Brill’s New Pauly

Get access Subject: Classical Studies
Edited by: Hubert Cancik and Helmuth Schneider (Antiquity) and Manfred Landfester (Classical Tradition).
English translation edited by Christine F. Salazar (Antiquity) and Francis G. Gentry (Classical Tradition)

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Brill´s New Pauly is the English edition of the authoritative Der Neue Pauly, published by Verlag J.B. Metzler since 1996. The encyclopaedic coverage and high academic standard of the work, the interdisciplinary and contemporary approach and clear and accessible presentation have made the New Pauly the unrivalled modern reference work for the ancient world. The section on Antiquity of Brill´s New Pauly are devoted to Greco-Roman antiquity and cover more than two thousand years of history, ranging from the second millennium BC to early medieval Europe. Special emphasis is given to the interaction between Greco-Roman culture on the one hand, and Semitic, Celtic, Germanic, and Slavonic culture, and ancient Judaism, Christianity, and Islam on the other hand. The section on the Classical Tradition is uniquely concerned with the long and influential aftermath of antiquity and the process of continuous reinterpretation and revaluation of the ancient heritage, including the history of classical scholarship. Brill´s New Pauly presents the current state of traditional and new areas of research and brings together specialist knowledge from leading scholars from all over the world. Many entries are elucidated with maps and illustrations and the English edition will include updated bibliographic references.

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Aerarium

(366 words)

Author(s): Crawford, Michael Hewson (London)
[German version] The aerarium populi Romani was the treasure of the Roman people, which was kept in the Saturnus temple at the Forum Romanum. The name derives from the fact that the liquid wealth of the res publica originally only consisted of aes, bronze, but not gold and silver. From an early, albeit uncertain time, the aerarium populi Romani was subject to the quaestores urbani, though their powers were restricted to administration; in the Republican period the power to dispose of the monies in the aerarium rested with the Senate alone. Roman municipia and colonies also had an aerarium (T…

Aerarium militare

(577 words)

Author(s): Campbell, J. Brian (Belfast)
[German version] Since the Roman senate in the Republican Period was unwilling to support the soldiers after they left the army with provisions of land or money ( praemia), certain commanders took care of it on their own account. This contributed to the development of armies that owed personal allegiance to an individual leader and helped to undermine political stability, beginning with the dictatorship of Cornelius [I 90] Sulla. When the younger Augustus (C. Octavius) established himself against his adversaries in the civ…

Aerarius

(382 words)

Author(s): Crawford, Michael Hewson (London)
[German version] [1] Criminal punishment The censors were permitted to repossess the horse of an eques, which was financed with public means, as a criminal punishment. Furthermore, they could also tribu movere, aerarium facere (or aerarium relinquere, and also in aerarios referre). The sources are not consistently clear (ThLL 1, 1055) but the lex repetundarum (Roman Statutes, no. 1) 1,28 and the lex Latina Tabulae Bantinae (Roman Statutes, no. 7) 1,6 together with literary sources permit the conclusion that tribu movere and aerarium facere had identical meanings or, when the t…

Aeria

(105 words)

Author(s): Jansen-Winkeln, Karl (Berlin) | Lafond, Yves (Bochum) | Graf, Fritz (Columbus, OH)
[German version] [1] Ancient name for Egypt Ancient name for Egypt used in Aesch. Supp. 75; see also Steph. Byz., s. v. Αἴγυπτος ( Aígyptos) and Apoll. Rhod. 4,267. The etymology is unclear, perhaps from ἀήρ. Jansen-Winkeln, Karl (Berlin) [German version] [2] Town in  Gallia Narbonensis Town in  Gallia Narbonensis (Str. 4,185), probably the place today known as Mont Ventoux. Lafond, Yves (Bochum) [German version] [3] Aphrodite's name in Paphus  Aërias (Ἀερία; Aería). Aphrodite's name in Paphus  Aërias. Graf, Fritz (Columbus, OH) [German version] [4] Figure from Greek myth Mother of …

Aerial archaeological imaging

(1,520 words)

Author(s): Altekamp, Stefan
Altekamp, Stefan [German version] A. Definition and introduction (CT) A. Definition and Introduction  Aerial archaeological imaging (AAI) usually designates methods of remote sensing, which from high altitude make archaeological monuments visible or more easily viewed. Photographic procedures are normally employed for documentation of the information obtainable  from a high altitude . The technical possibilities and scope of AAI have depended primarily on the development of air and space travel, and secondar…

Aerias

(64 words)

Author(s): Graf, Fritz (Columbus, OH)
[German version] Named only in Tacitus (hist. 2,3; ann. 3,62,4), founder of the sanctuary of Aphrodite at Paphos, which was called  Aeria [3] after him. Father of Amathus, the founder of the second largest Cypriot Aphrodite sanctuary. Research derives the name partly from Greek ἀήρ, ‘air’, partly from ‘copper’ Latin aes, (Greek κύπρος). Graf, Fritz (Columbus, OH) Bibliography V. Pirenne-Delforge, L'Aphrodite grecque, 1994, 330-333.

Aerope

(147 words)

Author(s): Harder, Ruth Elisabeth (Zürich)
[German version] (Ἀερόπη; Aerópē). Daughter of Catreus, granddaughter of Minos II. Because of a prophecy that Catreus will be killed by the children of A., Catreus hands her and her sister Clymene over to  Nauplius to be sold (Apollod. 3,15) or to be killed; possibly on account of a romantic attachment to a slave (schol. Soph. Aj. 1297 about Euripides' ‘Cretan Women’). Nauplius, however, protects them, and in Argus gives her to  Pleisthenes as wife. Both sons,  Agamemnon and  Menelaus (Hes. fr. 195…

Aeropus

(150 words)

Author(s): Zahrnt, Michael (Kiel)
(Ἀέροπος; Aéropos). [German version] [1] Brother of the founder of the Macedonian royal dynasty According to Hdt. 8,137,1 brother of the founder of the Macedonian royal dynasty. Zahrnt, Michael (Kiel) [German version] [2] I. fourth king of the Macedonians (c. middle of the 6th cent.) A. I, according to Hdt. 8,139 fourth king of the Macedonians ( c. middle of the 6th cent.), probably to be regarded as historical. Zahrnt, Michael (Kiel) Bibliography HM, vol. 2, 4. [German version] [3] II. king of the Macedonians (beginning 4th cent. BC) A. II, between 400/399 and c. 394 guardian of Orestes…

Aerugo

(118 words)

Author(s): Hünemörder, Christian (Hamburg)
[German version] ( aeruca in Vitr. De arch. 7,12, or aerugo [1.136], Greek ἰός; iós). The poisonous verdigris produced by the effect of damp air or acids, copper acetate, was scratched off (ξυστός; xystós) or as type σκώληξ ( skṓlēx), sometimes adulterated with other substances like pumice, and used as an astringent remedy, among other references in Dioscorides 5,79 [2.3.49 ff.] = 5,91-92 [3. 511 ff.] externally for ulcers and for eye ointments (Plin. HN 34,113). Hünemörder, Christian (Hamburg) Bibliography 1 D. Goltz, Studien zur Gesch. der Mineralnamen in Pharmazie, Ch…

Aes alienum

(5 words)

see  Obligatio

Aeschines

(1,604 words)

Author(s): Döring, Klaus (Bamberg) | Engels, Johannes (Cologne) | Weißenberger, Michael (Greifswald) | Stanzel, Karl-Heinz (Tübingen) | Di Marco, Massimo (Fondi Latina)
(Αἰσχίνης; Aischínēs). [German version] [1] Student of Socrates From the Attic deme of Sphettus, son of Lysanias, student of Socrates. Born between 430/420 BC, died after 375/6 BC. A. was present during Socrates' trial and death (Pl. Ap. 33e; Phaed. 59b). A. is said to have been poor when he joined Socrates. In a speech by Lysias, he was accused of being a notorious debtor (Ath. 13,611d-612f). It remains unclear, whether A. indeed composed court speeches and delivered lectures for cash -- as claimed by …

Aeschrion

(125 words)

Author(s): Robbins, Emmet (Toronto)
[German version] (Αἰσχρίων; Aischríōn). The Suda (s. v. 354 Adler) mentions an epic writer from Mytilene, companion of Alexander the Great and pupil of Aristotle (no quotations extant); Ath. 7,296f and 8,335c-d quotes choliambic verses of an A. of Samos. Tzetz. Chil. 8,398 ff. names -- perhaps rightly so -- only A. of Mytilene, an author of both genres. Authentic iambic verses of his are a) an epitaph for Philaenis, who repudiates the calumnies of someone called Polycrates, b) discusses the food th…

Aeschylus

(3,563 words)

Author(s): Zimmermann, Bernhard (Freiburg) | Weißenberger, Michael (Greifswald)
(Αἰσχύλος; Aischúlos). [German version] [1] of Athens Tragedian, 5th cent. BC Tragedian. Zimmermann, Bernhard (Freiburg) [German version] A. Biography The most important sources of A.'s biography (cited according to TrGF III) are the Vita, the Marmor Parium, and the Suda (s. v. Αἰσχύλος [Aischýlos], αι 357 Adler): born in 525/4 BC in Eleusis (T 1,1; 8; 98,3), son of Euphorion (T 1,1 f.; 2,1; 162,1), from the aristocratic family of the Eupatridae. He fought in the Persian Wars in 490 at Marathon (T 16) and in 480 a…

Aesculapius

(4 words)

see  Asclepius

Aesculetum

(52 words)

Author(s): Galsterer, Hartmut (Bonn)
[German version] Grove of oaks ( aesculus) in Rome, to whose branches the coronae civicae were bound. It lay in the western Campus Martius, opposite the island in the Tiber, by the Lungotevere Cenci. Galsterer, Hartmut (Bonn) Bibliography S. Panciera, Ancora tra epigrafia e topografia, in: L'Urbs. Espace Urbain et Histoire, 1987, 62-73.

Aesepus

(98 words)

Author(s): Schwertheim, Elmar (Münster)
[German version] (Αἴσηπος; Aísēpos). River in  Mysia, modern Gönen Çay, rising at Mount Cotylus in the  Ida mountains (Str. 13,1,43). It is already mentioned by Homer (Il. 2,825; 4,91; 12; 21). In its course to the north-east, it takes in the Caresus. After 500 stades, it flows into the  Propontis near the island of Halone (modern Pasalimani) (Str. 13,1,11). Even in Homer's times, the valley of the A. defined the eastern border of the  Troas (Str. 13,1,9), and was densely populated in its middle reaches (Str. 13,1,45). Schwertheim, Elmar (Münster) Bibliography W. Leaf, Strabo on the T…

Aes equestre

(210 words)

Author(s): Crawford, Michael Hewson (London)
[German version] According to Livy (1,43,9), Servius Tullius provided that the res publica would give an eques, a horseman, money for the purchase of a horse and that the property of wealthy widows would be used for the maintenance of horses. According to Plutarch, Camillus used the property of wealthy orphans in particular for purchasing horses (Camillus 2). Gaius (4,27) considered it a practice of the past that a horseman had the right to demand security from those paying for the horse and its maintenance. He also related the name of two institutions, the aes equestre and the aes hordiariu…

Aesernia

(185 words)

Author(s): Uggeri, Giovanni (Florence)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Socii (Roman confederation) | Tribus | Coloniae Main town of the Pentri in  Samnium, on a mountain ridge between the rivers Sordo and Carpino at the source of the  Volturnus, modern Isernia. Important road junction ( via Aesernia, CIL IX 2655). In 295 BC captured by the Romans, in 264 BC extended by a Latin colony (minting). Following the Social War (80 BC)   municipium of the tribus Tromentina. Remains of polygonal walls, enclosing an area of 12 hectares, were part of the Latin colony. The   cardo maximus equat…

Aeserninus

(26 words)

Author(s): Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum)
[German version] Gladiator from Samnium, mentioned by Lucilius and become proverbial (Cic. Opt. Gen. 17; Ad Q. frat. 3,4,2; Tusc. 4,48). Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum)

Aes grave

(430 words)

Author(s): Mlasowsky, Alexander (Hannover)
[German version] According to Plin. HN 33,43, the aes grave, influenced by Greek minting in southern Italy, refers to the oldest, cast bronze Italian coins which replaced the   aes rude . In hoard finds, aes grave occurs at the same time as the   aes signatum as well as the   didrachmon [1.98 ff.] and, shortly after 290 BC until 212 BC, it is cast in Rome and in various towns of central and southern Italy [5.9 f., 64; 2.28 ff.; 7.230 ff.]. It is divided into seven standard weights, from the as up to half an uncia, and it carrie…

Aesillas

(41 words)

Author(s): Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum)
[German version] Probably a gentilicium, not a cognomen. As quaestor and proquaestor, A. minted tetradrachmas in his name in Macedonia beginning in 94 BC (?). Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) Bibliography R. A. Bauslaugh, Silver Coinage with the Types of A. the Quaestor, 2000.

Aesis

(78 words)

Author(s): Uggeri, Giovanni (Florence)
[German version] River, forming the border between  Picenum and the  Senones (Liv. 5,35), later taken as Umbrian ( Umbria), modern Esino. From its source on the territory of Sentinum, it runs to the Adriatic, where its mouth is bridged by the   via Flaminia at the   statio ad Aesim (modern Falconara Marittima) (large cistern: three parallel water chambers). The A. valley was known for its excellent cheeses (Plin. 3,112; 11,241). Uggeri, Giovanni (Florence) Bibliography Q. Maule, SE 59, 1993, 87-102.

Aeso

(66 words)

Author(s): Barceló, Pedro (Potsdam)
[German version] Town of the  Lacetani, modern Isona, part of the conventus Tarraconensis (Plin. HN 3,23) and enrolled in the tribus Quirina, minted coins with the Iberian legend E-S-O [1. II,63; MLI, 32]. An episcopus ecclesiae Aesonensis took part in the sixth Council of Toledo (Conc. 6; Fuentes Históricas Aragonenses 9,294). Barceló, Pedro (Potsdam) Bibliography 1 A. Vives y Escudero, La moneda hispánica, 1926. Tovar 3, 1989, 451.

Aeson

(579 words)

Author(s): Dräger, Paul (Trier) | Lezzi-Hafter, Adrienne (Kilchberg) | Kramolisch, Herwig (Eppelheim) | Errington, Robert Malcolm (Marburg/Lahn)
(Αἴσων; Aísōn). [German version] [1] Figure from Greek mythology, eponym of the city of Aeson Son of Cretheus and Tyro (Scarphes: schol. D Hom. Il. 532), husband of Polymelas or Alcimedes, father of Jason (Hom. Od. 11,258; Hes. Theog. 992; fr. 38-40 M-W; Pherecyd. FGrH F 104; Apollod. 1,107) and of Promachus (Apollod. 1, 143; Diod. Sic. 4,50,2). Eponym of the city of Aeson (Pherecyd. FGrH F 103; Pind. fr. 273; Apoll. Rhod. 1,411 with schol.), lives, however, always in Iolcus, whose legitimate ruler is his olde…

Aesop

(2,366 words)

Author(s): Luzzatto, Maria Jagoda (Florence)
[German version] A. Life (Αἰσωπος; Aísōpos) Even in antiquity A. was considered the most significant Greek exponent of the literary genre of fable ( Fable; cf. Phaedr. prol. 3,52; Babr. prol. 2,1-5; Theon. Progymn. p. 73,14-20 Spengel) and to a certain extent may be regarded as a historical figure, if we draw upon sources dating no later than the Alexandrian period and upon the chronographically most reliable collections. On that evidence A. was born in Thrace on the west coast of the Black Sea, wher…

Aesop Romance

(634 words)

Author(s): Luzzatto, Maria Jagoda (Florence)
[German version] The Aesop Romance (AR) which in Cod. G (11th cent. AD) bears the title ‘Book of the philosopher Xanthus and his slave Aesopus’, has been transmitted to us in two pre-Byzantine versions G and W, as well as in a Byzantine version Pl (edited by Maximos Planudes). The five extant papyrus texts from the period between the 2nd and 7th cents. AD confirm that the AR did in fact contain obscene episodes that had been censored in G, Pl and some codices of the W group, and they demonstrate t…

Aesopus, Clodius

(163 words)

Author(s): Blume, Horst-Dieter (Münster)
[German version] Tragedian in 1st-cent. BC Rome; respected freedman ( nostri familiaris Cic. Ad Q. Fr. 1,2,14), achieved wealth as a ‘star’. Scattered mentions provide no coherent picture of his art. In the role of Atreus, carried away by emotion, he is said to have killed a servant with his sceptre (Plut. Cicero 5,5), but  Cicero says his anger was simulated (Cic. Tusc. 4,55). His use of facial expression was praised (Cic. Div. 1,80); however Fronto (p. 143,13-14) emphasizes his intensive study of masks […

Aes rude

(319 words)

Author(s): Mlasowsky, Alexander (Hannover)
[German version] Raw copper or raw ore which is available as whole or broken bars, plates or as regulus, but most of all as rough lumps ( raudera, aes infectum; Fest. 321/322) [1]. Sometimes bearing small grooved or punched marks, it is used as a means of exchange alongside cattle ( pecus   pecunia ) in the barter economies of central and southern Italy as well as Sicily in the early 1st millennium up to the end of the 4th cent. BC [1.280 f.; 4.15; 7.228 f.]. The amount to be paid is weighed on scales. The mancipatio, i.a., is regarded as the oldest evidence, where the libripens had to weigh the co…

Aes signatum

(435 words)

Author(s): Mlasowsky, Alexander (Hannover)
[German version] Modern technical term for cast, rectangular ingots of metal [2.III 186]. Aes signatum replaces the older   aes rude and becomes the precursor to the   aes grave even though, for a short time, the three currencies are in use concurrently [2.III 201; 9.96; 1]. The older form (6th to early 3rd cents. BC), with a varying weight of 500-2000 g, was primarily cast in northern Etruria and consists of an iron alloy; it is either without decoration or decorated with a simple pattern of twigs on one or both sides ( ramo secco) [2.III 202 f.]. The younger form of highly valuable bronze …

Aesthetics

(11 words)

see Beauty, Body, attitudes towards, Proportions, theory of

Aesthetics

(1,520 words)

Author(s): Speer, Andreas (Cologne)
[German version] A. Introduction Our search for the meaning and the subject of ancient aesthetics is largely determined by modern interpretation. The modern understanding of aesthetics is not, however, based on the earlier idea of general aesthetics ( epistḗmē aisthetikḗ) as it can still be found in A. G. Baumgarten, who is considered to be the founder of aesthetics as an independent discipline. Rather, Hegel's concept of aesthetics as a philosophy of fine arts has become the paradigm. The attempt to maintain the general approach of …

Aestii

(172 words)

Author(s): Dietz, Karlheinz (Würzburg)
[German version] The Aestiorum gentes, Baltic tribes, settled in the region east of the Vistula up to the Western Dvina (Tac. Germ. 45,2: ‘coastal dwellers to the right of the Suebian sea’; in tradition and looks related to the  Suebi, but closer to the  Britanni in language). This ethnic name which etymologically might relate to the river of the name Aistà in the Vilkabikis district was after all possibly Germanic [1]; furthermore, a connection with the Σουδινοί ( Soudinoí) of Ptol. 3,5,9 is postulated. The A. were peaceable (Iord. Get. 5,36) peasants, armed with cudgels…

Aestimatio litis

(192 words)

Author(s): Paulus, Christoph Georg (Berlin)
[German version] The principle of sentencing to a fine associated with formulary procedure (Gai. Inst. 4,48) made it necessary in civil procedure for all actions not aimed at a fixed sum to be expressed in money value. Both process and result of the estimate required for this are called aestimatio litis.; it was carried out by the judge, or sometimes by the plaintiff ( iusiurandum in litem, estimate under oath of the amount involved). If the defendant refused to meet his duty of payment in kind, but instead paid the sum of the fine, the plaintiff finally lost …

Aetas

(523 words)

Author(s): Apathy, Peter (Linz)
[German version] Age is significant in Roman law in particular for ability to act (contractual capacity and capacity for tortious liability). The following age levels were distinguished: 1.  Infans: if a child was not yet able to speak the words of the formal record ( qui fari non potest), or if it was infanti proximus (Gai. Inst. 3,109), it was incapable of acting. Not even with auctoritastutoris did it obtain rights. In late classical law infantia ends at seven years old. 2.  Impubes infantia maior: anyone who had not yet reached puberty, was, like an infans, under tutela, but had limited…

Aeternitas

(246 words)

Author(s): Graf, Fritz (Columbus, OH)
[German version] ‘Eternity’, personification of duration of political rule. In the imperial period one can swear by the ‘eternal duration’ of the rule of an emperor, likewise invoke his fame or his well-being (Plin. Ep. 10,41,1; 83). The cult of Aeternitas probably begins in the early imperial period in Spain: coins (for instance from Tarraco and Emerita) under Augustus and Tiberius depict a temple with the legend, Aeternitati Augustae [1]. First depictions of the goddess occur under Vespasian, and the first cult reference is a sacrifice of   the Arvales fratres to A. imperii, after the…

Aethalia

(4 words)

see  Ilva

Aethalidae

(116 words)

Author(s): Lohmann, Hans (Bochum)
[German version] (Αἰθαλίδαι; Aithalídai). Attic mesogeia deme of the phyle  Leontis (IG II2 1742), later of the Antigonis. Two bouleutai. Of uncertain location, possible connection with  Eupyridae,  Cropidae, and  Peleces [2; 3. 45, map 1]. For the inscription on the grave of an Aethalides near the modern Marathon, see [4. 319, n. 2]. With 94 recorded names, it is mentioned surprisingly frequently [1. 59]. Lohmann, Hans (Bochum) Bibliography 1 A. W. Gomme, The Population of Athens, 1933 2 A. Milchhoefer, s. v. A., RE 1, 1092 f. 3 Traill, Attica, 8, 45, 68, 109 (no. 6), 13…

Aethalides

(126 words)

Author(s): Graf, Fritz (Columbus, OH)
(Αἰθαλίδης; Aithalídēs). [German version] [1] Herald during the Argonauts' campaign Son of Hermes and Eupolemea, daughter of Myrmidon, born near the Thessalian stream Amphryssus. Herald during the Argonauts' campaign (Apoll. Rhod. 1,51-55, 640-47). Hermes allowed him to continue to remember after his death and thus to move between the Underworld and the Upperworld (Pherecydes FGrH 3 F 109; Apoll. Rhod. 1,644-7). His soul is said to have entered the body of Pythagoras, as first recounted by Heraclides Ponticus (fr. 89 W. = Diog. Laert. 8,1,4) [1]. Graf, Fritz (Columbus, OH) …

Aether

(240 words)

Author(s): Graf, Fritz (Columbus, OH)
[German version] (Αἰθήρ; Aithḗr). The ‘radiantly clear’ heaven, since the epic (Hom. Il. 2,412) domicile of the gods; in the cosmology up to late antiquity the highest and purest part of the cosmos (Macrob. Sat. 1,17,70). In cosmogonic poetry aether has various roles. For Hesiod the light aether is the son of the dark power Nyx ‘Night’ (and Erebus, Acusilaus of Argus FGrH 2 F 6b), but brother of Hemera, ‘Day’ (Theog. 124); with Hemera he generates the enigmatic Brotus (Hes. fr. 400), according to l…

Aetheria, Aetheriae peregrinatio

(9 words)

see  Peregrinatio ad loca sancta

Aethilla

(58 words)

Author(s): Graf, Fritz (Columbus, OH)
[German version] (Αἴθιλλα; Aíthilla). Familiar form of Αἰθία (Polyaenus. 7,47), daughter of Laomedon, sister of Priam, captured by Protesilaus' companions after the conquest of Troy. On the peninsula of Pallene, with her fellow prisoners she burns the Greek ships, whereupon the Greeks found Scione (Conon FGrH 26 F 1,13; Tzetz. Lycoph. 921). Graf, Fritz (Columbus, OH)

Aethiopia

(4 words)

see  Nubia

Aethiopiaca

(4 words)

see  Heliodorus

Aethiopis

(492 words)

Author(s): Latacz, Joachim (Basle)
[German version] (Αἰθιοπίς; Aithiopís, ‘Poem of the Ethiopian’). Lost epic in five books (no textual fragment extant) belonging to the  epic cycle. Its composition is attributed in late sources (p. 332 Kaibel, from the 1st cent. BC ; Proclus; Eusebius) to Arctinus of Miletus: since Wilamowitz [1. 345,353 f., 370 f.] this attribution has been regarded as speculation on the part of peripatetic literary researchers (Bethe [2. 63]; Davies [3. 99 f.]): the author and the exact date of composition are un…

Aethlios

(4 words)

see  Endymion

Aethon

(114 words)

Author(s): Graf, Fritz (Columbus, OH)
(Αἴθων; Aíthōn), ‘the fiery one’. [German version] [1] Great-grandfather of Odysseus Great-grandfather of Odysseus, under whose name Odysseus appeared unrecognized before Penelope (Hom. Od. 19,183). Graf, Fritz (Columbus, OH) [German version] [2] Epithet of  Erysichthon, also son of Helios After the ‘burning hunger’ epithet of  Erysichthon (since Hellanicus FGrH 4 F 7). Suidas (s. v.) makes him a son of Helios. Graf, Fritz (Columbus, OH) [German version] [3] Epic horse name Epic horse name (‘fire fox’) after Hector's horse (Hom. Il. 8,185); later poets gave this na…

Aethra

(161 words)

Author(s): Harder, Ruth Elisabeth (Zürich)
[German version] (Αἴθρα; Aíthra). Daughter of Pittheus king of Troezen, mother of  Theseus by  Aegeus or Poseidon (Bacchyl. 17,33 ff. SM; Apollod. 3,208; 216; Hyg. Fab. 37). The variant at Paus. 2,33,1 explains the founding of temples of Athena Apaturia on the island Sphaerea by A. Theseus entrusts  Helen to A. who had been abducted by him. When the  Dioscuri release her, A. is taken as a slave and she later reaches Troy with Helen (Hom. Il. 3,144; Alcm. fr. 21 PMGF; Plut. Theseus 16b; Apollod. 3,…

Aetiology

(2 words)

Aetiology

(1,993 words)

Author(s): Fantuzzi, Marco (Florence) | Rüpke
[No German version] I. Greek literature Aetiology is the term given to an explanation, generally referring to a mythical past (aetiological myth  Myth), of the αἴτιον (aítion), i.e. of the origin, of some phenomenon affecting the present-day situation of the author and his public, whether it be an object, a city, a custom, or, as is frequently the case, a religious ritual.Up until the 3rd cent. BC aetiology is not the preserve of any particular literary form but in the various forms represents a forma…

Aetion

(170 words)

Author(s): Hoesch, Nicola (Munich)
[German version] (Ἀετίων; Aetíōn) Greek painter (also a sculptor?) of the late classical period, exponent of the four-colour painting style ( Colours). There is an elaborate description of A.'s most famous painting, the wedding of Alexander with Roxane, in Lucian. Hdt. 4-6, which prompted many Renaissance and baroque painters to reinterpret the subject. Influences of this or a further wedding painting described by Plin. HN 35,78, which was meant to symbolize Alexander's unification policies, can pe…

Aetius

(1,578 words)

Author(s): Graf, Fritz (Columbus, OH) | Runia, David T. (Leiden) | Nutton, Vivian (London) | Leppin, Hartmut (Hannover)
(Ἀέτιος; Aétios). [German version] [1] Mythical king of Troezen Son of Anthas, mythical king of Troezen; his successors colonized Halicarnass and Myndus in Caria (Paus. 2,30,8 f.). Graf, Fritz (Columbus, OH) [German version] [2] Doxographer of 1st cent. AD Doxographer of 1st cent. AD. Although historically elusive, A. played a central role in the doxographic tradition of antiquity, because he wrote the only detailed doxographic manual to have been handed down fairly complete ( Doxography). Large parts of the work can be quite accur…

Aetna

(665 words)

Author(s): Schmidt, Peter L. (Constance) | di Mattia, Margherita (Rome)
(Αἴτνη; Aítnē). [German version] [3] Latin  didactic poem to explain volcanism, most likely from Neronian times, perhaps by Seneca's penfriend Lucilius (cf. Sen. Epist. 79). The author distances himself not only from the (mythological) epic (vv. 9-23), but also in his own genre -- with polemics against  Manilius -- from cosmological and astrological speculation (vv. 228-250). Among his informants,  Posidonius stands out (transmitted partially via Sen. Nat. 6?). Ascribed doubtfully to Virgil in the 2n…

Aetolians, Aetolia

(2,622 words)

Author(s): Strauch, Daniel (Berlin)
(Αἰτωλοί, Αἰτωλία; Aitōloí, Aitōlía). [German version] A. Topography Largest region (4500 km2), most important tribe of central Greece. Existing sources only allow a limited definition of area where the Aetolians first settled, and of the phases of their early expansion. Tribes of the Aetolian ethnic group lived between the mountain ranges of Mount Vardousia and Mount Gkiona in the east (modern administrative district of Phocis), Mount Thymphrestus in the north (height 2319m, modern district of Evritania),…

Aetolus

(162 words)

Author(s): Scheer, Tanja (Rome)
[German version] (ᾈτωλός; Aitōlós). Eponym of the Aetolians, according to Hecataeus (FGrH 1 F 15) descendant of Deucalion and of the same generation as other tribal heroes ( Aeolus,  Dorus and Xythus), otherwise son of king  Endymion from Elis (Paus. 5,1,4; Apollod. 1,57). A.'s brother  Epius wins the competition for succession to the throne in Elis. Because of a manslaughter in the funeral games for Azan, A. goes to the land of the Curetes, where he kills his visiting guests Dorus, Laodocus and Po…

Aetus

(108 words)

Author(s): Ameling, Walter (Jena)
(Ἀετός; Aetós). [German version] [1] Priest of Alexander 253/2 BC From Aspendus, son of Apollonius, father of  Thraseas. Ptolemaic general of Cilicia and founder of Arsinoe [III 3] (between 279 and 253 BC), priest of Alexander 253/2, as eponymous officer documented 245/4 and 242/1. PP 2, 1828; 3/9 4988; [1]. Ameling, Walter (Jena) [German version] [2] Priest of Alexander 197/6 BC Grandson of A. [1], priest of Alexander 197/6 BC honoured in Cos: Bull. 1994, 451. PP 3/9 4988a; [1. 344]. Ameling, Walter (Jena) Bibliography C. Habicht, A Hellenistic inscription from Arsinoe in Cil…

Aexone

(346 words)

Author(s): Lohmann, Hans (Bochum)
[German version] (Αἰξωνή; Aixōnḗ). Attic   paralia deme of the phyle  Cecropis (IG II2 2375) at the south-west coast of Attica between Glyphada and Voula [3]. Eight bouleutai [7]. Its western border was marked by the sea, its eastern one by Mount  Hymettus whose slopes were terraced [1; 2. 29 ff.] -- the φελλεῖς ( phelleîs) in IG II2 2492. To the north, Halimus and Euonymon followed. As Hydrussa (modern Prasonisi) was κατὰ τοὺς Αἰξωνέας ( katà toùs Aixonéas, Str. 9,1,21), A. presumably extended to the south up to Ano Vula, where it bordered on Halai Aixonides. Extensive…

Aezani

(2,060 words)

Author(s): Rheidt, Klaus (Berlin RWG)
Rheidt, Klaus (Berlin RWG) [German version] A. Location (CT) Aezani (A.) is situated in a rural area near the town of Çavdarhisar, ca. 50 kilometres southwest of the provincial capitol Kütahya in modern Turkey. A. occupied a central location on the Aizanitis, a plateau ca. 1000 metres above sea level in western Phrygia, and belonged to Phrygia Epiktetos (Str. 12,8,12). The village houses of the older parts of Çavdarhisar stand in part on ancient foundation walls and contain numerous elements of ancient b…

Afer

(98 words)

Author(s): Eck, Werner (Cologne)
Frequently used cognomen, since the later Republic nearly always without reference to its meaning ‘stemming from Africa’. Used thus, e.g., by the poet P.  Terentius Afer [1]. [German version] [1] Cognomen used by the poet Martial Cognomen used by the poet Martial. Various persons are meant: 4,37; 78; 6,77; 9,7; 25; 10,84; 12,42. Eck, Werner (Cologne) [German version] [2] Cousin of Caracalla A., cousin of Caracalla, who had him killed in 212 (SHA Carac. 3,6 f.; probably identical to L. Septimius Aper, cos. ord. 207 [2]). Eck, Werner (Cologne) Bibliography 1 Kajanto, Cognomina, 205 2 A. …

Afer

(6 words)

see also  Domitius, Terentius

Affecter

(146 words)

Author(s): Mommsen, Heide (Stuttgart)
[German version] Attic black-figured vase painter c. 550/540-520, named after the affected style of his figures; based on that style, it has been possible to attribute 135 vessels to him. Without doubt, A. was both potter and painter who specialized in amphoras which he produced in several of his own variants. They are very precise and thin-walled, and decorated in a special, sometimes antiquated manner. For the figurative pictures, he was less interested in the narrative content than in the decorativ…

Affects

(392 words)

Author(s): Ebert, Theodor (Erlangen/Nürnberg)
(πάθη, Sing. πάθος; páthē, páthos). [German version] A. Definition An affect is an emotional state caused by the process of becoming aware and at the same time interpreting something (for example as fearful), which in turn causes certain bodily reactions. The presentation of affects in Greek drama and the creation of affects in the theatre audience provides material for reflection to Greek philosophers. Ebert, Theodor (Erlangen/Nürnberg) [German version] B. History of Philosophy In his theory about the three parts of the soul in Resp. 4, Plato distinguishes physical…

Affects, Theory of (Musical)

(685 words)

Author(s): Zaminer, Frieder (Berlin)
[English version] Although affects were themes in Classical philosophy and rhetoric, incidentally also in the ethical doctrine of music ( Music), there was no specific theory of musical affects. That melodies and rhythms affected different souls in different manners had been demonstrated by Boethius inst. mus. 1,1) as a transmitter of the idea (Pythagoras, Plato rep. 3,398-401). After the 11th cent., the attempt was made to link the Musical theory of keys in Gregorian chant with the ethical doctr…

Afilae

(47 words)

Author(s): Quilici Gigli, Stefania (Rome)
[German version] Place in Latium, modern Affile, in the upper valley of the  Anio, south of Subiaco.   Municipium with senate and   seviri augustales , probably belonging to the tribus Aniensis (CIL XIV 3442-45). Surviving remnants of thermae, public and private buildings. Quilici Gigli, Stefania (Rome)

Afranius

(936 words)

Author(s): Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) | Eck, Werner (Cologne) | Stärk, Ekkehard (Leipzig)
Plebeian tribe, from which senatorial representatives already emerged in the 2nd cent. BC. [German version] [1] L., homo novus, consul 60 BC L., homo novus, supporter of Pompey, distinguished himself as his legate 77-73 (?) BC in the war against Sertorius (Plut. Sert. 19,3 ff.); 72 (?) praetor, 71-67 (?) as proconsul in Spain (conquest of Calagurris, triumph). 66-62 legate in the war against Mithridates. With the support of Pompey, he became consul together with Q. Caecilius Metellus Celer in 60 BC. In 55, sent by Pomp…

Africa

(3,957 words)

Author(s): Huß, Werner (Bamberg) | Scheid, John (Paris) | Leisten, Thomas (Princeton)
[German version] 1. A. Etymological and conceptual history The term A. as a name for the continent has got a long and ramified history. The term A. (see 3 below) could only be used by the Romans as a description of the continent of A., when the ‘area’ described by the Latin term A. had come to coincide at least in parts with that described by the Greek term Λιβύη ( Libýē) -- but, at the earliest, this happened in the 2nd half of the 3rd cent. BC, i.e. because of the related concepts of ‘Northern A.’ or ‘Punic A.’. Indirectly, via the ‘partial term’, the ‘full ter…

Africa

(2,109 words)

Author(s): Dominik, William J. (Durban RWG)
Dominik, William J. (Durban RWG) [German version] A. African Literature in the Latin Language (16th-18th Cents.) (CT) The earliest and probably best known African poet from this period was Juan Latino (1516-ca. 1594), who was born in West-A. and who came to Spain around 1528. He translated Horace and wrote poetry in Latin. Five published works are extant, for the most part panegyric poems with numerous mythological allusions: The Epigrammatum liber (Granada 1573), which is set mostly in elegic metre following the example of Ovid, celebrates the birth of Prince Fer…

Africanus

(177 words)

Author(s): Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) | Nutton, Vivian (London) | Leppin, Hartmut (Hannover)
Originally the epithet of a victor, first assumed by P. Cornelius Scipio A. (Maior) after the victory over Carthage in 201 BC (Liv. 30,45,6), then assumed by his adoptive son P. Cornelius Scipio A. (Minor), cos. 147; later as surname also in other families [1]. In the imperial era surname of the emperors Gordian I and II, Justinian I and Flavius Mauricius. Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) [German version] [1] Greek doctor 2nd or 1st cent. BC Greek doctor of the 2nd or 1st cent. BC, who dedicated a few of his prescriptions to a king Antigonus [1]. Not to be confused with a…

Africus ventus

(144 words)

Author(s): Hünemörder, Christian (Hamburg)
[German version] Latin name for the wind Λίψ ( Líps) or νότος ( nótos) that blows from the south-west from Africa (Libya) to southern Europe. In Plin. HN 2,119 the Africus ventus, characterized by Sen. Q. Nat. 5,16,5 and Hor. Carm. 1,3,12; 3,29,57; Epod. 16,22 and Verg. Aen. 1,85 f. as wild and stormy, is considered to be west-south-west between the west wind Favonius and the south-south-west Austroafricus (Λιβόνοτος; Libónotos) on the astronomical point rose (cf. Vitr. De arch. 1,6,10 and 12) with a total of 15 winds. In Hor. Carm. 3,23,5 it is called pestilens. According to Isid. Nat. …

Afro-Asiatic

(140 words)

Author(s): Müller-Kessler, Christa (Emskirchen)
[German version] Afro-Asian is a new linguistic term identical to the traditional term Hamito-Semitic. It covers all the major languages related to such language families as  (Ancient) Egyptian, Berber, Cushitic,  Semitic, Chadic (various subfamilies with more than 125 separate languages) and - often debated - Omotic. Overall, it includes more than 200 separate languages, many of them without writing, that can be traced over a period of almost 5,000 years. Reconstructing the proto-Afro-Asiatic lan…

Afterlife, concepts of

(1,141 words)

Author(s): Graf, Fritz (Columbus, OH)
[German version] Views about what awaits humans after death exist in most cultures. In the Graeco-Roman world, they were found in literature and art, in philosophical reflection, theological propaganda and, not least, in epitaphs; yet the literary and philosophical opinions in themselves are more coherent than the everyday concepts expressed in the epitaphs. It must also be emphasized that it is difficult to discern a strong connection between concepts of the afterlife and funerary rites, in the s…

Agaclytus

(96 words)

Author(s): Eck, Werner (Cologne)
[German version] [1] A. (L. Aurelius), freedperson of the emperor Verus A. (L. Aurelius), freedperson of the emperor Verus, who married, against the objections of Marcus Aurelius, the widow of the senator Annius Libo to the libertus (SHA Verus 9,3; 19,5; Marcus 15,2; PIR2 A 452; [1. 243] s. v. Annius Libo). Eck, Werner (Cologne) [German version] [2] A. (L. Aurelius). son of no. 1 A. (L. Aurelius). Probably son of no. 1 and married to Marcus Aurelius' youngest daughter Vibia Aurelia Sabina (CIL XV 7402; [1. 239, 243]). Eck, Werner (Cologne) Bibliography 1 A. Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 21987…

Agade

(4 words)

see  Akkad

Agalma

(168 words)

Author(s): Graf, Fritz (Columbus, OH)
[German version] (ἄγαλμα; ágalma). Derived from the Greek agállein, ‘to praise, honour’ (especially a deity, cf. Hsch. s. v.), is actually everything that adorns, from honour (Hom. Il. 4,144) to weapons (Alc. fr.15) to children (Aesch. Ag. 208). But it is found especially in the religious sphere; here, already in Homer, agalma is the votive offerings, like   anathema (Hom. Od. 3,438; IG I3 552, 617 and passim). More narrowly, agalma designates statues (Hdt. 1,131; Isoc. Or. 9,57), but also sculpture in contrast to painting (Aristot. Pol. 1336 b 15). Later the term agalma could mean th…

Agamede

(67 words)

Author(s): Graf, Fritz (Columbus, OH)
[German version] (Ἀγαμήδη; Agamḗdē). Daughter of Augeias, wife of Mulius, like Medea, one with knowledge of healing herbs (Hom. Il. 11,740 f.; Eust. Dion. Per. 322). With Poseidon, mother of Belus, Actor and Dictys (Hyg. Fab. 157). Her name is suggestive (‘Great Thinker’), like the variant Perimede (‘Intense Thinker’, Theoc. 2,16; Prop. 2,4,8) or the name of Medea's mother Idyia (‘Knowing One’). Graf, Fritz (Columbus, OH)

Agamemnon

(936 words)

Author(s): Auffarth, Christoph (Tübingen)
[German version] (Ἀγαμέμνων, Agamémnōn). King of the Argives in Mycenae. In the early Greek epics A. led the army of the Argives ( Danai, Achaeans) against Troy, to avenge the kidnapping of the wife of his brother Menelaus. He brings the greatest fleet from the north-eastern Peloponnese (in the ships' catalogue Il. 2,569-575 south-western Argolis belongs to Diomedes, the remainder and as far as to Corinth, to A. In contrast to this, lord of ‘all Argus’ (Il. 2,107; 9,141 [1.180 f.]). In the Iliad he causes his charismatic rule [2] to waver through the theft of Achilles' capti…

Agamestor

(69 words)

Author(s): Di Marco, Massimo (Fondi Latina)
[German version] (Ἀγαμήστωρ; Agamḗstōr). Writer of elegies from Pharsalus, probably Hellenistic, composed a Θέτιδος ἐπιθαλάμιος, of which Tzetzes (ad Lycophr. 178, II S. 89 Scheer; ad Iliadem S. 811, 31 ff. Bachm.) has transmitted four verses (= SH 14) with an etymological interpretation of the name Ἀχιλεύς ( Achileús= ἀ+ χεῖλος) ; see [1]. Di Marco, Massimo (Fondi Latina) Bibliography 1 K.-H. Tomberg, Die Kaine Historia des Ptolemaios Chennos, 1968, 97, 127 f.

Agamiou dike

(139 words)

Author(s): Thür, Gerhard (Graz)
[German version] (ἀγαμίου δίκη; agamíou díkē). In Sparta a criminal action which could be raised by anyone against someone who after reaching a certain age had not married (Plut. Lyc. 15). By means of this action an indirect compulsion to marry was exercised, as the transgressor was threatened with partial cancellation of citizen's rights. The charge may have occurred elsewhere in the domain of Doric law (cf. Str. 10,482), but there is no evidence of it in Athens. If Plato's intention (Lg. 721b; 774a…

Aganippe

(102 words)

Author(s): Graf, Fritz (Columbus, OH)
(Ἀγανίππη; Aganíppē). [German version] [1] A spring on Mount Helicon, sacred to the muses A spring on Mount Helicon, sacred to the muses, at Thespia in Boeotia; whoever drank from it, was drawn into poetic ecstasy (Verg. Ecl. 10,12; Paus. 9,29,5;  Hippocrene). The spring nymph of the same name is the daughter of the river god Termessus (Paus. 9,29,5) [1]. Graf, Fritz (Columbus, OH) [German version] [2] Mythical person, also known as Eurydice Wife of  Acrisius, mother of Danae (Hyg. Fab. 63). Otherwise, she is called Eurydice (Apollod. 2,26). Graf, Fritz (Columbus, OH) Bibliography 1 P. F…

Agape

(299 words)

Author(s): Markschies, Christoph (Berlin)
[German version] (ἀγάπη; agápē) In the NT (Jud 12) agápē is also used for the ‘love feast’ if it is an occasion of brotherly love (Tert. Apol. 39,16: agápē is equal to dilectio). Tertullian described a communal meal of the congregation comparable to ancient sacral meals. Since  Ignatius ( c. AD 110) admonished the community in Smyrna not to hold the agape without the bishop, he was probably referring to a joint celebration of the Eucharist with the ordinary meal as documented by Paul for Corinth (1 Cor 11,20-34) and which was in part custom until the 5th …

Agapenor

(90 words)

Author(s): Graf, Fritz (Columbus, OH)
[German version] (Ἀγαπήνωρ; Agapḗnōr). Son of Ancaeus (Hyg. Fab. 97), king in Tegea. In connection with the murder of  Alcmaeon [1], Arsinoe, the daughter of Phegeus, was brought to him by her brothers as a slave in a chest (Apollod. 3,90). A. was one of Helen's suitors (Apollod. 3,129) and led the Arcadians before Troy (Hom. Il. 2,609). On the return journey he came to Cyprus, where he founded Paphus and its sanctuary of Aphrodite (Paus. 8,5,2). Graf, Fritz (Columbus, OH) Bibliography W. Kullmann, Die Quellen der Ilias, 1960, 97.

Agapetus

(269 words)

Author(s): Makris, Georgios (Bochum) | Lippold, A. (0)
[German version] [1] Deacon of Hagia Sophia in Constantinople Deacon of Hagia Sophia in Constantinople, author of a speculum regum containing 72 acrostically arranged aphorisms for Justinian I (527-565). A. grants the Christian element an influential position in respect of the topic of the pagan ideology of the caesars; the ruler must above all else be a loyal servant and emulator of God. His main source was the paraenetic second speech of Isocrates to Nicocles. This short, naive text had a great influence on the speculum regum literature of the Greek Middle Ages and in the easte…

Agapius

(142 words)

Author(s): Goulet, Richard (Antony)
[German version] (Ἀγάπιος; Agápios). Native of Athens. Neoplatonic philosopher, last student of  Proclus (d. AD 485), primarily educated by Marinus. In AD 511, Iohannes Lydus (Mag. III 26; p. 113, 12-20 Wünsch) studied Platonic and Aristotelian philosophy with A. in Constantinople. According to a verse from a poem by Christodorus of Coptus ‘On the Students of the great Proclus’, A. is described as ‘the last and yet the first’ among Proclus' students. The main source of knowledge about A. are fragme…

Agari

(66 words)

Author(s): Tokhtas'ev, Sergej R. (St. Petersburg)
[German version] (Ἀγαροι; Ágaroi) According to App. Mith. 400 a tribe of the  Scythians. Agarian physicians who treated wounds with snake venom healed  Mithridates VI in 68/67 BC. A derivation of the name of the country (Ἀγαρία τῆς Σαρματίας; Agaría tḗs Sarmatías) is probably ἀγαρικόν ( agarikón), the Greek term for tree agaric (Dioscorides 3,1 f. [1. 122]). Tokhtas'ev, Sergej R. (St. Petersburg) Bibliography 1 R. Strömberg, Griech. Pflanzennamen, 1940.

Agariste

(126 words)

Author(s): Stein-Hölkeskamp, Elke (Cologne) | Will, Wolfgang (Bonn)
(Ἀγαρίστη; Agarístē). [German version] [1] Mother of  Cleisthenes of Athens (6th cent. BC) Daughter of the tyrant  Cleisthenes of Sicyon, wife of the Alcmaeonid  Megacles, mother of  Cleisthenes of Athens. The story of the long courtship before her marriage around 575 BC can be regarded as the paradigmatic depiction of the lifestyle of the archaic aristocracy (Hdt. 6,126 ff.).  Aristocracy Stein-Hölkeskamp, Elke (Cologne) Bibliography E. Stein-Hölkeskamp, Adelskultur und Polisges., 1989, 117-119. [German version] [2] Athenian, mother of Pericles Athenian, great-grandda…

Agasias

(235 words)

Author(s): Meier, Mischa (Bielefeld) | Neudecker, Richard (Rome)
(Ἀγασίας; Agasías) [German version] [1] Lochagos in the mercenary army of the younger Cyrus From Stymphalus. Lochagos in the mercenary army of the younger Cyrus, friend of Xenophon, who praises A. for his courageous demeanour, bravery in battle and resolute advocacy for his own soldiers (cf. especially Xen. An. 6,6,7 ff.). Meier, Mischa (Bielefeld) [German version] [2] Sculptor from Ephesus, 1st cent. BC Son of Menophilus, sculptor from Ephesus. In the early 1st cent. BC, created portrait statues for Romans in Delos and in Tenos, according to base inscript…

Agasicles

(97 words)

Author(s): Meier, Mischa (Bielefeld)
(Ἀγασικλῆς; Agasiklês), Ion. Hegesicles. [German version] [1] Spartan king (1st half of 6th cent. BC) Spartan king, Eurypontid, father of Ariston. During the basileia of A. and of Leon (first half of the 6th cent. BC) the Spartans suffered a defeat against Tegea (Hdt. 1,65; otherwise Paus. 3,7,6, who claims that A. did not wage any wars). Meier, Mischa (Bielefeld) [German version] [2] Son of Scythes (4th cent. BC) Son of Scythes, achieved Attic citizenship through bribery.  Dinarchus directed a speech against him (Dion. Hal. Dein. 10; cf. also Hyp. Eux. 3). Meier, Mischa (Bielefeld)

Agatha

(101 words)

Author(s): Lafond, Yves (Bochum)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Christianity | Colonization | Punic Wars Town in  Gallia Narbonensis, colony of  Massalia, within the territory of the  Volcae Arecomici, modern Agde (Str. 4,1,5 f.; Plin. HN 3,33; Ptol. 2,10,2: Ἀγάθη; Agáthē, ‘good’), located on the edge of the Hérault-delta on a hillside which has been continually inhabited since ancient times. Because of its location, this seaport was an important safeguard of the trade between the Mediterranean countries and Gallia. In the 5th cent. AD bishop's seat. Lafond, Yves (Bochum) Bibliography…

Agathangelus

(217 words)

Author(s): Michel, Simone (Hamburg) | Savvidis, Kyriakos (Bochum)
[German version] [1] Gem cutter, 1st cent. BC Gem cutter (1st cent. BC), signed the famous ‘Agathangelus cameo’ with the portrait of a man (carnelian, Berlin, SM) -- it has been debated since the 18th cent. as to whether this is Sextus Pompeius. Michel, Simone (Hamburg) Bibliography Zazoff, AG, 12, 281-283, pl. 79,1. [German version] [2] Secretary to the king of the Arsacides,  Tiridates IV Secretary to the king of the Arsacides,  Tiridates IV (AD 239-281). In the ‘History’ attributed to A., he is described as a ‘reliable witness’. The text deals with the Ch…

Agatharchides of Cnidus

(340 words)

Author(s): Meister, Klaus (Berlin)
(Ἀγαθαρχίδης; Agatharchídēs). [German version] A. Life Historian and geographer. Particulars about his life and work in a vita by Photius 213. As a consequence of a self-attestation in Photius 250 in 132/1 BC (or already 145?) an old man. Birth therefore before 200. Active as reader and secretary of Heracleides Lembos in Alexandria. Meister, Klaus (Berlin) [German version] B. Works 1. History of Asia ( Asiatiká) in 10 books, reaching up to the era of the Diadochi. From book two (as well as book eight of Artemidorus' description of the earth) comes the depict…

Agatharchus

(254 words)

Author(s): Hoesch, Nicola (Munich)
[German version] Greek painter from Samos, worked in Athens in the 2nd half of the 5th cent. BC. Ancient sources link A. with chronologically divergent historical events. Vitr. De arch. 7 praef. 11 describes A. in connection with  stage painting as the ‘inventor’ of  perspective in painting and mentions a theoretical work about this. The negative judgement of his contemporary  Zeuxis regarding his hasty painting methods (Plut. Pericles 13), the information that  Alcibiades [2] locked A. in his hou…

Agathemerus

(188 words)

Author(s): Brodersen, Kai (Mannheim)
[German version] (Ἀγαθήμερος; Agathḗmēros). Son of Orthon (imperial Rome), author of a geographical outline ( Geography) Hypotýpōsis geōgraphías, (ὑποτύπωσις γεωγραφίας), only known from copies of the Cod. Palatinus gr. 398 (9th cent. AD) (GGM 2,471-487) [1]. A. gives a short summary of geographical science from  Thales to  Posidonius, provides definitions and etymology of the continents (ch. 1), also observations on the  wind rose (ch. 2), on the seas (ch. 3), on the length and breadth of the   oikoumene (ch. 4), and on the dimensions of the islands of the Mediterranean (ch. 5). An an…

Agathenor

(50 words)

Author(s): Nesselrath, Heinz-Günther (Göttingen)
[German version] A writer of comedies from Ephesus, who is known only from inscriptions [1] and who at the beginning of the 1st cent. BC was the winner at the Ludi Romani in Magnesia on the Maeander with a Milesia. Nesselrath, Heinz-Günther (Göttingen) Bibliography 1 PCG II, 1991, 1.

Agathias

(349 words)

Author(s): Degani, Enzo (Bologna)
[German version] (Ἀγαθίας; Agathías). Historian and poet from Myrina in Asia Minor, son of the rhetor Memnon. Born c. 532, died shortly after 580 AD. He studied rhetoric in Alexandria and law in Constantinople, where he then successfully practised as a lawyer (and this is why he was named Σχολαστικός; Scholastikós). His historical work continues that of Procopius, recounts in five books -- with long ethnographic and chronological digressions (up until 579) -- events of the years AD 552-559. He attempts to imitate Herodotus and Thucydides, meticu…

Agathinus

(219 words)

Author(s): Nutton, Vivian (London)
[German version] (Ἀγαθῖνος; Agathînos) of Sparta (Ps.-Gal. 19,353). Greek doctor of the first cent., student of Athenaeus of Attaleia, teacher of Archigenes and the Pneumatist  Herodotus. Even though he was mostly counted among the Pneumatists, some believed that he had founded his own, the Episynthetic or Eclectic School. The handed-down fragments of his writings allow connections to the Empiricists and Methodists to be recognized. He wrote about medicines (a fragment about stinking hellebore is i…

Agathoclea

(178 words)

Author(s): Ameling, Walter (Jena) | Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki)
(Ἀγαθόκλεια; Agathókleia). [German version] [1] Mistress of Ptolemy II Mistress of Ptolemy II; her historicity is uncertain. PP 6, 14713; [1]. Ameling, Walter (Jena) [German version] [2] Mistress of Ptolemy IV Daughter of Agathocles [5] and  Oenanthe, sister of  Agathocles [6]. Mentioned 215 BC in possession of several Nile boats, 213/12 kanephore. Mistress of Ptolemy IV; in 204 took part in the murder of  Arsinoe [II 4] III, entrusted with her mother with the young Ptolemy V (as nursemaid?). Murdered by a mob in 203 at the deposition of her brother. PP 3/9, 4984; 6, 14714; [2]. Ameling, W…

Agathocles

(1,543 words)

Author(s): Meier, Mischa (Bielefeld) | Meister, Klaus (Berlin) | Badian, Ernst (Cambridge, MA) | Ameling, Walter (Jena) | Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki) | Et al.
(Ἀγαθοκλῆς; Agathoklês) [German version] [1] of Athens Archon 357/56 BC Archon 357/56 BC (Dem. Or. 47,44; Diod. Sic. 16,9). Meier, Mischa (Bielefeld) [German version] [2] Tyrant King of Syracuse (316-288 BC) Later king of Syracuse, born 361/0 BC in Thermae in Sicily. Son of Carcinus, who had been banned from Rhegium, and who under  Timoleon had received citizenship in Syracuse and had a pottery manufactory. A. had an adventurous youth, participated in several martial undertakings and early on fostered broad-reaching politica…

Agathoergoi

(79 words)

Author(s): Cartledge, Paul A. (Cambridge)
[German version] (ἀγαθοεργοί; agathoergoi). The five agathoergoí - Spartan office holders only mentioned in Hdt. 1,67,5 -- were elected from the citizens who left the association of the hippeis and acted as emissaries in their year of office. The hippeis (horsemen) were a 300-man strong elite unit of 20- to 29-year-old Spartans, who formed the residing king's bodyguard and despite their name fought on foot (Hdt. 8,124,3; Thuc. 5,72,4; Xen. Lac. 4,3).  Hippeis Cartledge, Paul A. (Cambridge)

Agathon

(566 words)

Author(s): Zimmermann, Bernhard (Freiburg) | Brodersen, Kai (Mannheim)
(Ἀγάθων; Agáthōn). [German version] [1] Attic tragedian Attic tragedian, c. 455- c. 401 BC, son of Tisamenus (Schol. Lucian. Rhetorum Praeceptor 11). According to Ath. 5,217b he achieved his first Lenaean victory in 416. The post-victory celebration of this win forms the historical background to Plato's Symposium. In 411 he is made fun of in the Thesmophoriazusae of Aristophanes, and in the same year he is defended in court by Antiphon [4]. Like Euripides, he left Athens before 405 (cf. Aristoph. Ran. 83-5, Ael. VH 13,4) and made his way to the court…

Agathopolis

(123 words)

Author(s): von Bredow, Iris (Bietigheim-Bissingen)
[German version] (Ἀγαθόπολις; Agathópolis). Modern Ahtopol on the western coast of the Black Sea. Inscriptions on coins allow a probable trace of the name to the 5th cent. BC; according to Arr. Peripl. p. eux. 36 Aulaiou teichos, Ptol. 3,11,3 Perontikon, Geographus Ravennas 4,6,2-5 Burtinum; from Middle Ages verified as A. Traces of settlements from the aeneolithic period onward; in the 3rd/2nd cents. BC Greek polis (IGBulg 474-478). It was integrated into the Roman province of  Thracia in the midd…

Agathos Daimon

(329 words)

Author(s): Graf, Fritz (Columbus, OH)
[German version] (Ἀγαθὸς Δαίμων, also Agathodaímōn). As ‘good deity’ a deity of blessing especially of private worship, often connected with Agathe  Tyche (Ἀγαθὴ Τύχη) [1], as guardian of individual visitors of the oracle in the sanctuary of Trophonius (Paus. 9,39,5); where Agathos Daimon (AD) is specified this does not happen uniformly. In Greek households AD was given a gift of pure wine after each meal (Aristoph. Equ. 105-107; cf. Vesp. 525), had home altars [2] in the Hellenistic period and could…
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