An angelic being, Michael (Ar. Mīkāl; also Mīkaʾīl; Mīkāʾil; Mīkaʾil) is mentioned by name only once in the Qurʾān (Mīkāl, q 2:98) in a verse affirming belief in God's angels (including Gabriel; see angel;¶ gabriel ) and apostles (see messenger ) as a requirement of faith (q.v.) for the community of believers ( muʾminīn, see belief and unbelief; community and society in the qurʾān). The role of Michael, however, is elaborated in ḥadīth and qurʾānic interpretation (see ḥadīth and the qurʾān; exegesis of the qurʾān: classical and medieval). This angel, whose ontological status seems…

Medinan(s)  Brother and Brotherhood  Children of Israel  Community and Society in the Qurʾān  Emigrants and Helpers  Emigration  Food and Drink  Grammar and the Qurʾān   Helpers [anflār]   Bedouin   Brother and Brotherhood   Circumcision   Consultation   Emigrants and Helpers   Emigration   Inheritance   Jihād   Literature and the Qurʾān   Medina   Musaylima   Occasions of Revelation   Parties and Factions   Prayer   Religious Pluralism and the Qurʾān   Reward and Punishment   Sīra and the Qurʾān   Time   Ḥunayn  Medina  Musaylima  The Collection of the Qurʾān  Theft…

Khaled M. Abou El Fadl, University of California at Los Angeles Binyamin Abrahamov, Bar-Ilan University Ibrahim M. Abu-Rabiʿ, Hartford Seminary Nadia Abu-Zahra, Oxford University Nasr Hamid Abu Zayd, University of Leiden Charles J. Adams, McGill University Camilla P. Adang, Tel Aviv University Asma Afsaruddin, University of Notre Dame M. Shahab Ahmed, Harvard University Ahmad M. al-Baghdadi, Kuwait University Michael W. Albin, Library of Congress, Washington, DC Scott C. Alexander, Catholic Theological Union, Chicago Muhammad al-Faruque, Stanford University Ilai Alon, Tel…

Waḥshī b. Ḥarb (d. 41-50/662-70)  Slaves and Slavery Webb, G.  Angel  Gabriel  Michael Weil, G.  Chronology and the Qurʾān  Post-Enlightenment Academic Study of the Qurʾān  Revision and Alteration  Translations of the Qurʾān Weiss, B.  Prohibited Degrees Weiss, L. (later Muhammad Asad)  Translations of the Qurʾān Weitbrech, H.  Tools for the Scholarly Study of the Qurʾān Welch, A.  Afternoon  Verse(s) Wellhausen, J.  Contemporary Critical Practices and the Qurʾān  Kaʿba  Months  Pilgrimage  Pre-Islamic Arabia and the Qurʾān  Sīra and the Qurʾān Wensinck, A.J.  Barrier  Chrono…

The angelic being who “brings down” the qurʾānic revelation to the prophet Muḥammad's heart (q.v.; q 2:97), Gabriel (Ar. Jibrīl, also Jabrāʾīl; Heb. Gabrīʾēl) is named three times in the Qurʾān, q 2:97, 98 (where Michael [q.v.], too, is mentioned), and q 66:4. Commentators on the Qurʾān such as al-Ṭabarī (d. 310/923), al-Zamakhsharī (d. 538/1144) and al-Bayḍāwī (d. ca. 716/1316-7) identify Gabriel as the messenger who brings the revelation to Muḥammad, and understand the two visions of Muḥammad recorded in q 53:1-18 to be the Prophet's sighting of Gabriel (Pedersen, Djabrāʾ…

Sūrat al-Ṭūr  Sūrat al-Ṭūr   Community and Society in the Qurʾān   Form and Structure of the Qurʾān   Ḥadīth and the Qurʾān   Myths and Legends in the Qurʾān   Rhetoric and the Qurʾān   Sinai   Sūra(s)  1   Rhetoric and the Qurʾān  1-6   Form and Structure of the Qurʾān   Rhetoric and the Qurʾān   Soothsayer   Spatial Relations   Water  1-10   Ascension  2   Orality and Writing in Arabia   Rhetoric and the Qurʾān   Springs and Fountains   Writing and Writing Materials  2-3   Form and Structure of the Qurʾān   Last Judgment   Orality and Writing in Arabia  3   Instruments   Rhetori…

Nedim  Turkish literature and the Qurʾān Nedjar  Grammar and the Qurʾān Negev  Archaeology and the Qurʾān  Tribes and Clans Negus [al-Najāshī]  Abraha  Abyssinia  Chronology and the Qurʾān  Emigration  Jesus  Religious Pluralism and the Qurʾān  Sīra and the Qurʾān Nelson, K.  Recitation of the Qurʾān  Reciters of the Qurʾān Neoplatonism  Angel  Philosophy and the Qurʾān  Soul Neoplatonists  Philosophy and the Qurʾān Nero  Antichrist Nerreter, D.  Translations of the Qurʾān Nesin, A.  Turkish literature and the Qurʾān Nestorian(s) see Christian(s) Nestorius  Trinity [The] Ne…

  ʿ-r-f    maʿrifa    Bahāʾīs    Exegesis of the Qurʾān: Classical and Medieval    Gratitude and Ingratitude    Literacy    Responsibility    Scholar    Social Sciences and the Qurʾān    maʿrifa qalbiyya    maʿrifat al-qirāʾa wa-l-kitāba    Ṣūfism and the Qurʾān    maʿrūf    Ethics and the Qurʾān    Gender    Hospitality and Courtesy    Ignorance    Medicine and the Qurʾān    Philosophy and the Qurʾān    Psalms    Virtue    al-amr bi-l-maʿrūf wa-l-nahy ʿan al-munkar    taʿārafa    ʿArafāt    ʿarafa    Ignorance    Knowledge and Learning    People of the Heights    …

  q-ḍ-y    qaḍā    Conquest    Cosmology    Fate    Grammar and the Qurʾān    Judgment    Persian Literature and the Qurʾān    Word of God    qaḍāʾ    Belief and Unbelief    Cosmology    Death and the Dead    Decision    Ethics and the Qurʾān    Fate    Freedom and Predestination    Impotence    Judgment    Philosophy and the Qurʾān    Trust and Patience    qaḍāʾ wa-(l-)qadar    qāḍī, pl. quḍāt    African Literature    Judgment    Maintenance and Upkeep    Reciters of the Qurʾān    Ritual and the Qurʾān    Seeing and Hearing    Teaching and Preaching the Qurʾān    Torah…

Saʿīd al-Dīn al-Farghānī (d. ca. 700/1300)  Michael Saʿīd b. Jubayr (d. 95/714)  Ambiguous  Language and Style of the Qurʾān  Left Hand and Right Hand  Mosque of the Dissension  Satanic Verses  Virtues and Vices, Commanding and Forbidding Saʿīd b. Manṣūr al-Khurāsānī (d. 227/842)  Traditional Disciplines of Qurʾānic Studies Saʿīd b. Saʿīd b. al-ʿāṣ  Markets Saʿīd b. Zayd  Companions of the Prophet Saʿīd b. ʿAbd al-Malik b. Marwān  People of the House Saʿīd Ḥawwā see Ḥawwā, Saʿīd Saḥar  South Arabia, Religions in Pre-Islamic Saṭīh  Magic  Soothsayer  South Asian Literatures and …

Nabatean (language)  Arabic Script  Archaeology and the Qurʾān  Cups and Vessels  Foreign Vocabulary  Instruments Nabatean(s)  Archaeology and the Qurʾān  Christians and Christianity  Foretelling in the Qurʾān  Kaʿba  Soul  South Arabia, Religions in Pre-Islamic  Thamūd  Ḥijr Nabhan  Festivals and Commemorative Days Nablus  Joseph  Samaritans Nabū  South Arabia, Religions in Pre-Islamic Nadwat al-ʿUlamaʾ [Nahdlatul Ulama]  Teaching and Preaching the Qurʾān Nadīm  Epigraphy Nag Hammadi  Crucifixion Nagel, Michael (d. 1788)  Destiny  Pre-1800 Preoccupations of Qur…

  w-th-n    wathan, pl. awthān    Idolatry and Idolaters    Idols and Images    Ritual Purity   w-y-l    wayl    Form and Structure of the Qurʾān    Rhetoric and the Qurʾān    Verse(s)   w-z-r    wazīr    Aaron    Brother and Brotherhood    Numismatics    wizr, pl. awzār    Load or Burden    Philosophy and the Qurʾān    Textual Criticism of the Qurʾān    Weights and Measures    wizāra    Everyday Life, Qurʾān In    wāzira    Load or Burden   w-z-y    awsaṭ    Moderation    mutawassiṭ    Barzakh    mutawāzī    Language and Style of the Qurʾān    wasaṭ    Moderation    ummatun/aʾimm…

Laban  Community and Society in the Qurʾān al-Labbān al-Miṣrī (d. 749/1349)  Traditional Disciplines of Qurʾānic Studies Labīb al-Saʿīd  Recitation of the Qurʾān Labīd b. Rabīʿa  Poetry and Poets al-Lāh  South Arabia, Religions in Pre-Islamic Labīd b. al-Aʿṣām  Createdness of the Qurʾān  Orality and Writing in Arabia Lahore  Mosque  Printing of the Qurʾān Lakemacher, Johann Gottfried (d. 1736)  Pre-1800 Preoccupations of Qurʾānic Studies Lakhm  Christians and Christianity  Language and Style of the Qurʾān Lakhmids  Calligraphy  Christians and Christianity  Markets Lalani,…

  s-n-m    tasnīm    Springs and Fountains    Water   s-n-n    masnūn    Adam and Eve    ṣalṣāl min ḥamaʾ masnūn    sanna    Cain and Abel    Politics and the Qurʾān    sinn    Teeth    sunna, pl. sunan    Abrogation    Apostasy    Barēlwīs    Children of Israel    Circumcision    Companions of the Prophet    Consecration of Animals    Creeds    Divination    Economics    Ethics and the Qurʾān    Everyday Life, Qurʾān In    Foreign Vocabulary    Freedom and Predestination    Heresy    History and the Qurʾān    Islam    Jihād    Khārijīs    Law and the Qurʾān    Medicine …

Jew(s) [Yahūd]  Abraham  Abrogation  Agriculture and Vegetation  Anatomy  Anger  Animal Life  Anthropomorphism  Antichrist  Apologetics  Apparition   Arabian   Opposition to Muḥammad   Arabic speaking   House, Domestic and Divine  Ararat  Arbitration  Archaeology and the Qurʾān  Baptism  Belief and Unbelief  Blessing  Bloodshed  Book  Cain and Abel  Chastisement and Punishment  Chastity  Children of Israel  Christians and Christianity  Chronology and the Qurʾān  Circumcision  Cleanliness and Ablution  Commandments  Community and Society in the Qurʾān  Consolatio…

Ismāʿīl  Dhū l-Kifl  Prayer Ismāʿīl b. Abī Khālid (d. 146/763)  Ḥadīth and the Qurʾān Ismāʿīl b. Abī ʿUbayd Allāh Muʿāwiya b. ʿUbayd Allāh al-Ashʿarī (d. first half third/ninth cent.)  Language and Style of the Qurʾān Ismāʿīl b. Aḥmad (r. 279-95/892-907)  Creeds Ismāʿīl b. Hibat Allāh (d. 1184/1770)  Shīʿism and the Qurʾān Ismāʿīl b. Muḥammad al-Tamīmī see al-Tamīmī, Ismāʿīl b. Muḥammad Ismāʿīl b. ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-Suddī (d. 127-8/745)  Expeditions and Battles  Satanic Verses  Ḥadīth and the Qurʾān Ismāʿīl b. Ḥammād al-Jawharī (d. ca. 392/1002)  Material Culture and the Qurʾān Ismā…

  ʾ-m-m    imām, pl. aʾimma    Age of Ignorance    Almsgiving    Book    Booty    Burial    Children of Israel    Codices of the Qurʾān    Community and Society in the Qurʾān    Createdness of the Qurʾān    Dissimulation    Exegesis of the Qurʾān: Classical and Medieval    Festivals and Commemorative Days    History and the Qurʾān    Illness and Health    Imām    Kings and Rulers    Left Hand and Right Hand    Modesty    Mosque    Mosque of the Dissension    Murder    Oppressed on Earth, The    Pairs and Pairing    Prophets and Prophethood    Reciters of the Qurʾān    Ritu…

  ḥ-d-th    aḥdatha    Hidden and the Hidden    Inimitability    iḥdāth    Philosophy and the Qurʾān    muḥaddith, pl. muḥaddithūn    Anthropomorphism    Createdness of the Qurʾān    Philosophy and the Qurʾān    Scripture and the Qurʾān    Ṣūfism and the Qurʾān    muḥdath    Contamination    Createdness of the Qurʾān    Innovation    Muʿtazila    Philosophy and the Qurʾān    Remembrance    muḥdith    Philosophy and the Qurʾān    Ritual and the Qurʾān    ḥadath    Ritual Purity    Ritual and the Qurʾān    ḥadīth, pl. ahādīth    Aaron    Abortion    Abrogation    Adam an…

Gabriel [Jibrīl]  Abraham  Air and Wind  Angel  Apocalypse  Ascension  Belief and Unbelief  Bilqīs  Book  Calf of Gold  Cave  Chronology and the Qurʾān  Cleanliness and Ablution  Dog  Ethics and the Qurʾān  Everyday Life, Qurʾān In  Faith  Foreign Vocabulary  Foretelling in the Qurʾān  Gabriel  Heavenly Book  Holy Spirit  Informants  Intercession  Jesus  Jews and Judaism  Kaʿba  Language and Style of the Qurʾān  Last Judgment  Lot  Mary  Michael  Miracles  Musaylima  Muḥammad  Night of Power  Noah  Noon  Nāmūs  Paradise  Philosophy and the Qurʾān  Prayer  Profane and Sacred  …

Stoics  Metaphor  Signs Stowasser, B.F.  Khadīja  Mary  Wives of the Prophet Strabo  Sheba  Ḥijr Strasburg  Agriculture and Vegetation  Pre-1800 Preoccupations of Qurʾānic Studies Strothmann, R.  Anthropomorphism Stuttgart  Translations of the Qurʾān Sudan  African Literature  Almsgiving  Arabic Language  Material Culture and the Qurʾān  Popular and Talismanic Uses of the Qurʾān  Printing of the Qurʾān  Readings of the Qurʾān   Republic of   Material Culture and the Qurʾān  Scholar al-Suddī al-Kabīr, ʿAbd al-Raḥmān (d.127-8/745-7)  Crucifixion  Exegesis of the Qurʾā…