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|⁵³In volume 1 | book 1, The National Literature of the Arabs | Section 3, The Period of the Umayyads previous chapter | German edition Abū Ḥazra Jarīr b. ʿAṭiyya b. al-Khaṭafā, of the tribe of Kulayb, a subdivision of the Tamīm, was born in Iraq during the reign of ʿAlī. The story goes that in his early childhood he wrote a poem in which he criticised his father for his meanness, and which was then appropriated by the crown prince Yazīd to use it against his own father. When he came to power Yazīd is said to have rewarded the poet sumptuously for this. However, it was not long before Jarīr got involved in h…

In volume S2 | book 3, The Decline of Islamic Literature | Section 1, From Mongol Rule Until the Conquest of Egypt by Sultan Selīm I in the Year 1517 previous chapter | German edition 1 Poetry and Rhymed Prose 1. See p. 11, 31. 2. Al-Shaykh ʿAlī b. Nāṣir al-Ḥijāzī al-Yāfiʿī al-Shāfiʿī, mudarris al-ʿilm al-sharīf bil-ḥaram al-Makkī. 2. Maʿārik al-wuṣūl, composed in 916/1510, see I, 742, II, 17. 2 Historiography 1. Abū ʿAbdallāh Muḥammad b. Aḥmad b. Khalaf al-Maṭarī Jamāl al-Dīn al-Khazrajī al-ʿIbādī was born in 671 or 673/1272 or 1274. A preacher and chief muezzin i…

In volume 1 | book 1, The National Literature of the Arabs | Section 1, From the Beginnings until the Appearance of Muḥammad previous chapter | German edition 1. The oldest preserved anthology is the Muʿallaqāt, i.e. those poems that, by |¹⁸ their brilliance, had been elevated to a place of honour. As recognised by Nöldeke ( Beitr. XVIIff., Enc. Brit. XVI, 536), a literal interpretation of this term gave rise to the belief that these poems had been recognised as masterpieces in pre-Islamic times, and as such had been suspended on the Kaʿba. In reality, h…

|⁴²²In volume 2 | book 3, The Decline of Islamic Literature | Section 2, From the Conquest of Egypt by Sultan Selīm I in 1517 to the Napoleonic Expedition to Egypt in 1798 previous chapter | German edition From the sixteenth century onwards, Islam also came to the Malay people, seemingly from Malabar, among whom it soon won some of its most fervent adherents.1 Just as in Malabar, on the Sunda islands the Shāfiʿī rite is predominant, |⁵⁵⁶ while the rest of India followed Abū Ḥanīfa. Arabic fiqh and mysticism were carefully studied by the Malays, although only a few of them played a…

In volume S1 | book 1, The National Literature of the Arabs | Section 1, From the Beginnings until the Appearance of Muḥammad previous chapter | German edition The oldest artistic form of speech in Arabic is sajʿ, a type of rhymed prose structured by free metre. Attempts at rhyming are visible in early Yemeni inscriptions.1 Sajʿ is also the dominant artistic form of speech in Abyssinia, not just in ecclesiastical poetry in Geʿez, but also in folk- songs in old-Amharic and in the literature of the Tigrē and Tigriña tribes. Sajʿ was the vehicle of the sayings of seers and soothsayers ( kāhin) and w…

|⁵⁰⁶In volume 2 | book 3, The Decline of Islamic Literature | Section 3, From the Napoleonic Expedition to Egypt in 1798 until the Present Day previous chapter | German edition See Suppl. |⁵⁰⁸6a. Idrīs b. ʿAbdallāh al-Wadghīrī wrote, in 1231/1816: Al-Tawḍīḥ wal-bayān fī maqra ʾ Nāfiʿ lith. Fez n.d. 18. Muḥammad Abū Ra ʾs b. Aḥmad b. ʿAbd al-Qādir al-Nāṣirī was born on 11 Ṣafar 1165/27 December 1751 in the mountains between Kirsūt and Hūnet. He spent his youth in great poverty in the region of Fehāja, and then went to study in Mascara, Qaytāna (…

In volume 1 | book 1, The National Literature of the Arabs | Section 3, The Period of the Umayyads previous chapter | German edition Ghaylān b. ʿUqba, nicknamed Dhu ʼl-Rumma, belonged to the tribe of the Banū ʿAdī. Although he generally led a nomadic existence as a Bedouin, he also came to Basra and Kufa from time to time, which is why he was considered to have been half-urbanised. From his life we know little more than the fact that he was in love with Mayya—which must have lasted for 20 years—and al-Kharqāʾ, that he w…

In volume S3i | book 4, Modern Arabic Literature previous chapter | German edition Mīrzā ʿAbd al-Raḥīm al-Ilāhī al-Tabrīzī, al-Islām fī Amīrkā, C. 1311. Muḥammad Kurd ʿAlī, al-Hijra min Lubnān, Gharāʾib al-gharb I, 26/34, al-Hijra, al-Qadīm wal-ḥadīth, 242/51. |⁴³⁷Fuʾād Ḥaddād (Buenos Aires), al-ʿArab wal-ʿArabiyya fi ʼl-ʿālam al-jadīd, RAAD VI, 143/4. Mūsā Kurayyim, al-Barāzīliyyūn wal-Sūriyyūn, al-lugha al-Burtūqāliyya walʿArabiyya, RAAD VIII, 45/57. Sulaymān Saʿīd, al-Muhājara, RAAD XI, 752/61. Tawfīq al-Rāfiʿī, Mā warāʾ al-biḥār aw al-nubūgh al-ʿArabī fi ʼl-…

In volume S3i | book 4, Modern Arabic Literature previous chapter | German edition Muḥammad al-Hādī al-Zāhirī, Shuʿarāʾ al-Jazāʾir fi ʼl-ʿaṣr al-ḥāḍir, Tunis 1926, see RAAD XII, 125. Zayn al-ʿĀbidīn al-Sanūsī, al-Adab al-Tūnisī fi ʼl-qarn al-rābiʿ ʿashar I, Qism al-naẓm, Tunis: Maṭbaʿat al-ʿArab, 1346/1927. Muḥammad al-Nayfir, 'Unwān al-arīb ʿammā nashaʾa bil-mamlaka al-Tūnisiyya min ʿālim wa-adīb, 2 vols, Tunis 1932. |⁴⁹⁹Maḥmūd Kabādu, Dīwān, collected by Maḥmūd al-Sanūsī, 2 vols, Tunis 1295. Muḥammad al-Shādhilī Khaznadār, Ḥayāt al-shiʿr wa-aṭwāruhu, Tunis 1338. Abu ʼl-…

In volume S1 | book 2, Islamic Literature in the Arabic Language | Section 2, The post-Classical Period of Islamic Literature, from ca. 400/1000 until ca. 656/1258 previous chapter | German edition 1a. In the history of the caliphs of Ibn al-Ḥarīrī (Beirut, no. 78, p. 26/33), the Fāṭimid caliph al-Ḥākim (r. 356–411/996–1020) is credited with a didactical poem on alchemy (Cat. p. 396, n. 1). 1b. Abu ’l-Ḥākim Muḥammad b. ʿAbd al-Malik al-Ṣāliḥī al-Khwārizmī al-Kātī wrote, for the ra ʾīs Abu ’l-Ḥasan ʿAlī b. ʿAbdallāh, in Baghdad in 426/1034: ʿAyn al-ṣanʿa wa-ʿawn al-ṣināʿa, a handbook of …

In volume 1 | book 1, The National Literature of the Arabs | Section 3, The Period of the Umayyads previous chapter | German edition 1. ʿUbaydallāh b. Qays al-Ruqayyāt, who apparently acquired that sobriquet because of his love for three women all called Ruqayya, mostly used his art in the service of politics, despite often being mentioned in the same breath as ʿUmar as a composer of love poems. See Suppl. I, 78. Agh. IV, 1155/67, 2154/66, 3V, 73/100. Dīwān Cairo 1IV, 235, 2III, 111, ʿĀŠir Ef. 746, comm. by al-Sukkarī (see p. 108), Cairo 1IV, 271. |⁴⁸2. Qays b. Dharīḥ (see Suppl. I, 81), of …

In volume S2 | book 4, Appendices previous chapter | German edition |⁸⁹⁷ Appendix Authors whose origin and era could not be verified with precision, a selective listing, in the order of the Latin alphabet. 1 Poetry 1. ʿAbd al-Hādī b. ʿAbdallāh b. ʿAlī Ṭāhir al-Ḥasanī 1. Muʿāraḍat al-Qaṣīda al-Kaʿbiyya, i.e. Bānat Suʿād Rabat 496, xiv, in 79 verses.— 2. Falak al-saʿāda Fez, Qar. 663. 1a. ʿAbd al-Hādī al-Sūdī al-Yamānī Dīwān Shiʿr Alexandria, Adab 142. 2. ʿAbd al-Khāliq b. ʿImād al-Dīn Raydān b. al-Muqaddam al-ʿAyzdārī al-Shāfiʿī Dīwān Cairo2 III, 141. 3. ʿAbd al-Laṭīf al-Nāṣirī Lāmiyyat a…

In volume 1 | book 2, Islamic Literature in the Arabic Language | Section 1, The Classical Period from ca. 750 until ca. 1000 previous chapter | German edition Cf. Suppl. I, 203/4 F. Wüstenfeld, Die Geschichtschreiber der Araber und ihre Werke, Abh. d. Kgl. Ges. d. Wiss zu Göttingen, vols. 28 and 29, 1882/3 (quoted as Wüst.). E. Sachau, Studien zur ältesten Geschichtsüberlieferung der Araber, MSOS VII Westas. St. 154/96. 1 The Life of Muḥammad 1. The lifetime of Mūsā b. ʿUqba b. Abi ʼl-ʿAyyāsh al-Asadī, who had the honorific title Imām al-Maghāzī, coincided mostly with …

|⁵⁰⁴In volume 2 | book 3, The Decline of Islamic Literature | Section 3, From the Napoleonic Expedition to Egypt in 1798 until the Present Day previous chapter | German edition See Suppl. next chapter Carl Brockelmann

In volume 2 | book 3, The Decline of Islamic Literature | Section 2, From the Conquest of Egypt by Sultan Selīm I in 1517 to the Napoleonic Expedition to Egypt in 1798 previous chapter | German edition Just as South Arabian culture fell into decay in the first century CE as a result of developments in trade on which its flourishing had been based, the Muslim culture of Yemen too, was adversely influenced by shifts in world trade that occurred around the beginning of the fifteenth century. From the moment that the affluence of the country was no…

|¹In volume S3i | book 4, Modern Arabic Literature previous chapter | German edition When Britain occupied Egypt, it initially believed that it was simply securing its authority in India by keeping open the Suez canal. However, one of the positive side-effects of the occupation was that it saved Egypt from political and economic collapse. Indeed, even the greatest champion of the freedom of nations will have to admit that it was only thanks to the British administration that the majority of the Egyptian popul…

In volume 1 | book 2, Islamic Literature in the Arabic Language | Section 2, The Post-Classical Period of Islamic Literature from ca. 400/1000 until ca. 656/1258 previous chapter | German edition 1. Abū Saʿīd (Saʿd) Manṣūr b. al-Ḥusayn al-Ābī, the vizier of the Būyid Majd al-Dawla, the ruler of Rayy, Hamadan, and Isfahan (387–420/997–1029), who died in 421/1030. Yāqūt, GW I, 57. Kitāb nathr al-durar (wa-nafāʾis al-jawhar) fi ’l-muḥāḍarāt, an anthology in verse and prose, in brief |⁴³⁰ pieces arranged by subject, with a wide range of interest, Berl. 8329/31, Leid. 450 (par…

In volume 2 | book 3, The Decline of Islamic Literature | Section 2, From the Conquest of Egypt by Sultan Selīm I in 1517 to the Napoleonic Expedition to Egypt in 1798 previous chapter | German edition Even the Ottoman conquest of the year 1048/1638 was not able to resuscitate the lifeless culture of the lands of the Euphrates and the Tigris. The officials of the sultan had to be content with defending, as well as they could, the remains of its material culture against outside pressure from Arab and Kurdish nomads. As such, Arabic l…

In volume S1 | book 2, Islamic Literature in the Arabic Language | Section 1, The Classical Period from ca. 750 until ca. 1000 previous chapter | German edition H. Suter, Die Mathematiker und Astronomen der Araber u. ihre Werke (Abh. zur Gesch. der math. Wissenschaften mit Einschluss ihrer Anwendungen, X, Suppl. zum 45. Jahrg. der Zeitschr. für Math. u. Physik), Leipzig 1900. Addenda et corrigenda, ibid., XIV (1903) pp. 147–185. M. Steinschneider, Arabische Mathematiker, OLZ VII, 6 (June 1904) IX, 1 (Jan. 1906). J.A. Sanchez Pérez, Biografías de matemáticos arabes que florecieron …

In volume S1 | book 2, Islamic Literature in the Arabic Language | Section 2, The post-Classical Period of Islamic Literature, from ca. 400/1000 until ca. 656/1258 previous chapter | German edition 1 Individual Biographies 1. Abū Naṣr Muḥammad b. ʿAbd al-Jabbār al-ʿUtbī died in 413/1022 (according to al-Ṣafadī in Süssheim, Prol. 29). Al-Kitāb al-yamīnī, in which he states that Ibrāhīm b. Hilāl al-Ṣābī’s (p. 153) al-Kitāb al-tājī fī akhbār al-Daylam is his example in style (I, 107f). In Khwārizm and the border regions it was, according to al-Subkī, Ṭab. IV, 13,11, held in higher este…