, followed by the name of the eponymous ancestor of a tribe, see under the name of that ancestor.

, a tribe which has played an important role in the history of the Ibāḍiyya [ q.v.] in ʿUmān. Descendants of Yaḥmad, a branch of al-Azd [ q.v.], members of the tribe migrated to ʿUmān in pre-Islamic times and established themselves in a valley which came to bear their name. Wādī Banī K̲h̲arūṣ runs down from the heights of the western mountain range of al-Ḥad̲j̲ar to join Wādī al-Farʿ before debouching on the plain of al-Bāṭina and then ¶ into the Gulf of ʿUmān. On the right bank not far below the juncture of the two valleys is the famous Ibāḍī stronghold of al-Rustāḳ [ q.v.]. Yaḥmad provided most of…

, the dynast y which, taking advantage of the anarchy initiated in Zīrīd Ifrīḳiya by the Hilālī invasion, governed Tunis 454-522/1062-1128 and 543-554/1148-59. When leaving Ḳayrawān to take refuge in al-Mahdiyya (449/1057), the Zīrīd al-Muʿizz b. Bādīs had left Ḳayrawān and Tunis in the protection of a Ṣanhād̲j̲ī chieftain Ḳāʾid b. Maymūn. The latter seems to have exercised no authority at Tunis, which was probably evacuated by the Ṣanhād̲j̲a, regrouping at al-Mahdiyya or in Ḥammādid territory, and independent. Ibn K̲h̲aldūn states that it fell prey to a Hilālī amīr …

an Arab tribe occupying the central part of the eastern provinces of modern Saudi Arabia, the region along the Gulf coast known since earlier times as al-Aḥsāʾ or al-Ḥasā [ q.v.]. The tribe at present occupies the territory lying between al-Miḳṭāʿ in the north and al-Bayāḍ in the south, with its centre at the town of al-Ḥasā. For the last two centuries, the chieftainship has been in the hands of the ʿUrayʿir family. The tribe begins to figure in historical sources from the 10th/16th century onwards, indicating its growing importance. In 989/1581 they fought off S̲h̲a…

’l-, genealogical name of the naṣrid dynasty [see naṣrids ].

, one of the important mawālī families who figure prominently in the history of al-Andalus Together with the Banū Ṭawīl and the Tud̲j̲ībids [ qq.v.], they divided between them effective power in the region of Aragon. The history of this region only becomes clear when considered in the light of the centripetal-centrifugal struggles which are a constant feature of Spanish history. The Banū Ḳasī followed an opportunistic policy in order to preserve their virtual autonomy, but they were at the same time relatively faithful…

[see hās̲h̲imids , hās̲h̲imiyya , ḥid̲j̲āz , makka ].

Wālide Suḷtān ( ca. 932-91/ca. 1525-83), K̲h̲aṣṣekī (principal consort) of the Ottoman sultan Selīm II [ q.v.] and mother of the sultan Murād III [ q.v.]. She was born on Paros [see para ] as Cecilia, illegitimate daughter of Nicolo Venier (d. 1520), the penultimate sovereign ruler of the island and of Violante Baffo. The identity of this “Venetian Sultana” is often confused with that of her successor, the Wālide Sulṭān Ṣāfiye [ q.v.]. Some Turkish historians persist in ascribing a Jewish origin to her. At the time of the conquest of the island in 1537, she was selec…

(or Ifran , Ifrān , Ufrān Ūfrān etc.). the most important branch of the large Berber tribe of the Zenāta (Zanāta [ q.v.]). According to the writings, now lost, of three Berber genealogists used by Ibn K̲h̲aldūn, namely Sābiḳ b. Sulaymān al-Maṭmāṭī, Hanīʾ b. Masdūr al-Kūmī and Kaḥlān b. Abī Luwā, the Banū Īfran are descended from Īṣlitan (also Yaṣlitan), son of Misrā, son of Zākiyā, son of Wardīran (or of Wars̲h̲īk), son of Adīdat. According to the same tradition, Zākiyā was the brother of Dammar (Demmer), the eponymo…

b. Mulayk b. Ḍamra b. Bakr b. ʿAbd Manāt b. Kināna , a small Arab tribe, being a subdivision of the Banū Ḍamra b. Bakr, who in their turn formed a branch of the Kināna. The G̲h̲ifār lived in the Ḥid̲j̲āz between Mecca and Medina; some of their abodes are mentioned by the geographers. Very little is known of their history in pre-Islamic times: one of their members is mentioned ( Ag̲h̲ānī 1, xix, 74, 5) in the brawls preceding the Fid̲j̲ār-war [ q.v.]. A quarrel between the G̲h̲ifār and the Banū T̲h̲aʿlaba b. Saʿd b. Ḏh̲ubyān is referred to in a poem quoted by Yāḳūt, Muʿd̲j̲am , i…

’l [see ibn al-sarrād̲j̲, in Suppl.].

’l- [see tamīm ].

, an Arab tribe which occupies, at present, parts of K̲h̲ūzistān in South Western Iran. The Banū Kaʿb comprise several clans, and they are therefore known to the inhabitants of eastern Arabia and southern ʿIrāḳ as al-Kuʿūb (in 18th century European sources Chaub ). Arab authors and genealogists do not speak of them in detail but usually list them under Kaʿb b. Rabīʿa. They are said to belong to Ḳays ʿAylān, a major central and eastern Arabian tribe. They do not seem to have emigrated from there to southern ʿIrāḳ and…

, Bedouin tribe of Eastern Arabia. Its members (sing. Hād̲j̲irī) trace their ancestry to Ḳaḥṭān through Hād̲j̲ir and Manṣūr, eponym of al-Manāṣīr tribe. The two groups, known together as ʿIyāl Manṣūr, have frequently been allies. Banū Hād̲j̲ir, according to their traditions, migrated to Eastern Arabia from the Tat̲h̲līt̲h̲ area in southwestern Arabia. They claim kinship with the Ḏj̲anb and Āl S̲h̲urayf tribes of Eastern ʿAsīr. Their move to the east, said to have been made for economic advantage…

, “the Children of Israel”. 1. This designation of the Jewish people occurs in the Ḳurʾān about forty times. The terms Yahūd , Jews, and its derivatives as well as Naṣāra , Christians, ¶ appear only in the Medinese period, although they had been widely used in pre-Islamic poetry and certainly were familiar to every Arab townsman (Joseph Horovitz, Koranische Untersuchungen , 144 ff. and 153 ff.). On the other hand, Banū Isrāʾīl never occurs in authentic pre-Islamic poetry ( ibid., 91). It would therefore seem to follow that the exclusive use of this term during the Meccan pe…

, an Arab dynasty of Kilābī origin, founded by Ṣāliḥ b. Mirdās. The latter and some of his descendants were, on several occasions between 415/1024 and 473/1080, either tolerated or recognised as princes of Aleppo. In succession to the Ḥamdānids, they maintained a tradition of autonomy in northern Syria, thanks to the tacit protection of the Byzantine Empire, which they accepted in order to ward off pressure from the Būyids of Bag̲h̲dād and the Fāṭimids of Egypt. However, they did not hesitate on…

(beni amor), a camel- and cattle-owning nomadic tribe, pop. approx. 60,000, in Western Eritrea and the adjacent area of the Sudan. The tribe is divided into 17 sections, some speaking Bed̲j̲a (a hamitic language) others Tigrē (a Semitic one), though there is a firm tradition of common descent, traced in considerable detail to the ancestor ʿĀmir, some 10 generations ago. This applies only to the small ruling caste ( nabtāb ), not to the heterogeneous and much more numerous serf population (called hedareb or tigrē ), which seems to have come under Banī ʿĀmir …

[see ibn al-furāt ].

, a branch of the tribe of Tamīm [ q.v.], of the group of Maʿādd, descended from Zayd Manāt b. Tamīm. The chief subdivisions were Dārim (from which came the poet al-Farazdaḳ), Yarbūʿ (to which D̲j̲arīr belonged) and the Barād̲j̲im (five families descended from Mālik b. Ḥanẓala). They inhabited the Yamāma between the hills D̲j̲urād and Marrūt, near ḥimā Ḍariyya [ q.v.]. Among their villages were al-Ṣammān (with wells, cisterns and irrigation) and al-Raḳmatān; but they were mainly nomadic. In history they appear at the first “day of Kulāb” (probably before 550 A.D.) as suppo…

( awlād al-kanz ), a clan descended from Rabīʿa tribesmen who migrated to the region of Aswān in the 3rd/9th century, intermarried with Bed̲j̲a [ q.v.], and ultimately gained control of the gold-mines of al-ʿAllāḳī [ q.v.]. The eponym of the clan, whose personal name was Abu ʾl-Makārim Hibat Allāh, received in 397/1007 from the Fāṭimid caliph al-Ḥākim [ q.v.] the honorific of Kanz al-Dawla for his services in capturing the rebel Abū Rakwa. The title continued to be borne by his successors. As marcher-chiefs of the frontier of Islam ¶ with the Bed̲j̲a and Nubians, the Banu ʾl-Kanz wer…