latin Alhazen) had made a name for himself by his knowledge of applied methematics. Since he had volunteered to regulate the floodings of the Nile the caliph al-Ḥākim brought hi…

In volume S2 | book 3, The Decline of Islamic Literature | Section 1, From Mongol Rule Until the Conquest of Egypt by Sultan Selīm I in the Year 1517 previous chapter | German edition Ad p. 7 DK: Kitāb al-durar al-kāmina fī aʿyān al-miʾa al-thāmina by Ibn Ḥajar alʿAsqalānī (d. 852/1448, p. 67), printing Hyderabad 1348/9, 4 vols. 1 Poetry and Rhymed Prose 1. Shihāb al-Dīn Aḥmad b. ʿAbd al-Malik al-ʿAzāzī, d. 710/1310. Dīwān Cairo2 III, 134, Fāṭiḥ 3838 (not 3860, as in the defter, see MO VII, 121). 1a. Aḥmad b. Muḥammad b. ʿAbd al-Raḥīm al-Jābirī al-Shāfiʿī wrote, in 692/1293: Al-Rawḍa al-fāʾiqa f…

In volume S2 | book 3, The Decline of Islamic Literature | Section 1, From Mongol Rule Until the Conquest of Egypt by Sultan Selīm I in the Year 1517 previous chapter | German edition The rich Zaydī literature of Yemen has been extensively explored in the writings of Strothmann, van Arendonk, and E. Griffini. 1 Poetry 1a. ʿAbdallāh Abū Bakr b. Muḥammad b. ʿĪsā b. Aḥmad al-Zaylaʿī died in 762/1362, in Luḥayya in Yemen. Dīwān or al-Jawhar al-fāʾiq fī madḥ khayr al-khalāʾiq, qaṣīdas on the Prophet, Mashh. XV, 9, 26. 1b. The lifetime of Abū Ḥanīfa cannot be determined with any precision. …

In volume S1 | book 1, The National Literature of the Arabs | Section 1, From the Beginnings until the Appearance of Muḥammad previous chapter | German edition From among the many poets from the Jāhiliyya whose works have come down to us in more or less reliable form |⁵¹ it is only possible to mention the most famous ones, in particular those whose independent collections have survided. 1a. One of the oldest poets we know of is al-Muraqqish al-Akbar ʿAwf (ʿAmr) b. Saʿd b. Mālik of the Qays b. Thaʿlaba tribe, who flourished at the beginning of the sixth century C…

In volume 2 | book 3, The Decline of Islamic Literature | Section 3, From the Napoleonic Expedition to Egypt in 1798 until the Present Day previous chapter | German edition With the waning of Ottoman power over Egypt from the end of the 18th century onward, the Mamlūks, who had never been completely subdued, regained their previous strength. But 300 years of dependence had done nothing to improve the political understanding of the Beys. As such, they only used |⁶²¹ their power in order to mercilessly extort the people, which not only affected the local population, but the m…

In volume 1 | book 2, Islamic Literature in the Arabic Language | Section 1, The Classical Period from ca. 750 until ca. 1000 previous chapter | German edition Book of religious and philosophical sects by M. al-Shahrastani (d. 528/1153, p. 428), now first ed. by W. Cureton, 2 vols., London 1846.— Schahrastanis Religionspartheien |²⁰⁶ und Philosophenschulen, aus dem Arab. übersetzt mit Anmm. von Th. Haarbrücker, 2 vols., Halle 1850/1. H.S. Nyberg, al-Muʿtazila, EI III, 850/6. H. Ritter, Muhammedanische Haeresiographien, Isl. XVIII, 34/55. 1. On the beginnings of dogmatic discus…

In volume 2 | book 3, The Decline of Islamic Literature | Section 2, From the Conquest of Egypt by Sultan Selīm I in 1517 to the Napoleonic Expedition to Egypt in 1798 previous chapter | German edition The countries of the erstwhile Mamlūk Empire owed a debt of gratitude to the Ottoman conquerors whose administration put an end to political chaos, even though the resources of the people, especially of Syria, were more heavily solicited than ever before. |²⁶⁹ In Egypt, the Mamlūk Beys retained their former feudal powers, which were not too strongly curbed by the sultan’s go…

previous chapter | next chapter | contents Margaret Bendroth is the Executive Director of the Congregational Library in Boston, Massachusetts. Her research focuses on American religious history. She was the President of the American Society of Church History. Martin Dreher is Professor of History at the Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos, Brasil. He researches the history of colonisation and immigration in Latin America. Christian Gottlieb is Affiliate Professor of Church History at the University of Copenhagen. The focus of his research is the history of Christianity in Russia. N…

German edition | next chapter | contents The origin of these three volumes on the history of Christianity since the 16th Century Reformation was the necessity of augmenting the well-known series published by the Kohlhammer Verlag in Stuttgart, Germany, “ Religionen der Menschheit,” the Religions of Humankind. From the point of view of the contributors to these volumes, the substance and general approach of the books was the product of serious study and interaction with one another. Jens Holger Schjørring, professor emeritus of church history at the University of Aarhus i…

In volume S1 | book 2, Islamic Literature in the Arabic Language | Section 2, The post-Classical Period of Islamic Literature, from ca. 400/1000 until ca. 656/1258 previous chapter | German edition 1 Philology in Iraq 1a. ʿAlī b. ʿĪsā b. Abi ’l-Ḥasan al-Rabaʿī al-Naḥwī was born in 328/939. In Baghdad he studied under al-Sīrāfī and then for about 20 years in Shiraz, under ʿAlī al-Fārisī (see p. 113). After completing his studies he became a teacher of grammar in Baghdad, where he died on 20 Muḥarram 420/9 February 1029. Al-Anbārī, Nuzha 414ff., Yāqūt, Irsh. V, 283–7, Ibn Khall. 425 (W. 46…

In volume S1 | book 2, Islamic Literature in the Arabic Language | Section 2, The post-Classical Period of Islamic Literature, from ca. 400/1000 until ca. 656/1258 previous chapter | German edition 1a. Aḥmad b. Maḥmūd b. Masʿūd al-Qūnawī, a student of Abū Saʿīd b. Abi ’l-Khayr, a contemporary of Ibn Sīnā and a famous Sufi, wrote: |⁷⁷⁰ Rawḍ al-shihāb, on the preaching of the Prophet, in 984 ḥadīth, on which a commentary entitled al-Muntaqā min Risālat al-Sh. is in Bank. V, 2, 374. 1b. Abū Manṣūr Maʿmar (Muʿammar) b. Aḥmad b. Muḥammad b. Ziyād al-Iṣfahānī, d. 418/1027. Al-Yāfiʿī, Mir. al-jan., u…

In volume 1 | book 2, Islamic Literature in the Arabic Language | Section 1, The Classical Period from ca. 750 until ca. 1000 previous chapter | German edition As early as the latter years of Umayyad rule, the qaṣīda had disappeared as a poetic art form. Considering that its limited, traditional subject matter was entirely linked to the life of the desert, it was no longer suitable for the entirely different conditions of the creolised, Arabo-Persian population of the big cities, which now formed the centre of intellectual life. The different elements of the old qaṣīda, to the extent to wh…

In volume S1 | book 2, Islamic Literature in the Arabic Language | Section 1, The Classical Period from ca. 750 until ca. 1000 previous chapter | German edition A. Guillaume, The Tradition of Islam, an Introduction to the Study of the Hadith-Literature with Bibliography, Glossary and Index, London 1924, A.J. Wensinck, A. Handbook of Early Muḥammadan Tradition, Alphabetically Arranged, Leiden 1927, Concordance et indices de la tradition musulmane, Leiden 1933ff. The most important sources for the history of the ḥadīth scholars are the works by al-Dhahabī (II 47) and Ibn Ḥaja…

In volume 1 | book 1, The National Literature of the Arabs | Section 3, The Period of the Umayyads previous chapter | German edition While in pagan times the rajaz (Suppl. I, 22) had only been used in improvisations, under the Umayyads it received special attention from some poets, particularly as a way of honing their qaṣīda technique. They sought to compensate for the simplicity of the rajaz metre by embellishing it with rather obscure expressions. |⁶⁰ Indeed, the two most important representatives of this movement are rightly seen as having enriched the Arabic lexicon…

In volume S1 | book 1, The National Literature of the Arabs | Section 2, Muḥammad and His Time previous chapter | German edition 1. Abū Dhuʾayb Khuwaylid b. Khālid al-Qaṭīl ( TA I, 248 bottom, VIII 81) is regarded as the greatest poet of the Hudhayl. A majalla, cited in the scholia on the Naqāʾid, ed. Bevan 30, 11, declared him to be the greatest Arab poet. One cannot deny his degree of originality, for instance in his description of wild bee Ibn Qut., Poes. 413–6, Suyūṭī, ShshM 10, Ḥusn al-muḥāḍara I, 113, Ibn al-Athīr, Usd V, 188, Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr, al-Istidrāk II, 665, Ibn Ḥajar, Iṣāba VII, 63, al-…

|¹⁹⁹ In volume S2 | book 3, The Decline of Islamic Literature | Section 1, From Mongol Rule Until the Conquest of Egypt by Sultan Selīm I in the Year 1517 previous chapter | German edition 1 Poetry and Rhymed Prose 1. Shams al-Dīn Maʿadd b. (Muḥammad) Naṣrallāh b. Rajab al-Jazarī b. al-Ṣayqal, d. 701/1301. Suyūṭī, Bughya 395 (undated). Al-Maqāmāt al-Zayniyya, 50 maqāmas, composed in 672/1273, dedicated to the Juwaynī family (see Ta ʾrīkhi Jahāngushā I, LII, n. 2), read: Br. Mus. 669, additionally Köpr 4273, Fātiḥ 4111 ( MSOS XV, 21, MFO V, 502), Āṣaf., II, 1524,45. 3. Ṣafī al-Dīn Abu ’l-Maḥā…

In volume 1 | book 2, Islamic Literature in the Arabic Language | Section 2, The Post-Classical Period of Islamic Literature from ca. 400/1000 until ca. 656/1258 previous chapter | German edition 1. Abu ’l-Faraj ʿAbdallāh b. al-Ṭayyib al-ʿIrāqī was the secretary to the Catholicos Elias I, and a doctor and teacher at the ʿAḍudī hospital in Baghdad. He died in 435/1043. Ibn Abī Uṣ. I, 241, Wüst., Ärzte 132, Leclerc I, 486, Cat. Beyrouth 22/3. 1. al-Nukat wal-thimār al-ṭibbiyya wal-falsafiyya, abstracts from Hippocrates’ de octimestri partu; de plantis secundum Aristotelem (see Bouyges, MU…

In volume S2 | book 3, The Decline of Islamic Literature | Section 1, From Mongol Rule Until the Conquest of Egypt by Sultan Selīm I in the Year 1517 previous chapter | German edition Philology 1a. Ḥasan Pāshā b. ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn b. al-Aswad al-Niksārī, ca. 800/1397. ShN I, 95 (Rescher 17), followed by Taʿl. san. 48. 1. al-Iftitāḥ fī sharḥ al-Miṣbāḥ, see I, 514.—2. Sharḥ Marāḥ al-arwāḥ, see p. 14. 1b. Bahāʾ Alimghā al-Qarawī, before 812/1409. Al-Muʿashsharāt al-siḥriyya fi ’l-abyāt al-fikriyya, Arabic dictionary in Persian verse with an Arabic introduction, Paris 4296. 1c. Ḥājjī Bābā b. Ibr…

In volume S1 | book 2, Islamic Literature in the Arabic Language | Section 1, The Classical Period from ca. 750 until ca. 1000 previous chapter | German edition C. Nallino, ʿIlm al-falak, ta ʾrīkhuhu ʿinda ’l-ʿArab fi ’l-qurūn al-wusṭā, mulakhkhaṣ al-muḥāḍarāt allatī alqāhā bil-Jāmiʿa al-Miṣriyya I, II, Rome 1911, 2 (Publ. Un. Egiz.). G. Sarton, Introduction to the History of Science I, From Homer to Omar Khayyam, Baltimore 1929 (Carnegie Inst. Publ. 376). 1a. Abū Isḥāq Ibrāhīm b. Ḥabīb al-Fazārī, often called Muḥammad b. Ibrāhīm as a result of a confusion with the ḥadīth-scholar (Ibn Qu…