[German Version] (“the stout-hearted”; c. 1005 – c. 1085), Byzantine Studite monk who became hegoumenos (abbot) of the Studios monastery after 1075. Nicetas was a disciple of Symeon the New Theologian and authored the latter’s vita as well as theological and ascetic/mystical writings. During the conflict that led to discord in 1054 between the churches of Rome and Constantinople, Nicetas wrote several tracts in which he criticized various aberrations in Latin church life, ¶ especially with regard to the use of unleavened bread (Unleavened bread controversy). His criti…

[German Version] (852, probably in southern Italy – 925 Constantinople?), installed as patriarch of Constantinople in 901, after serving as private secretary ( Mysticus) to he Byzantine emperor Leo VI. In 906 Leo entered into a fourth marriage, which was contrary to civil and canon law; after some hesitation, Nicholas refused to recognize the marriage and barred the emperor from the church. With the help of Pope Sergius III, to whom he accorded precedence within the pentarchy, Leo imposed his will and forced Nicholas…