Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition

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Niẓām al-Mulk

(4,053 words)

Author(s): Bowen, H. | Bosworth, C.E.
, Abū ʿAlī al-Ḥasan b. ʿAlī b. Isḥāḳ al-Ṭūsī , the celebrated minister of the Sald̲j̲ūḳid sultans Alp Arslān [ q.v.] and Maliks̲h̲āh [ q.v.]. According to most authorities, he was born on Friday 21 D̲h̲u ’l-Ḳaʿda 408/10 April 1018, though the 6th/12th century Taʾrīk̲h̲-i Bayhaḳ of Ibn Funduḳ al-Bayhaḳī [ q.v.], which alone supplies us with detailed information about his family, places his birth in 410/1019-20. His birth-place was Rādkān, a village in the neighbourhood of Ṭūs, of which his father was revenue agent on behalf of the G̲h̲aznawīd gov…

Niẓām al-Mulk

(145 words)

Author(s): Ed.
Čīn Ḳilič K̲h̲ān , Ḳamar al-dīn , founder of the Indian Muslim state of Ḥaydarābād in the early 12th/18th century and a dominant figure in the military affairs of the decaying Mug̲h̲al empire from his appointment as governor of the Deccan by the Emperor Farruk̲h̲-siyar [ q.v.] till his death in 1161/1748. In the early years of his governorship he was the deadly foe of his rivals for influence in the empire, the Bārha Sayyids [ q.v. in Suppl.], and after his victory over them at S̲h̲akarkheldā in 1137/1724, virtually independent ruler in Ḥaydarābād with the additional ti…

Niẓām

(128 words)

Author(s): Ed.
(a.), the honorific title which became characteristic of the rulers of the Indo-Muslim state of Ḥaydarābād [ q.v.], derived in the first place from the fuller title Niẓām al-Mulk borne by the Mug̲h̲al noble Ḳamar al-Dīn Čīn Ḳilič K̲h̲ān [see niẓām al-mulk ], who became governor of the Deccan in 1132/1720 and ¶ who also bore the title of Āṣaf D̲j̲āh. The process of the identification of the title Niẓām with the rulership of Ḥaydarābād was strengthened by the long reign there (1175-1217/1762-1802) of Āṣaf D̲j̲āh’s fourth son Niẓām ʿAlī K̲h̲ān, and …

Fak̲h̲r al-Mulk

(9 words)

b. niẓām al-mulk [see niẓāmids ].

ʿImād al-Mulk

(728 words)

Author(s): Bazmee Ansari, A.S.
, G̲h̲āzi ’l-Dīn K̲h̲ān , Fīrūz D̲j̲ang (III), was named S̲h̲ihāb al-Dīn after his great-grandfather G̲h̲āzi ’l-Dīn K̲h̲ān, Fīrūz D̲j̲ang I [see s̲h̲ihāb al-dīn , mir ]. His mother was the daughter of the wazīr , Ḳamar al-Dīn K̲h̲ān (d. 1161/1746). He was eight years old when his father, (Mir) Muḥammad ¶ Panāh [ q.v.] died suddenly at Awrangābād in 1165/1752 during his abortive attempt to seize the viceroyalty of the Deccan. On his father’s departure for the Deccan, S̲h̲ihāb al-Dīn had been left behind at Delhi in the care of the minister, Abu ’l-Manṣūr Ṣafdar D̲j̲ang [ q.v.]. He seems to ha…

Burhān al-Mulk

(863 words)

Author(s): Bazmee Ansari, A.S.
, mīr muḥammad amīn b. sayyid muḥammad naṣīr al-mūsawī , was a native of Nīs̲h̲āpūr who founded the Awadh dynasty of Nawwāb-Wazīrs (1136/1724-1167/1754). The exact date of his arrival in India is not known, but this much is certain, that he was in the service of Sarbuland Ḵh̲ān, commandant of Karā-Mānikpūr, in 1123/1711. On the accession of Farruk̲h̲-siyar to the throne of Delhi (1124/1713-1131/1719), he managed to obtain the post of a nāʾib-karōrī (a revenue official), through the good offices of Muḥammad Ḏj̲aʿfar, a manṣabdār . In 1132/1719 he was appoint…

al-Ḥasan b. ʿAlī

(17 words)

[see zīrids ]. [see al-ḥasan al-uṭrūs̲h̲ , ibn mākūlā , nīẓām al-mulk ].

al-Niẓāmiyya, al-Madrasa

(38 words)

Author(s): Ed.
, the designation given to the colleges of Sunnī instruction founded in ʿIrāḳ, al-D̲j̲azīra and Persia by the great Sald̲j̲ūḳ vizier Niẓām al-Mulk [ q-v.]. See for these, madrasa, I. 4, and niẓām al-mulk . (Ed.)

Mak̲h̲dūm al-Mulk S̲h̲araf al-Dīn Aḥmad b. Yaḥyā Manīrī or Manērī

(443 words)

Author(s): Lawrence, B.
, celebrated saint of mediaeval Bihār. Born in S̲h̲awwāl 661/August 1263 at Manīr or Manēr, a village in the north Bihārī district of Patna, S̲h̲araf al-Dīn was educated at Sunargaon, Bengal by the Ḥanbalī traditionist Abū Tawwāma. On completing his studies, he travelled to Dihlī, where he met the premier Čis̲h̲tī s̲h̲ayk̲h̲ of the Sultanate period, Niẓām al-Dīn Awliyāʾ (d. 725/1325). He subsequently enrolled as the disciple of Nad̲j̲īb al-Dīn Firdawsī (d. 691/1291) and spent several years in the forests of Bihīya and Rād̲j̲gīr secluded from human company and engaged in ¶ meditation o…

S̲h̲akark̲h̲eldā

(118 words)

Author(s): Ed.
, a village of the premodern Indian province of Berār [ q.v.] situated on an affluent of the Pengangā river. Its main claim to fame is that it was the site of the battle in 1137/1724 when Niẓām al-Mulk Čīn Ḳilič K̲h̲ān [ q.v.] defeated the deputy governor of Ḥaydarābād Mubāriz K̲h̲ān and thereby established the virtual independence of the Niẓāms of Ḥaydarābād from the Mug̲h̲al empire. Niẓām al-Mulk changed the village’s name to Fatḥk̲h̲eldā. and this is now a small town in the Buldāna District in Maharās̲h̲tra State of the Indian Union (lat 20° 13′ N., long. 76° 29′). (Ed.) Bibliography Imperial…

Niẓāmiyya

(650 words)

Author(s): Bosworth, C.E.
, a term often used in the sources for Sald̲j̲ūḳ history to designate the partisans and protégés of the great vizier Niẓām al-Mulk [ q.v.], after his death attached to and operating with the sons and descendants of Niẓām al-Mulk. The influence of these partisans was especially notable in the years just after Sultan Malik S̲h̲āh’s death in 485/1092, when they actively promoted the cause of and secured the sultanate for Berk-yaruḳ b. Malik S̲h̲āh [ q.v.] against his infant half-brother Maḥmūd, the candidate of Mālik S̲h̲āh’s widow Terken K̲h̲ātūn and her ally the vizier T…

Muḥammad Panāh

(441 words)

Author(s): Bazmee Ansari, A.S.
, Mīr , the name of G̲h̲āzī ’l-Dīn K̲h̲ān, Fīrūz D̲j̲ang (II), was the eldest son of Niẓām al-Mulk Āṣaf D̲j̲āh I and a grandson of G̲h̲āzī ’l-Dīn K̲h̲ān, Fīrūz D̲j̲ang I, Indo-Muslim noble of the late Mug̲h̲al period. He grew up at the court of Muḥammad S̲h̲āh [ q.v.], the Mug̲h̲al emperor of Dihlī and on attaining his majority was married to a daughter of the minister, Iʿtimād al-Dawla Ḳamar al-Dīn K̲h̲ān (not to be confounded with Čīn Ḳi̊li̊č K̲h̲ān, Niẓām al-Mulk [ q.v.], who also bore the same name). He started his official career as Bak̲h̲s̲h̲ī of the Aḥadīs and o…

Abū Manṣūr b. Yūsuf

(976 words)

Author(s): Makdisi, G.
, in full ʿabd al-malik b. muḥammad b. yūsuf , wealthy Ḥanbalī merchant, the most important patron of the Ḥanbalī movement and a staunch supporter of the ʿAbbāsid caliphate in the 5th/11th century. Abū Manṣūr b. Yūsuf was for Bag̲h̲dād and the caliph what Niẓām al-Mulk was for K̲h̲urāsān and the sultan. Both distinguished themselves from among their contemporaries by their political and administrative genius, as well as by their wealth and power, Abū Manṣūr accumulating his wealth through commerce, and Niẓām al-Mulk through power which he exercised in the name of the sultan. In 453/1061,…

Bayhaḳ

(143 words)

Author(s): Lambton, A.K.S.
, formerly the name of a district to the west of Nīs̲h̲āpūr in Ḵh̲urāsān. In Ṭāhirid times it contained 390 villages with a revenue assessment of some 236,000 dirhams . The chief towns were Sabzawār and Ḵh̲usrawd̲j̲ird. It capitulated to a Muslim army under ʿAbd Allāh b. ʿĀmir in 30/650-1. In 548-6/1153-4 it was devastated by Yanāltegīn. According to Ḥamd Allāh Mustawfī its people were It̲h̲nā ʿAs̲h̲arī S̲h̲īʿīs. Among its famous men were Niẓām al-Mulk, the wazīr of Alp Arslān and Maliks̲h̲āh, Abū ’l-Faḍl Muḥammad b. Ḥusayn Bayhaḳī, the author of the Taʾrīk̲h̲-i Bayhaḳī

Malik Aḥmad Baḥrī

(372 words)

Author(s): Burton-Page, J.
, later styled Aḥmad Niẓām S̲h̲āh Baḥrī and regarded as the first independent ruler of the Niẓām S̲h̲āhī [ q.v.] sultanate, was the son of Malik Ḥasan Niẓām al-Mulk Baḥrī, the converted Hindū who eventually became a wazīr of the Bahmanī sultanate after the murder of Maḥmūd Gāwān [ q.v.] in 886/1481. There is no reliable evidence concerning his date of birth or his early years, but he is known to have accompanied his father when the latter was appointed governor of Telingānā in 875/1471. Here his ability and promise were so conspicuous that Maḥmūd…

al-Kundurī

(1,116 words)

Author(s): Makdisi, G.
, ʿAmīd al-Mulk Abū Naṣr Muḥammad b. Manṣūr , vizier of the first Great Sald̲j̲ūḳ, Ṭug̲h̲ri̊l Beg (447-55/1055-63). The nisba Kundurī may refer to one of two villages by the name of Kundur, one located in Ṭurayt̲h̲īt̲h̲ in Ḳūhistān, the other near Ḳazwīn; the reference may also be to the selling of kundur (frankincense). The Great Sald̲j̲ūḳs, Ṭug̲h̲ri̊l Beg, Alp Arslān and Maliks̲h̲āh, were served by two wazīr s: Kundurī, wazīr of Ṭug̲h̲ri̊l Beg, and the more famous Niẓām al-Mulk, wazīr of Alp Arslan and Maliks̲h̲āh. The main ambition of these two wazīrs was to manipulate power and inf…

K̲h̲uldābād

(178 words)

Author(s): Bosworth, C.E.
, a town in the northwestern part of the former Ḥaydarābād state, now in Maharashtra state of the Indian Union, and situated in lat. 20° 1′ N. ¶ and long. 75° 12′ E; it is also known as Rauza (sc. Rawḍa). It is 14 miles from Awrangābād and 8 from Dawlatābād [ q.vv.], and a particularly holy spot for Deccani Muslims, since it contains the tombs of several Muslim saints and great men, including the Niẓām-S̲h̲āhī minister Malik ʿAnbar [ q.v.]; Niẓām al-Mulk Āṣaf D̲j̲āh, founder of Ḥaydarābād state [ q.v.]; and above all, of the Mug̲h̲al Emperor Awrangzīb [ q.v.], who died at Aḥmadnagar in D̲h̲u ’…

Maḥmūd S̲h̲ihāb al-Dīn

(1,345 words)

Author(s): Hasan, Mohibbul
, the fourteenth ruler of the Bahmanī dynasty [ q.v.] in the Dakhan (Deccan). He ascended the throne at Muḥammadābād-Bīdar at the age of twelve on the death of his father, S̲h̲ams al-Dīn Muḥammad III, on 5 Ṣafar 887/26 March 1482. During Maḥmūd’s long reign of twenty-six years, the kingdom continued on its downward course on account of his own incompetence and the greed and intrigues of his nobles. The bitter rivalry between the Dakhanīs, consisting of the natives and old settlers, and the Newcomers call…

al-Muḳtadī

(1,380 words)

Author(s): Hartmann, Angelika
bi-amr Allāh , Abu ’l-Ḳāsim ʿAbd Allāh b. Muḥammad, 27th ʿAbbāsid caliph (reigned 467-78/1075-94), grandson of the caliph al-Ḳāʾim ¶ (d. 467/1075 [ q.v.]) whom he succeeded. Trying to arrive at a carefully balanced policy between the dogmatic and juridical trends of Sunnī Islam—he himself belonged to the S̲h̲āfiʿī mad̲h̲hab of the traditional Bag̲h̲dād stamp—he shortly after assuming power brought about in Bag̲h̲dād a mediation between Hanbalīs and As̲h̲ʿarīs and later, in 476/1083, he caused the vizieral family of the Banū D̲j̲ahīr [ q.v.] to be expelled. However, he was unab…

Maʾāt̲h̲ir al-Umarāʾ

(211 words)

Author(s): Ed.
, the name of a celebrated Persian collection of biographies of Muslim Indian commanders from the reign of the Mug̲h̲al Emperor Akbar (963-1014/1556-1605) till the time of its author, Ṣamṣām al-Dawla Mīr ʿAbd al-Razzāḳ S̲h̲āh-Nawāz K̲h̲ān Awrangābādī (1111-71/1700-58). Born at Lahore, he soon settled in the Deccan in the service of the first Niẓām of Ḥaydarābād [ q.v.], Niẓām al-Mulk Āṣaf-Ḏj̲āh. and filled offices in Berār [ q.v.] and then as Dīwān or chief minister of the Deccan. His policy in the latter post aimed at checking the growing influences in that state …
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