A term occurring twice in the Qurʾān (q 83:19 and 18) that Western scholars have considered to be derived from the Hebrew ʿelyōn, “the highest” (Paret, ʿIlliyyūn). Many ¶ medieval and post-medieval Muslim commentators understand the term to connote the inscribed book where the deeds of the pious are listed (see record of human actions; heavenly book; preserved tablet). All the early commentaries, however, appear to interpret ʿilliyyūn as the name of a place high in heaven (see heaven and sky ). Suggestions about the specifics of where or what it is include: paradise (q.v.), …

Sūrat al-Muṭaffifīn  Sūrat al-Muṭaffifīn   Cheating   Chronology and the Qurʾān   Sūra(s)  1-3   Judgment   Markets   Reward and Punishment   Rhetoric and the Qurʾān  2   Measurement  3   Measurement  6   Spatial Relations  7   Pairs and Pairing   Witnessing and Testifying  7-8   Pit   Soothsayer  7-9   Pit   Rhetoric and the Qurʾān  7-24   Destiny  8   Pit   Teaching  9   Orality and Writing in Arabia   Writing and Writing Materials  10   Verse(s)  11   Last Judgment  12   Provocation  13   History and the Qurʾān   Literacy   Narratives   Rhetoric and the Qurʾān   Sign…

  ʿ-l-m    maʿlam    Pilgrimage    muʿallam    Soothsayer    Teaching    taʿallum    Teaching    taʿlīmāt    Social Sciences and the Qurʾān    ʿalam, pl. aʿlām    Book    Inimitability    Jerusalem    Jesus    Jinn    Names of the Qurʾān    Traditional Disciplines of Qurʾānic Studies    World    ʿalima    Book    Cain and Abel    Codices of the Qurʾān    Grammar and the Qurʾān    Hidden and the Hidden    Intellect    Knowledge and Learning    Scholar    Teaching    ʿallama    Book    Jinn    Knowledge and Learning    Rhetoric and the Qurʾān    Teaching    Trust and Pa…

Laban  Community and Society in the Qurʾān al-Labbān al-Miṣrī (d. 749/1349)  Traditional Disciplines of Qurʾānic Studies Labīb al-Saʿīd  Recitation of the Qurʾān Labīd b. Rabīʿa  Poetry and Poets al-Lāh  South Arabia, Religions in Pre-Islamic Labīd b. al-Aʿṣām  Createdness of the Qurʾān  Orality and Writing in Arabia Lahore  Mosque  Printing of the Qurʾān Lakemacher, Johann Gottfried (d. 1736)  Pre-1800 Preoccupations of Qurʾānic Studies Lakhm  Christians and Christianity  Language and Style of the Qurʾān Lakhmids  Calligraphy  Christians and Christianity  Markets Lalani,…

Aws  Companions of the Prophet  Consultation  Emigrants and Helpers  Emigration  Epigraphy  Geography  History and the Qurʾān  Theology and the Qurʾān  Time Aws Allāh  Emigrants and Helpers  Emigration Aws al-Manāt  Emigrants and Helpers  Emigration Aws b. Thābit al-Anṣārī  Inheritance Aws b. al-Ṣāmit  Debate and Disputation Awsān  South Arabia, Religions in Pre-Islamic ʿAwwam  Archaeology and the Qurʾān  South Arabia, Religions in Pre-Islamic al-Awzāʿī (d. 157/774)  Creeds  Qaynuqāʿ (Banū) Axum  Abyssinia  Ethiopia [Ayatollah] Montazeri  Politics and the Qurʾān [Ayato…

  d-r-y    adrā    Symbolic Imagery    Teaching    mā adrāka    darā    Teaching    Trips and Voyages    diraya    Exegesis of the Qurʾān: Classical and Medieval   d-r-z    durzī, pl. durūz    Druzes   d-s-r    disār, pl. dusur    Date Palm    Instruments    Ships   d-s-y    dassā    Failure   d-th-r    dithār    Clothing    muddaththir    Muḥammad    South Asian Literatures and the Qurʾān   d-w-l-ʾ-b    dūlāb    Agriculture and Vegetation   d-w-m    dawm    People of the Thicket    dawām    Names of the Prophet    Time    daymūmiyya    Adoration    dāʾim    Eternity    Philosophy …

Sūrat al-Najm  Sūrat al-Najm   Ascension   Moon   Nature as Signs   Popular and Talismanic Uses of the Qurʾān   Rhymed Prose   Satanic Verses   Sirius   Sūra(s)   Theology and the Qurʾān  1   Afternoon   Nature as Signs   Oaths   Planets and Stars   Prayer   Sirius   Soothsayer  1-8   Prayer   Spirit  1-11   Fasting  1-12   Ascension  1-18   Angel   Ascension   Chronology and the Qurʾān   Gabriel   Heaven and Sky   Revelation and Inspiration   Ṣūfism and the Qurʾān   Soothsayer   Vision and Blindness  1-20   Ḥadīth and the Qurʾān  2   Companions of the Prophet   Verse(s)…

  ḥ-d-th    aḥdatha    Hidden and the Hidden    Inimitability    iḥdāth    Philosophy and the Qurʾān    muḥaddith, pl. muḥaddithūn    Anthropomorphism    Createdness of the Qurʾān    Philosophy and the Qurʾān    Scripture and the Qurʾān    Ṣūfism and the Qurʾān    muḥdath    Contamination    Createdness of the Qurʾān    Innovation    Muʿtazila    Philosophy and the Qurʾān    Remembrance    muḥdith    Philosophy and the Qurʾān    Ritual and the Qurʾān    ḥadath    Ritual Purity    Ritual and the Qurʾān    ḥadīth, pl. ahādīth    Aaron    Abortion    Abrogation    Adam an…

  k-s-f    kusūf    Prayer   k-s-r    kasra    Calligraphy   k-s-w    kiswa    Popular and Talismanic Uses of the Qurʾān    South Arabia, Religions in Pre-Islamic    Tubbaʿ    kisāʾ, pl. aksiya    Companions of the Prophet    Family of the Prophet    People of the House    ahl al-kisāʾ   k-sh-f    kashf    Angel    Pit    Ṣūfism and the Qurʾān    kāshifa    Pit    takshīf    Exegesis of the Qurʾān: Classical and Medieval   k-t-b    iktaba    Illiteracy    Literacy    kataba    Book    Ethics and the Qurʾān    Everyday Life, Qurʾān In    Form and Structure of the Qurʾān    God and his…

Zabad  Arabic Script al-Ẓabarī  Aaron  Abyssinia Ẓabyān Temple  South Arabia, Religions in Pre-Islamic Zacharias Graphius  Pre-1800 Preoccupations of Qurʾānic Studies Ẓafār (Ḥimyarī capital)  Yemen Zaghloul El-Naggar see El-Naggar, Z. Zaghhūlī, Muḥammad b. al-Ḥusayn al-Aruzzī (d. 559/1164)  Traditional Disciplines of Qurʾānic Studies al-Ẓāhir (caliph)  Aqṣā Mosque al-Ẓāhir Ghāzī (r. 582-613/1186-1216)  Material Culture and the Qurʾān Ẓāhirī(s)  Metaphor  Polemic and Polemical Language Zahniser, A.M.  Apostle  Form and Structure of the Qurʾān  Indifference  Invitat…

Deep abyss. The qurʾānic term hāwiya, the “pit, abyss,” is related to the verb hawā, yahwī, “to fall,” and is generally understood as one of the names of hell (see hell and hellfire ). It occurs once in Sūrat al-Qāriʿa (“The Great Calamity,” q 101), a text which depicts the cataclysmic events of the apocalypse (q.v.; q 101:1-5) and the weighing of humankind's deeds on the day of judgment (q 101:6-11; see last judgment; good deeds; evil deeds; weights and measures; reward and punishment). Two parallel conditional sentences describe the fate of humankind as a result of this weig…

Qadarī(s)  Ambiguous  Freedom and Predestination  Grace  Jews and Judaism  Left Hand and Right Hand  Moses  Philosophy and the Qurʾān  Witnessing and Testifying al-Qāḍī, W. see Kadi, W. al-Qāḍī, ʿA.  Printing of the Qurʾān al-Qāḍī, N.  Printing of the Qurʾān al-Qāḍī ʿAbd al-Jabbār see ʿAbd al-Jabbār b. Aḥmad al-Asadābādi al-Qāḍī al-Hamadhānī (d. 414-15/1025) Qāḍī Aḥmad  Manuscripts of the Qurʾān al-Qādir (r. 381-422/991-1031)  Creeds   Qādirī Creed [al-iʿtiqād al-qādirī]   Creeds  Ṣūfism and the Qurʾān al-Qādisiyya  Iraq  Sīra and the Qurʾān [al-Qāḍī] al-Nuʿmān (d. 363/974)  …

al-Rabadha  Archaeology and the Qurʾān Rabbat, N.  City Rabin, Ch.  Dialects  Grammar and the Qurʾān  Language and Style of the Qurʾān  Post-Enlightenment Academic Study of the Qurʾān Rabīʿ I  Emigration Rachel  Belief and Unbelief  Benjamin Rada  Material Culture and the Qurʾān Radscheit, M.  Provocation  Responsibility  Springs and Fountains  Table  Witnessing and Testifying  Word of God Radtke, B.  Saint  Wisdom al-Rāghī al-Tūnisī (d. 715/1315)  Translations of the Qurʾān al-Rāghib al-Iṣfahānī, Abū l-Qāsim al-Ḥusayn (d. 502/1108)  Brother and Brotherhood  Conquest  For…

Bangladesh  Printing of the Qurʾān  South Asian Literatures and the Qurʾān  Women and the Qurʾān Bankipore (India)  Shīʿism and the Qurʾān Banū see under respective tribal eponyms [Banū] Asad  Apostasy  Dialects  Grammar and the Qurʾān  Inimitability  Khadīja  Soothsayer  Tribes and Clans [Banū] Bakr  Breaking Trusts and Contracts [Banū] Ghaṭafān  Apostasy  Parties and Factions [Banū] Hāshim  Caravan  People of the House  Syria [Banū] Kaʿb b. Qurayẓa  Qurayẓa (Banū al-) …

Kemāl, N.  Sovereignty Kennedy, Ph.  Samuel Kerbala see Karbalā Kermani, N.  Intellect  Post-Enlightenment Academic Study of the Qurʾān  Revelation and Inspiration  Rhetoric and the Qurʾān Kern, L.  Companions of the Prophet …

Sūrat Ṣād …

The abode of the souls of the righteous after their death, heaven; also, the garden of Eden. In the Qurʾān, descriptions of the hereafter appear in relation to the arrival of a day, “the hour” (al-sāʿa), “reckoning day” (yawm al-ḥisāb), “the day of judgment” (yawm al-dīn), “the last day” (al-yawm al-ākhir), or “the day of resurrection” (yawm al-qiyāma),…

The term barzakh occurs three times in the Qurʾān; in q 25:53 and 55:20, barzakh is a partition between two seas, a barrier that could be an allusion to a cosmic myth (see barrier; cosmology in the qurʾān). The third reference, which is the focus of this article, occurs in q 23:100: “And behind them is a barrier until the day they are raised.” This verse applies…

Any aspect of the language and style of the Qurʾān in which pairs are perceived as a structural element in the composition of the Qurʾān (see form and structure of the qurʾān ), such as any form of parallelism or repetition, pairs of synonymous, synthetic or antithetic terms or concepts, double divine epithets (see god and his attributes ) as well as aspects of the number two or use of the dual form (see numbers and enumeration ). Ethical dualism Throughout the Qurʾān, an antithetic or dual parallelism is observable in the admonitions to humankind (see exhortations ), in the descriptions of…