Brill’s New Pauly

Get access Subject: Classical Studies
Edited by: Hubert Cancik and Helmuth Schneider (Antiquity) and Manfred Landfester (Classical Tradition).
English translation edited by Christine F. Salazar (Antiquity) and Francis G. Gentry (Classical Tradition)

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Brill´s New Pauly is the English edition of the authoritative Der Neue Pauly, published by Verlag J.B. Metzler since 1996. The encyclopaedic coverage and high academic standard of the work, the interdisciplinary and contemporary approach and clear and accessible presentation have made the New Pauly the unrivalled modern reference work for the ancient world. The section on Antiquity of Brill´s New Pauly are devoted to Greco-Roman antiquity and cover more than two thousand years of history, ranging from the second millennium BC to early medieval Europe. Special emphasis is given to the interaction between Greco-Roman culture on the one hand, and Semitic, Celtic, Germanic, and Slavonic culture, and ancient Judaism, Christianity, and Islam on the other hand. The section on the Classical Tradition is uniquely concerned with the long and influential aftermath of antiquity and the process of continuous reinterpretation and revaluation of the ancient heritage, including the history of classical scholarship. Brill´s New Pauly presents the current state of traditional and new areas of research and brings together specialist knowledge from leading scholars from all over the world. Many entries are elucidated with maps and illustrations and the English edition will include updated bibliographic references.

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Agathyllus

(102 words)

Author(s): Di Marco, Massimo (Fondi Latina)
[German version] (Ἀγάθυλλος; Agáthyllos). A Hellenistic writer of elegies, from Arcadia; Dion. Hal. 1,49,1 (= SH 15) has transmitted somewhat more than three of his verses. According to the version of the myth discernible here, Aeneas stops in Arcadia on his journey from Troy before reaching ‘Hesperia’, where he fathers Romulus. A. is also quoted as the source for the tradition, going back to Hegesianax of Alexandria (FGrH 45 F 9-10), of Rome's founding by Ῥῶμος (= Remus), who in this tradition is, like Romulus, a son of Aeneas (Dion. Hal. 1,72,1 = SH 16). Di Marco, Massimo (Fondi Latina)

Agathyrnon

(125 words)

Author(s): Manganaro, Giacomo (Sant' Agata li Battiata)
[German version] (Ἀγάθυρνον; Agáthyrnon). On the north coast of  Sicily between Tyndaris and Cale Acte, rather closer to Capo di Orlando than to S. Agata di Militello (location of a chorion ); founded by Agathyrnus, son of Aeolus [1] (Diod. Sic. 5,8), annexed by Tyndaris. In 210 BC, consul M. Valerius Laevinus deported 4,000 exiles from A., where they had settled, to  Bruttium (Liv. 26, 40, 16 f.). The eponymous hero, a standing youth, is depicted on a bronze coin (with corresponding legend). Manganaro, Giacomo (Sant' Agata li Battiata) Bibliography C. Franchina Scurria, Problemi del…

Agathyrsi

(161 words)

Author(s): von Bredow, Iris (Bietigheim-Bissingen)
[German version] (Ἀγάθυρσοι; Agáthyrsoi). Scythian or northern Thracian tribe on the upper reaches of the Mureş, north-east of the  Neuri (Hdt. 4,48; 4,100; 102). For Scythian-Agathyrsian relations, see Hdt. 4,78: Spargapeithes, a king of the A.; 4,119; 125). Because of the importance of the Dacian tribes, little mention is made of the A. around the end of the 1st cent. BC (Ptol. 3,5,10). For the mythological eponymous hero Ἀγάθυρσος ( Agáthyrsos) in the Greek version of the Scythian myth regarding their origin, see Hdt. 4,10. Later references are strongly depende…

Agave

(121 words)

Author(s): Graf, Fritz (Columbus, OH)
[German version] (Ἀγαύη; Agaúe). Daughter of Cadmus and Harmonia, spouse of Echion, mother of  Pentheus. She chides her sister  Semele, who had conceived Dionysus by Zeus and was consumed by lightning. Dionysus takes revenge on A., through getting her and her sisters to tear Pentheus, who opposes Dionysus, into pieces in a frenzy. Triumphantly A. carries the head of her son, whom she had thought to be a wild animal, to her home. A. is already a tragic figure in Aeschylus, but especially so in Eur. Bacchae (cf. also Ov. Met. 3,701 ff.). The artistic tradition also knows her in the…

Agbia

(99 words)

Author(s): Huß, Werner (Bamberg)
[German version] Town within   Africa proconsularis , modern Henchir Hedja near Dougga. For the tradition of the place name: [1. 766]. At the time of  Antoninus [1] Pius A. was a   pagus and   civitas (CIL VIII 1, 1548), at the time of  Diocletian (AD 284-305) a   municipium (CIL VIII 1, 1550; Suppl. 4, 27415). Significant Roman and Byzantine remains, numerous inscriptions (CIL VIII 1, 1545-1570; Suppl. 1, 15549-15561; Suppl. 4, 27381-27390). Huß, Werner (Bamberg) Bibliography 1 J. Schmidt, s. v. A., RE 1, 766. AATun 050, sheet 33, no. 190 C. Lepelley, Les cités de l'Afrique romaine a…

Agdistis

(338 words)

Author(s): Baudy, Gerhard (Constance)
[German version] (Ἄγδιστις; Ágdistis). Mythical hermaphrodite from the Phrygian Attis myth, named after the mountain rock Agdus at Pessinus (Timotheus at Arnob. 5,5-7; cf. Paus. 7,17,9-12). According to Paus. 1,4,5 the mountain itself was called A. and was the grave site of  Attis. According to the myth handed down from Timotheus (see above), the rock Agdus, fertilized by Zeus' seed, once gave birth to a being with male as well as female reproductive organs, a being so strong and fierce, that it re…

Agedincum

(47 words)

Author(s): Lafond, Yves (Bochum)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Caesar Main town of the  Senones in  Gallia Celtica, later Lugdunensis, modern Sens. Several inscriptions and reliefs. CIL XIII 2941-3009, 11271. Lafond, Yves (Bochum) Bibliography A. Grenier 4, 1960, 171-180 C. Rolley, s. v. A., PE 17.

Age groups

(346 words)

Author(s): Decker, Wolfgang (Cologne)
[German version] The athletics programme of the Greek agones ( Sport festivals) was mostly designed for the age groups παῖδες ( paîdes; boys, approximately 14-17 years), ἀγένειοι ( agéneioi; youths, actually ‘beardless ones’, approximately 17-20 years) and ἄνδρες ( ándres; men). At the Olympic Games, where, it is said, in 632 BC the track event was supposedly the first competition for youths (here called παῖδες, age limit probably 18 years), and the Pythian Games, the two most prestigious games of all, there were only two age groups…

Ageladas

(155 words)

Author(s): Neudecker, Richard (Rome)
[German version] (Ἀγελάδας; Ageládas). (Hageladas), bronze sculptor from Argus, was considered to be the teacher of  Phidias,  Myron,  Polycleitus. Victors' statues by A. are recorded since 520 BC. His votive offering by the Tarantines in Delphi has been dated to before 474 BC. His Heracles Alexikakos was erected in Athens after a pestilence (not necessarily 430 BC). From this, Pliny deducted the date for his zenith to be 432 BC. However, since this makes the postulated active period too long, ther…

Agelai

(159 words)

Author(s): Cartledge, Paul A. (Cambridge)
[German version] (ἀγέλαι; agélai) like agōgḗ is derived from ἄγειν ( ágein). It is a collective term for herds (animals) and groups (humans, e.g. the choir of the parthenoi, Pind. fr. 112). In the complex socio-political system of Gortyn and other Cretan cities, agelai was a technical term for certain groups constituting age classes. The word agelai later became an unofficial and inexact synonym for the Spartan term boûai (βοῦαι; Plut. Lycurgos 16,4; Hsch. s. v. βοῦα), which derived from the educational system. In the end, the age classification in Sparta and Cr…

Agelaus

(362 words)

Author(s): Graf, Fritz (Columbus, OH) | Günther, Linda-Marie (Munich)
(Ἀγέλαος; Agélaos). A suggestive hero name (‘leader of the warring people’): [German version] [1] Figure from the Iliad: Greek, whom Hector kills Greek, whom Hector kills (Hom. Il. 11,302). Graf, Fritz (Columbus, OH) [German version] [2] Figure from the Iliad: Greek, whom Diomedes kills Trojan, whom Diomedes kills (Hom. Il. 8,257). Graf, Fritz (Columbus, OH) [German version] [3] Figure of Greek myth: Son of Hercules and Omphale Son of Hercules and Omphale, progenitor of the Lydian kings (Apollod. 2,165). Graf, Fritz (Columbus, OH) [German version] [4] Figure of Greek myth: Son o…

Agenor

(333 words)

(Ἀγήνωρ; Agḗnōr). Name of various mythical figures. The best-known A.s: [No German version] [1] King in Sidon or Tyre King in Sidon or Tyre, Argive origin through descent from Io, son of Poseidon and Libye (Schol. Hom. Il. 1,42) or son of Belus (Eur. Phoen. 247 f.). Married to Telephassa or Argiope, Tyro or Damno, in Hyg. Fab. 64 engaged to Andromeda. A. sends his sons on the futile search for  Europa, kidnapped by Zeus, and so becomes progenitor of a (non-canonical) host of eponymous heroes and founders: Cadmus, …

Agentes in rebus

(298 words)

Author(s): Herz, Peter (Regensburg)
[German version] The schola of the agentes in rebus (AIR), which was already mentioned in 319 BC, was subject to the praefectus praetorio or the magister officiorum. The AIR had a broad field of duties: from their courier activity for the emperor came supervision of the cursus publicus and the ports ( curiosi litorum) as well as control of travel permits. The AIR also supervised the fabricae subject to the magister officiorum. The activity as informers (Aur. Vict. 39,44; Amm. Marc. 15,3,8; 16,8,9) and corruption of the AIR, who were equipped with extensive powers, aroused public r…

Ager Albanus

(165 words)

Author(s): Olshausen, Eckart (Stuttgart)
[German version] Area between   lacus Albanus ,  Bovillae, and  Aricia, passed through by the   via Appia , originally a part of  Alba Longa. A. was famous for its fertility (Hor. Carm. 4,11,2; Sat. 2,8,16; Plin. HN 14,30) and a preferred location for fashionable country seats (Cic. Orat. 2,224; Cluent. 141; Mil. 27; 46; Rab. Post. 6; Pis. 77; Att. 4,11,1). In imperial times, it was largely in the possession of the emperor (Dig. 30,39,8), much valued especially by Domitian (Suet. Dom. 4,19; Juv…

Ager Caecubus

(65 words)

Author(s): Uggeri, Giovanni (Florence)
[German version] Swamp in  Latium (on the Lago di Fondi with a floating island) close to the ancient Amyclae, famous for its wines, especially the sorts Falernus and Setinus (CIL VI 9797). Verified in Rome by numerous amphoras with the inscription Caec(ubum vinum); at the time of Pliny, however, this wine had already become a rarity (Plin. HN 14,61). Uggeri, Giovanni (Florence)

Ager Caletranus

(36 words)

Author(s): Olshausen, Eckart (Stuttgart)
[German version] Region around the Etruscan town of Caletra, ruins near Marsiliana d'Albegna north of Orbetello (cf. Plin. HN 3,52; Liv. 39,55). Foundation of the colonia Saturnia in 183 BC. Olshausen, Eckart (Stuttgart)

Ager Campanus

(267 words)

Author(s): Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart)
[German version] Region around the town of  Capua that the Romans confiscated in the Second Punic War in 211 BC, because Capua had gone over to Hannibal (Liv. 23,7). Since then   ager publicus populi Romani (Liv. 26,16,8), covering a total area of about 500 km2 [1. 36-38]. Rome thus gained control over one of Italy's most fertile areas (Liv. 26,26,7). In 209 BC, it was leased out by the censors (Liv. 27,11,8). In order to refill the Roman public purse after the strains of war, parts of the AC were sold off in 205 and in 199 BC (from the fossa Graeca to  Cyme: Liv. 28,46,4, or rather the area at…

Ager Falernus

(55 words)

Author(s): Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart)
[German version] Region in northern  Campania (Plin. HN 14,62) between Mons Masicus and Volturnus, known particularly for its wines (Plin. HN 23,24). From 340 BC under Roman control (land distribution to Roman settlers: Liv. 8,11,13 f. 12,12). Pillaged by Carthaginians in the war against Hannibal (Liv. 22,13,9). Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart) Bibliography Nissen 2, 689 f.

Ager Gallicus

(653 words)

Author(s): Brizzi, Giovanni (Bologna)
[German version] Coastal strip along the Adriatic between Aesis [2] and Utens (possibly the Vites mentioned by Plin. HN 3,115). Originally Umbrian (Str. 5,1,11), it was settled by  Senones at the end of the 4th cent. BC (Pol. 2,18 ff.; Liv. 5,33-55; Diod. Sic. 14,113-117). Following its conquest by M.  Curius Dentatus in 285/284 BC (Pol. 2,19,7-20), it became an   ager publicus . The Roman colony of  Sena Gallica was established in about 289 BC (cf. Liv. per. 11; Str. 5,2,10), and the Latin one of  Ariminium in 268 BC (cf. Liv. per. 15; …

Agerius

(88 words)

Author(s): Paulus, Christoph Georg (Berlin)
[German version] In most of the lawsuit formulae reported by Gaius (but also by others, e.g. Dig. 46,4,18,1) the blanket name Aulus Agerius (= is qui agit), stands for the plaintiff, where the actual name is to be inserted in the specific case (expressly the l. Rubria: CIL I 205), while the defendant is called Numerius Negidius (= is a quo numeratio postulatur et qui negat). However, all four names can be applicable in individual cases.  Formula Paulus, Christoph Georg (Berlin) Bibliography W. Kunkel, Röm. Rechtsgesch., 91980, 84.

Ager Martius

(6 words)

see  Campus Martius

Agermus

(38 words)

Author(s): Eck, Werner (Cologne)
[German version] also transmitted as Ager(r)inus. Freedman of Agrippina [3] the younger (also C. Iulius A.), falsely accused by Nero of an assassination attempt (Tac. Ann. 14,6-10; Suet. Nero 34,3; PIR2 A 456). Eck, Werner (Cologne)

Ager Pomptinus

(558 words)

Author(s): Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart)
[German version] Region in  Latium between   mons Albanus and the coast of the mare Tyrrhenum. Its name is derived from the town of Pometia (Cic. Rep. 2,44; Liv. 2,16,8; 17,5 f.; 25,6; Dion. Hal. Ant. Rom. 4,50; 6,29), which it has not been possible to localize. Probably towards the end of the 6th cent. BC, the ager Pomptinus (AP) came into the possession of the neighbouring  Volsci. Rome's reaction to this was -- supposedly as early as 492 BC -- the foundation of the colony of  Norba (Liv. 2,34,6; Dion. Hal. …

Ager publicus

(596 words)

Author(s): Crawford, Michael Hewson (London)
[German version] It is possible that there was already an ager publicus (AP), public land, on Rome's territory in the city's early period. However, the largest part of the AP was created through confiscation of defeated peoples' territories inside and outside of Italy and of royal lands such as the Attalici agri in the former kingdom of Pergamum. The ager publicus populi Romani was used for some time to varying degrees for equally divided assignations, the foundation of Roman and Latin colonies in conquered territories and the distribution of land to the p…

Ager Romanus

(297 words)

Author(s): Eder, Walter (Berlin)
[German version] As distinct from the ager peregrinus, the 'foreign territory', ager Romanus (AR) was the area of the state of Rome inhabited by Romans (including the city). It consisted of privately owned real estate ( ager privatus) and public lands ( ager publicus ). Parts of the ager publicus could be transformed into ager privatus through the settlement of Roman citizens ( assignatio viritim, 'man by man'; or in closed citizens' colonies, cf. coloniae C) or could be completely divided from the AR to become ag er peregrinus when colonies with their own state areas were establis…

Ager Solonius

(99 words)

Author(s): Quilici Gigli, Stefania (Rome)
[German version] Area ( ager or campus) in  Latium between  Ostia,  Ardea and  Lanuvium (Cic. Div. 1,36; Liv. 8,12,2; Plut. Marius 35), accessible by a branch of the via Ostiensis; location of the  Pomonal (Fest. 296,15 ff.).  Marius and  Cicero owned estates in this area (Plut. loc. cit.; Cic. Att. 2,3,3). It is uncertain whether the Ager Solonius is identical with the Etruscan town of Solonium (Dion. Hal. Ant. Rom. 2,37,2).  Pomona Quilici Gigli, Stefania (Rome) Bibliography A. Alföldi, Early Rome and the Latins, 1965, 233 G. Pisani Sartorio, S. Quilici Gigli, Trovamenti arcaici…

Ager Teuranus

(67 words)

Author(s): Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart)
[German version] Area in Bruttium. The only reference was found on an epigraphical copy of the Senatus Consultum deBacchanalibus from 186 BC, containing instructions for the local administration (CIL I2 581,30 in agro Teurano; cf. ILLRP 2, 511). Judging by where the bronze tablet was found (Tiriolo), the Ager Teuranus should be localized in the vicinity thereof.  Bacchanalia Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart) Bibliography Nissen 2, 945.

Ager Vaticanus

(102 words)

Author(s): Förtsch, Reinhard (Cologne)
[German version] Territory on the right bank of the Tiber (Plin. HN 3, 54; Liv. 10, 26,15) below the confluence of the Cremera. The area was used for farming and, just as the quality of its wines (Mart. 1, 18, 2; 6, 92, 3; 10, 45, 5; 12, 48, 14), was regarded as poor (Cic. Leg. agr. 2, 96). In the areas close to Rome, horti ( Gardens) were established in the 1st cent. BC, which later became imperial possessions. The more distant areas remained farmland up to late antiquity (Symmachus, Ep. 6, 58, 1). Förtsch, Reinhard (Cologne) Bibliography Richardson, 405.

Age(s)

(2,251 words)

Author(s): Binder, Gerhard (Bochum) | Saiko, Maren (Bochum)
[German version] A. General In contrast to modern ways of thinking and feeling, in ancient cultures there was a more marked tendency to distinguish between separate stages of a person's life (i.e. as a rule the life of a man); the number of such stages and their names, as well as their delimitation, differ widely in the sources. The designations given to people assigned to a particular stage of life are correspondingly vague and therefore often difficult to differentiate. Basically, two kinds of div…

Agesander

(34 words)

Author(s): Neudecker, Richard (Rome)
[German version] (Ἀγήσανδρος; Agésandros) (Hagesandrus), son of Paeonius, sculptor from Rhodes. Together with  Athanadorus and Polydorus, he produced famous groups of Hellenistic sculptures in Rome. Neudecker, Richard (Rome) Bibliography B. Andreae, Praetorium Speluncae, 1994.

Agesandridas

(76 words)

Author(s): Meier, Mischa (Bielefeld)
[German version] (Ἀγησανδρίδας; Agēsandrídas) Spartan, son of Agesander, vanquished the Athenians under  Thymochares with a Peloponnesian fleet in 411 BC at Eretria, which caused Euboea (with the exception of Oreos) to secede from Athens (Thuc. 8,94 ff.). After the Spartan defeat at Cynossema (411), A. was sent with a contingent to the Hellespont, where he beat Thymochares again (Thuc. 8,107; Xen. Hell. 1,1,1). In 409/08 he was in Thrace (Xen. Hell. 1,3,17). Meier, Mischa (Bielefeld)

Agesias

(150 words)

Author(s): Meister, Klaus (Berlin) | Stein-Hölkeskamp, Elke (Cologne)
(Ἀγησίας; Agēsías). [German version] [1] Seer and captain in the service of Hieron I of Syracuse (5th cent. BC) Son of Sostratus, stemming from one of the branches of the Jamides, who had migrated from Stymphalus (in Arcadia) to Syracuse and functioned in Olympia as priests of Zeus. Active as a seer and captain in the service of  Hieron I of Syracuse, A. was killed by the people after Hieron's death in 467 BC (schol. Pind. Ol. 6,165). Pindar's sixth ode celebrates A.'s victory with the mule team, which probably occurred during the Olympic games in 468. Meister, Klaus (Berlin) [German version] [2…

Agesidamus

(4 words)

see  Hegesidamus

Agesilaus

(675 words)

Author(s): Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum)
(Ἀγησίλαος; Agēsílaos). [German version] [1] I, legendary Spartan king (c. 900 BC) A. I, legendary Spartan king, Agiad, considered the son of Doryssus and father of Archelaus (Hdt. 7,204), ‘ruled’ according to Alexandrian chronographers 929/28-886/85 BC, for a shorter time according to Pausanias (3,2,4). Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum) [German version] [2] II, Spartan king, Eurypontid (400-359 BC) A. II, Spartan king, Eurypontid, 444/43 BC. When his brother Agis [2] II died in the summer of 400 and Agis' son Leotychidas was excluded from succession, …

Agesilochus

(61 words)

Author(s): Günther, Linda-Marie (Munich)
[German version] (Ἀγησίλοχος; Agēsílochos) (also: Hagesilochos; Hegesilochus). Rhodian, son of Hagesias,   prytanis 171 BC (Pol. 27,3,3; Liv. 42,45,3-4). 169 envoy to Rome (Pol. 28,2; 16,5.8) and 168 to Perseus and  Aemilius Paullus (Pol. 29,10,4; Liv. 44,35,4-6). A. represented the Rhodian Rome politics of the ‘tertia’ pars [1. 185-190]. Günther, Linda-Marie (Munich) Bibliography 1 J. Deininger, Der polit. Widerstand gegen Rom in Griechenland, 1971.

Agesipolis

(359 words)

Author(s): Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum)
(Ἀγησίπολις; Agēsípolis). [German version] [1] I., Spartan king (395-380 BC) A. I, Agiad, son of the Spartan king Pausanias and older brother of Cleombrotus I, became king when his father had to go into exile after the battle at Haliartus 395 BC (Diod. Sic. 14,89; Paus. 3,5,7). First under the guardianship of his relative Aristodemus [3] (Xen. Hell. 4,2,9), he achieved already in 388/87 successes against the Argives (Xen. Hell. 4,7,2-7) and forced the polis of Mantinea under specious pretences to dioikismos into four villages in 385/84 (Xen. Hell. 5,2,3-7; Paus. 8,8,7-9). Af…

Agetor

(60 words)

Author(s): Graf, Fritz (Columbus, OH)
[German version] (Ἀγήτωρ; Agḗtōr, Doric for Ἡγήτωρ; Hegḗtōr). Epiclesis of Zeus in Sparta, connected with the preliminary sacrifices at the beginning of a campaign (Xen. Lac. Pol. 13,2), of Hermes in Megalopolis (Paus. 8,31,7, in the form of Hermes) and of Apollo Karneios in Argos (Theopomp, FGrH 115 F 357 = Schol. Theocr. 5,83). Graf, Fritz (Columbus, OH)

Aggar

(167 words)

Author(s): Huß, Werner (Bamberg)
There were two towns in   Africa Byzacena of that name. [German version] [1] Town near Ksour es-Saf The first is mentioned in Bell. Afr. 67,1; 76,2; 79,1 (Plin. HN 5,30: oppidum liberum), its location to be found most likely near Ksour es-Saf close to the modern Maklouba. Huß, Werner (Bamberg) [German version] [2] Modern Henchir Sidi Amara The second town, the modern Henchir Sidi Amara, was located in the plains of Kairouan, near Ousseltia. In AD 232, this peregrine town became a   municipium (CIL VIII 1, 714) and later a colonia (CIL VIII Suppl. 1, 12145). Huß, Werner (Bamberg) Bibliography AA…

Agia, Agios

(6 words)

see  Hagia, Hagios

Agiads

(245 words)

Author(s): Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum)
[German version] (Ἀγιάδαι; Agiádai). Royal dynasty in Sparta, which, according to Herodotus (6,51), held a higher rank than the second Spartan royal dynasty, the ( Eurypontids). However, the authority of individual kings was based on their deeds and the quality of their leadership. As the founding father of the A. stands the mythic figure of the Heraclid  Eurysthenes, whose son Agis [1] I became the eponymous hero of the house. In the early construct devised to explain the Spartan double kingdom ap…

Agias

(130 words)

Author(s): Meier, Mischa (Bielefeld)
[German version] [1] Elean, brother of the seer Teisamenus (5th cent. BC) Elean, son of Antiochus, received as a result of the activity of his brother, the seer Teisamenus, together with him Spartan citizenship (Hdt. 9,33; 35). Meier, Mischa (Bielefeld) [German version] [2] Elean, seer in Sparta (5th cent. BC) Elean, son of Agelochus, grandson of Teisamenus. As a seer, A. is supposed to have predicted for  Lysander the victory at Aegospotami (in 405) (Paus. 3,11,5 f.). Meier, Mischa (Bielefeld) [German version] [3] Companion of  Aristomachus [4] II (3rd cent. BC) Companion of  Aristo…

Agiatis

(103 words)

Author(s): Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum)
[German version] (Ἀγιάτις; Agiátis). Rich Spartan woman, heiress of the Spartan Gylippus, who died c. 241 BC. First married to the reform king  Agis [4] IV. After his death,  Leonidas II forced her to marry his still very young son, the later reform king  Cleomenes III. According to Plut. Cleom. 1,1-3; 22,1-3, who portrays her as beautiful and full of character, she is supposed to have convinced her second husband to take up Agis' reform plans by telling him stories about them. The significance of this emotional element for the initiatives of Cleomenes III is difficult to judge. Welwei, Karl…

Agilo

(161 words)

Author(s): Portmann, Werner (Berlin)
[German version]  Alemannic (Amm. Marc. 14,10,8), tribunus stabuli AD 354 (Amm. Marc. loc. cit). His extraordinary promotion from tribunus of a schola palatina in 360 to magister peditum praesentalis (Amm. Marc. 14,10,8; 20,2,5) was due to the high regard in which he was held by Constantius II. After he was deployed in 360/361 on the Tigris against the Persians, he accompanied Constantius on the march against the emperor  Julianus in 361. After Constantius' death, A. made himself available to Julian. He was one of the memb…

Aginis

(67 words)

Author(s): Kuhrt, Amélie (London) | Sancisi-Weerdenburg, Helen (Utrecht)
[German version] Village (κώμη; kṓmē) in the Susiana mentioned by Alexander's fleet commander Nearchus at the conclusion of his voyage from the Indus to Babylonia (Arr. Ind. 42,4). Aginis lay between the mouth of the Tigris and Pasitigris (today Karun); Strab. 15,3,5 also describes its location but without calling it by name. Kuhrt, Amélie (London) Sancisi-Weerdenburg, Helen (Utrecht) Bibliography F. C. Andreas, s. v. A., RE 1, 810-816.

Agis

(919 words)

Author(s): Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum) | Degani, Enzo (Bologna)
(Ἆγις; Âgis). [German version] [1] I, eponymous hero of the  Agiads A. I, eponymous hero of the  Agiads, son of Eurysthenes and father of Echestratus, according to another version father of the legendary lawgiver Lycurgus (Hdt. 7,204; Paus. 3,2,1). The institution of the perioikia and of the  Helots by him (Ephorus, FGrH 70 F 117) is historical fiction. Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum) [German version] [2] II, Spartan king (427-400 BC) A. II, Eurypontid, Spartan king 427/26-400 BC, son of Archidamus [1] II and stepbrother of Agesilaus [2] II, in 426 and 425 led troo…

Agisymba

(108 words)

Author(s): Huß, Werner (Bamberg)
[German version] Region in central  Africa, probably north of Lake Chad. According to  Marinus of Tyre (Ptol. 1,8,5),  Iulius Maternus together with the king of the  Garamantes set off from  Garama to the south and, after four months and 14 days (Ptol. 1,11,5), reached the Ethiopian land of A., where they saw a great number of rhinoceros (cf. also Ptol. 1,7,2; 8,2; 6 f.; 9,8; 10,1; 11,4; 12,2; 4,8,5; 7,5,2). Maternus seems to have travelled as a trader between AD 83 and 92. To our knowledge, he penetrated further than any other Roman into the African interior. Huß, Werner (Bamberg) Bibliograp…

Agitator

(360 words)

Author(s): Flaig, Egon (Göttingen)
[German version] also auriga, chariot driver in the ludi circenses. Usually, they were slaves or freedmen (CIL VI 10061.10078.37836), sometimes also freemen from the lowest classes. As a rule, training of agitatores began early (CIL VI 10050; ILS 5285). The four factiones, which developed during the early Principate, wore different colours (white, red, green and blue), bought and trained horses, and contracted the agitatores, who wore tunics in the colour of their factio (Plin. Ep. 9,6). Successful agitatores were very famous, epigrams were dedicated to them (Mart. 10,50…

Aglaea

(73 words)

Author(s): Graf, Fritz (Columbus, OH)
(Ἀγλαΐα, ep. -η; Aglaía/-ē, ‘festive radiance’). [German version] [1] Youngest of the Charites Youngest of the  Charites, married to Hephaestus (Hes. Theog. 945; Pind. Ol. 14,10). Graf, Fritz (Columbus, OH) [German version] [2] Figure from Greek myth: Spouse of Charopus Spouse of Charopus, mother of  Nireus of Syme, according to Achilles, he was the most handsome of the men at Troy (Hom. Il. 2,671-5; Diod. Sic. 5,53). Graf, Fritz (Columbus, OH)

Aglais

(40 words)

Author(s): Selzer, Christoph (Frankfurt/Main)
[German version] Daughter of Megacles (3rd cent. BC);she played on the trumpet at the first πομπή ( pompé) the πομπικὸν μέλος ( pompikòn mélos) held in Alexandria. Ath. 10,415ab mentions her greediness (see also Ael. VH 1,26). Selzer, Christoph (Frankfurt/Main)

Aglaonice

(62 words)

Author(s): Graf, Fritz (Columbus, OH)
[German version] (Ἀγλαονίκη; Agolaoníkē). Daughter of Hegetor (Plut. Coniugalia praecepta 48,145c; de def. or. 13,417a), a Thessalian, who as witch was not only able to draw down the moon (schol. Apoll. Rhod. 4,59), but was also able ritually to purify the moon when a lunar eclipse occurred (Plut. loc. cit. credits her with rationalizing astronomical knowledge). Graf, Fritz (Columbus, OH)

Aglaophon

(141 words)

Author(s): Hoesch, Nicola (Munich)
(Ἀγλαοφῶν; Aglaophôn) Two Greek painters of the same name. [German version] [1] the Elder From Thasos, father and teacher of  Polygnotus [1] from Thasos, father and teacher of  Polygnotus [1], probably active since the end of the 6th cent. BC. According to Quint. Inst. 12,10,3, he was appreciated for the ‘archaism’ and the plain colouring of his paintings. There is not enough evidence of their style, but it was probably rather plain according to the opinion of classicistic rhetoricians. Hoesch, Nicola (Munich) [German version] [2] the Younger Possibly grandson of [1] possibly grandson…

Aglaosthenes

(45 words)

Author(s): Selzer, Christoph (Frankfurt/Main)
[German version] Author of Ναξιακά ( Naxiaká) treating the childhood of Zeus. A. is perhaps the Agathosthenes named by the schol. Lycoph. 704 and 1021 as a paradoxographer. Selzer, Christoph (Frankfurt/Main) Bibliography FHG 4, 1868, 293-294 C. Robert (ed.), Eratosthenis Catasterismorum Reliquiae, 1878, 8, 26, 243.

Aglaurus

(296 words)

Author(s): Harder, Ruth Elisabeth (Zürich)
(Ἄγλαυρος, also Ἄγραυλος; Áglauros, Ágrauros). [German version] [1] Figure of Greek myth: Daughter the first king in Attica Daughter of  Actaeus, the first king in Attica, spouse of  Cecrops, mother of  Erysichthon, of   Aglaurus [2],  Herse and  Pandrosus. Harder, Ruth Elisabeth (Zürich) [German version] [2] Figure of Greek myth: Daughter of Actaeus [1] and of Cecrops Daughter of Actaeus [1] and of Cecrops. Athena entrusts Erichthonius to A. and her sisters in a chest guarded by snakes, forbidding them to open it, which A. and Herse do nonetheless. T…

Agnatio

(202 words)

Author(s): Manthe, Ulrich (Passau)
[German version] In Roman law the relationship between persons who are under the manus or patria potestas of the same pater familias or would be if he were still alive (in other words were descended from him in a purely male line, not interrupted by emancipation, Gai. Inst. 1,156). Those persons subjected to this power, who on the death of their pater familias immediately became free from power ( sui iuris), formed the narrower circle of the   sui heredes ; a particular group of agnati were the   consanguinei . The agnatic system was the basis of the civil right of intestate inheritance. Agnati pr…

Agnellus [of Ravenna]

(294 words)

Author(s): Nutton, Vivian (London)
[German version] Iatrosophist and commentator of medical texts around AD 600, Milan. Ambr. G 108 f. contains his commentaries on Galen's De sectis, Ars medica, De pulsibus ad Teuthram and Ad Glauconem, just as they were recorded by Simplicius (not the famous Aristotle commentator!). The first mentioned is in many places in agreement with a commentary which is ascribed to Iohannes Alexandrinus or Gesius, as well as Greek passages of text, which are associated with Iohannes and Archonides (?). As controversial as the question …

Agnos

(204 words)

Author(s): Hünemörder, Christian (Hamburg)
[German version] (ἄγνος; ágnos). Like Greek λύγος ( lýgos; Homeric), Latin vitex for the shrub or tree Vitex agnus-castus L. from the tropical genus of the verbenaceae that is the only species common around the Mediterranean Sea and Black Sea on coasts and river banks. Popular etymological interpretation as early as antiquity sometimes as ἅγιος ( hágios) = holy (Dioscorides), sometimes as ἄγονος ( ágonos; Galen) = castus = chaste and in the Middle Ages as agnus = lamb (Albertus Magnus) and castus ( Agnus castus in the 13th cent. [2. lib. 10,5 = 1. lib. IV. A. 1 among others]. Th…

Agnostos Theos

(610 words)

Author(s): Harrauer, Christine (Vienna)
[German version] (ἄγνωστος θεός; ágnōstos theós, ‘unknown god’ ). The ever increasing uncertainty resulting from the advances of syncretism (esp. with oriental gods) as to a deity's effective spheres of influence, extent of power and forms of appearance can be seen in the manner and extent of the appellations of that deity. For people who began to feel themselves ever more helpless with regard to the divine, even polyonymic formulas appeared to be in need of additional support, so that they would not…

Agoge

(381 words)

Author(s): Cartledge, Paul A. (Cambridge)
[German version] (ἀγωγή; agōgḗ). Agoge meant education and instruction in general and philosophical literature except in Sparta (Pl. Leg. 659d; Aristot. Eth. Nic. 10,9,1179b). Agoge (from ἄγειν; ágein; cf. Latin educare) was also the technical term for the comprehensive, centrally organized military education and socialization in Sparta (Pol. 1,32,1; Plut. Lyc. 22,1; Ages. 1,2). The detailed literary representations (Xen. Lac. 2-3; Plut. Lyc. 16-21; Mor. 237-9) are supplemented by dedicatory inscriptions from the 4th cent. B…

Agon

(1,143 words)

Author(s): Binder, Gerhard (Bochum)
(ἀγών/ agṓn). [German version] I. Term From the Homeric epics onward, agon meant a '(place of) assembly' and a '(place of) contest'. Agon as contest was not restricted to sporting and artistic competitions, but could also denote a legal battle (Dem. Or. 15,30), a difficult challenge (Soph. Trach. 159), a great effort (Hdt. 7,209) or a hazardous ordeal (Xen. Cyr. 3,3,44). Associated terms were used in corresponding ways: ἀγωνίζεσθαι ( agōnízesthai, 'to contend for a prize, to compete'), ἀγωνιστής ( agōnistḗs, 'competitor, combatant'), ἀγώνισμα ( agṓnisma, '(object/prize of) con…

Agonistic festivals

(6 words)

see Sports festivals

Agonothetes

(400 words)

Author(s): Decker, Wolfgang (Cologne)
[German version] (ἀγωνοθέτης; agōnothétēs). While nothing is known of the office and function of the agonothete in pre-Greek times, Achilles as patron of the funeral games in honour of Patroclus already entirely fulfils the duties of later agonothetes (Hom. Il. 23,257-897) [1.81-82]. As patron he provides and distributes valuable prizes from among his own possessions, and repeated calls are made on his abilities as arbiter (disputes, distribution of special prizes). At the same time, he is active a…

Agora

(3,034 words)

Author(s): Kolb, Frank (Tübingen)
[German version] (ἀγορά; agorá) in a topographical sense is the district of the Greek polis ( Town / City) delineated as the political, religious, social and economic focus. Originally, agora was the assembly, derived from ἀγείρω ( ageírō; to assemble), of freemen in a community. The history of this people's assembly and its place of assembly is, to a high degree, concurrent with the development of the  polis itself. The community of citizens, characteristic of the polis, developed on the agora, and its architectural layout reflec…

Agoracritus

(246 words)

Author(s): Neudecker, Richard (Rome)
[German version] (Ἀγοράκριτος; Agorákritos). Sculptor from Paros, master of the high-classical period in Athens. Uncertain attributions to A., his rival  Alcamenes and their teacher  Phidias are reflected in anecdotes of ancient literature, which makes attributing the œuvre difficult. When it came second in a contest with Alcamenes, A. is said to have sold a statue of Aphrodite to a buyer in Rhamnus as one of Nemesis, or that Phidias had one of his own statues signed by A. The signature was discove…

Agoraeus

(103 words)

Author(s): Auffarth, Christoph (Tübingen)
[German version] (Ἀγοραῖος; Agoraîos). The epiclesis of the gods designates the local and functional relationship of the god to the agora as a political and economical institution [1]. Thus Zeus in particular is cultically revered as guarantor of the statutes, and an oath is sworn to him [2; 3. 197-199], sometimes with others, including female deities (Artemis, Ge). Otherwise, Hermes is the market god par excellence (especially in Erythrae [3. 270]; IE 201 = Syll.3 1014, 90-100). Auffarth, Christoph (Tübingen) Bibliography 1 R. E. Wycherly, in: Agora 3, 1957, 123a 2 H. Schwabl, …

Agoranomoi

(362 words)

Author(s): von Reden, Sitta (Bristol)
[German version] (ἀγορανόμοι; agoranómoi). Agoranomoi regulated the markets in Greek poleis and are documented in both inscriptions and literature from c. 120 cities of the 5th cent. BC to the 3rd cent. AD. Most inscriptions are from the Roman period; when the word agoranomos can also be a translation of Latin aedilis. Their duties seem to have been defined differently in various cities. According to Aristotle, in the 4th cent. BC Athens had ten agoranomoi elected by lot of whom five were responsible for the market in Athens and five for the one in Piraeus; they contr…

Agoratus

(121 words)

Author(s): Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld)
[German version] (Ἀγόρατος; Agóratos). Metic in Piraeus, son of the slave Eumares. In 409 BC, A. was honoured because of his participation in the murder of the oligarch  Phrynichus (GHI2 85; IG I3 102). In 404, he denounced before the council the opponents of the peace treaty with Sparta negotiated by  Theramenes. They were sentenced and executed for treason. Later A. received citizenship. After 400 he was brought before the court by means of   apagoge by a relative of one of the denounced individuals. Lysias wrote his thirteenth speech for the plaintiff. Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld) Bibl…

Agra

(27 words)

Author(s): Kuhrt, Amélie (London) | Sancisi-Weerdenburg, Helen (Utrecht)
[German version] According to Ptol. 6.3 and 6.4, a city in the western part of Susiana on the Tigris. Kuhrt, Amélie (London) Sancisi-Weerdenburg, Helen (Utrecht)

Agraii

(46 words)

Author(s): Strauch, Daniel (Berlin)
[German version] (Ἀγραῖοι; Agraíoi). Tribe in north-western Aetolia between the Amphilochi and Aperanti. Independent in the 5th cent. BC (‘kingship’, Thuc. 3,111,4); two centuries later member of the koinon of the  Aetolians. Strauch, Daniel (Berlin) Bibliography C. Antonetti, Agraioi, in: Dialogues d'histoire ancienne 13, 1987, 199-236.

Agrapha

(198 words)

Author(s): Chaniotis, Angelos (Heidelberg)
[German version] Sayings and parables attributed to the historical Jesus, which are not handed down in the four canonical gospels. The most important sources are the NT (Acts 20,35), some MSS of the gospels, fragments of apocrypha (POxy. 840; 1224; P. Egerton 2), Christian authors of the 2nd cent. up to the Middle Ages, the Coptic Gospel of Thomas, Manichaean ( Manichaeans ) and Mandaean ( Mandaeans) texts, the Talmud, the Koran and Muslim authors. To a great extent the agrapha prove to be secondary modifications of other NT texts or to be late fabrications; also the…

Agraphiou graphe

(157 words)

Author(s): Thür, Gerhard (Graz) | Mannzmann, Anneliese (Münster)
[German version] (ἀγραφίου γραφή; agraphíou graphḗ). In Athens a written charge of ‘not writing down’ by a debtor (and therefore annulment of his debt), counted by Aristotle (Ath. Pol. 59,3) as one of the public actions which came into the area of competence of the thesmothetai. According to Demosthenes (58,51) these are state debtors who had carried out deletion of their names from the publicly drawn-up list, even though the debt had not been paid (Harpocration, dependent on Demosthenes, who also quotes Lycurgus and Pytheas as sources, al…

Agraphoi nomoi

(193 words)

Author(s): Rhodes, Peter J. (Durham)
[German version] (ἄγραφοι νόμοι; ágraphoi nómoi, ‘unwritten laws’). The earliest laws of the Greek states were unwritten and lived on in the memory of the leading families. Already in archaic times, people began to write them down as in the laws of  Dracon and  Solon in Athens (621/20 and 594/93 BC, respectively) or in a constitutional law in Dreros on Crete (ML 2). Because not all valid laws were written down right away, unwritten laws existed alongside the written ones (e.g. Andoc. 1,115-6, where i…

Agrarian laws

(2,037 words)

Author(s): Crawford, Michael Hewson (London)
[German version] ( Leges agrariae). Since the beginning of the Roman conquest of Italy, the record reports the confiscation of defeated people's lands. Such land initially became ager publicus populi Romani and its use the subject of political conflicts. The earliest preserved attempt at a lex agraria is Sp. Cassius' application in 486 BC to have the confiscated lands of the Hernici distributed (Liv. 2,41), an application whose historicity is doubted in scholarship. However, disputes over land use were undoubtedly a major theme in the histo…

Agrarian structure

(2,540 words)

Author(s): Osborne, Robin (Oxford) | Rathbone, Dominic (London)
[1] Greece [German version] A. Introduction In the Linear B archives of the late Bronze Age a relatively detailed picture of land ownership and land use appears for the first time. This system was centrally supervised from the palaces. In Pylos, where the E-series clay tablets give comprehensive details, the land was divided into categories of which two can be reliably defined: ko-to-na ki-ti-me-na was farmed by private landowners or their tenants, ko-to-na ke-ke-me-na was common property and was mainly leased in small plots [3; 5]. Osborne, Robin (Oxford) [German version] B. Land dis…

Agrarian writers

(2,107 words)

Author(s): Christmann, Eckhard (Heidelberg)
[German version] A. Greece Although there are colourful accounts of work in the fields and stock rearing in Homer's epics, especially in the similes and also in the description of the shield (Hom. Il. 18,478 ff.), Hesiod's Erga (late 8th cent. BC) is to be considered the first text that deals extensively with agricultural issues. However, it is not a synthesis of agricultural knowledge in the Archaic period but primarily a normative presentation of morality and lifestyle in the agrarian milieu in which work and industriousness pla…

Agraulos

(4 words)

see  Aglaurus

Agreophon

(30 words)

Author(s): Ameling, Walter (Jena)
[German version] From Caunus, father of Zeno, visits Egypt in 253 BC. Ameling, Walter (Jena) Bibliography H. Hauben, Les vacances d'Agréophon (253 av. J. C.), in: CE 60, 1985, 102-108.

Agrestius

(170 words)

Author(s): Smolak, Kurt (Vienna)
[German version] The West Gothic poetry-MS Par. Lat. 8093 (9th cent.) contains as Versus Agresti episcopi de fide ad Avitum episcopum the fragment of an epistle in hexameters preceded by an introduction in the style of a letter and personal profession of faith. The author is probably to be identified with Bishop A. of Lugo in Spain, whose opposition to the anti-Priscillianists Pastor and Syagrius is reported by Hydatius in the year 433 (chron. 93 Burgess = 102 Mommsen); Avitus of Braga is a potential addressee. As …

Agrianes

(100 words)

Author(s): von Bredow, Iris (Bietigheim-Bissingen)
[German version] (Ἀγριᾶνες; Agriânes). Thracian or Paeonian tribe on the upper reaches of the  Strymon. As subjects of  Sitalces, they took part in the campaigns against  Perdiccas II in 429 BC (Thuc. 2,96); close relations with  Philippus II (FGH 115, Theopomp. F 145) and  Alexander III [4]; the latter was supported by their king  Langarus (Arr. Anab. 1,5,1-10). In Hellenistic times, they often served as mercenaries (Liv. 33,18; Pol. 2,65; 10,42). Ousted by the Dentheletae in the 2nd half of the 2nd cent. BC. von Bredow, Iris (Bietigheim-Bissingen) Bibliography Ch. Danov, Altthrakie…

Agricola

(107 words)

Author(s): Leppin, Hartmut (Hannover)
Cognomen e.g. of the Atilii, Calpurnii, Iulii, Virii. [German version] [1] AD 418 praef. praetorio II in Gallia [1] AD 418 praef. praetorio II in Gallia [1], 421 cos. (PLRE 2, 36 f.) Leppin, Hartmut (Hannover) [German version] [2] Son of the emperor  Avitus, 5th cent. AD Son of the emperor  Avitus (AD 455/6), brother of Ecdicius and Papianilla. He probably held a high office ( vir inlustris), later he became a clergyman; he was correspondent of his brother-in-law  Sidonius Apollinaris (epist. 1,2; 2,12; PLRE 2, 37 A. 2). Leppin, Hartmut (Hannover) Bibliography 1 R. v. Haehling, Religio…

Agriculture

(7,403 words)

Author(s): Hruška, Blahoslav (Prague) | Pingel, Volker (Bochum) | Schneider, Helmuth (Kassel) | Osborne, Robin (Oxford) | Schreiner, Peter (Cologne) | Et al.
I. Near East and Egypt [German version] A. Introduction In the Near Orient (particularly the southern Levant and Syria) and Egypt, a fundamental change in the history of mankind occurred 12,000 years ago: the transition from the hunter-gatherer life of paleolithic times to neolithic agrarian society. In the so-called ‘fertile crescent’ and in Egypt, agriculture almost always included livestock farming. Agriculture also encompassed the planting of fruit trees, viticulture and horticulture. The methods of food production led to increasing freedom from dependency on e…

Agriculture

(2,711 words)

Author(s): Brunner, Karl
Brunner, Karl [German version] A. Introduction (CT) Although questions of continuity within the tradition of intellectual history are apparent, hardly any other area of Classical civilisation has had such a lasting effect on European history as agriculture. Various levels may be distinguished: 1) the effect of measures used during Antiquity itself which changed the landscape; 2) the transmission of agricultural knowledge to successor cultures; 3) the consequences and exemplary nature of Classical legis…

Agrigentum

(4 words)

see  Acragas

Agrimensores

(4 words)

see  Surveyors

Agrinium

(95 words)

Author(s): Strauch, Daniel (Berlin)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Aetolians, Aetolia | Acarnanians, Acarnania (Ἀγρίνιον; Agrínion). Originally an Acarnanian town, in 314 BC under Cassander   synoikismos of the  Derieis in A., then, after capture by the  Aetolians (Diod. Sic. 19,67 f.), it became a member of the Aetolian koinon (several strategoi hailed from A.). Remains of the town (walls, stoa, houses) localized near Megali Chora, 3 km north-west of the modern A. (regional museum).  Acarnania;  Strategos Strauch, Daniel (Berlin) Bibliography C. Antonetti, Les Étoliens, 1990, 23…

Agrionia

(263 words)

Author(s): Auffarth, Christoph (Tübingen)
[German version] (Ἀγριώνια; Agriṓnia). Springtime women's festival in the Dorian and Aeolian regions [1]. The associated myths ascribe Manaedic behaviour to the women. In the Argolis madness takes hold of the daughter of the king of Tiryns, the Proitid (Hes. fr. 37,10-15 M-W: Hera as cause; Hes. fr. 131 M-W: Dionysus); the women rip their own children to pieces (Apollod. 2,28; 3,17). Melampous can give counsel; a suckling pig sacrifice cleanses (Proitid myth and ritual: Hesych; s. v. ἀγριάνια; suck…

Agrippa

(1,444 words)

Author(s): Kienast, Dietmar (Neu-Esting) | Frede, Michael (Oxford) | Hübner, Wolfgang (Münster) | Savvidis, Kyriakos (Bochum)
According to modern etymology, the name derives from *agrei-pod-, ‘having the feet in front’ (according to Leumann, 398, ‘very dubious’). Originally a praenomen (thus still in the Iulii, especially A. Postumus), then a cognomen in the families of the Antonii, Asinii, Cassii(?), Fonteii, Furii, Haterii, Helvii, Iulii, Lurii, Menenii, Vibuleni, Vipsanii, but also of Jewish kings ( Herodes A.). Documented as name of various persons. Kienast, Dietmar (Neu-Esting) [German version] [1] M. Vipsanius, consul 37, 28, 27 BC M. Vipsanius, born 64/3 BC, of knightly lineage, probabl…

Agrippina

(507 words)

Author(s): Kienast, Dietmar (Neu-Esting) | Eck, Werner (Cologne)
[German version] [1] Vipsania, married to Tiberius from 16-12 BC Vipsania, daughter of M. Vipsanius Agrippa with Caecilia Attica (Nep. Att. 19,4). Born c. 33 BC, married to Tiberius from 16-12 (Suet. Tib. 7,2 f.), whom she bore Drusus Caesar in 15 (Drusus the Younger). Married C. Asinius Gallus after her divorce from Tiberius (Tac. Ann. 1,12; stemma RE 9 A 1232). Died in AD 20 (Tac. Ann. 3,19,3). Kienast, Dietmar (Neu-Esting) Bibliography Raepsat-Charlier 1, no. 811. [German version] [2] Vipsania (A. maior), wife of Germanicus Vipsania (A. maior), daughter of M. Vipsanius Agrip…

Agrippinus

(79 words)

Author(s): Johne, Klaus-Peter (Berlin)
[German version] Comes et magister utriusque militiae per Gallias in the years AD 451/52-456/457, then replaced by emperor  Maiorianus with  Aegidius and accused, deployed again by  Ricimer in 461 and sent to Gallia, where he gave over the city of Narbo 462 to the West Goths, in order to win them over against Aegidius (Chron. min. 2, 26, 33 Mommsen; MGH SS rer. Merov. 3,109; 149-152). PLRE 2, 37 f. Johne, Klaus-Peter (Berlin) Bibliography D. Henning, Periclitans res publica, 1999

Agrius

(68 words)

Author(s): Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum)
[German version] [1] C., Roman knight (1st cent. BC) A., C., Roman knight, friend of Varro, introduced in the first book of Rust. probably because of his evocative name. Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) [German version] [2] Publeianus, L., Roman knight (1st cent. BC) A. Publeianus, L., Roman knight, witness in the trial of Flaccus (Cic. Flac. 31), probably negotiator in Asia. Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) Bibliography Nicolet 2, 768-769.

Agrius

(196 words)

Author(s): Graf, Fritz (Columbus, OH)
(Ἄγριος; Ágrios), ‘the wild’. [German version] [1] Mythical Calydonian Calydonian, son of Porthaon and Eureite (Hes. fr. 10a 49; Euryte: Apollod. 1,63), brother of Melas and Oeneus (Hom. Il. 14,117; about this Alcathous Hes. fr. 10a 52 f.; cf. Apollod. loc. cit.). He dethrones Oeneus, is expelled by Diomedes and kills himself (Hyg. Fab. 175, 242); after others his sons too are the usurpers and are killed by Diomedes (Apollod. 1,77-8; Ant. Lib. 37) [1]. Graf, Fritz (Columbus, OH) [German version] [2] Son of Odysseus and Circe Son of Odysseus and Circe, brother of Latinus and toge…

Agriwulf

(181 words)

Author(s): Schwarcz, Andreas (Vienna)
[German version] Murdered the comes Censorius (Hydatius Lemicus, Chronica 131 Burgess) in AD 448 after the accession to power of the Suebi king Rechiarius in Hispalis. Probably identical to Aioulf, the cliens proprius of Warnian origin of  Theoderic II, whom Theoderic made governor of the Suebi kingdom after his victory over Rechiarius in 456 (Iord. Get. 229-233; Hydat. Chron. 166-168). A. fled after that between 448 and 456 to the West Gothic king and offered himself as Varnorum stirpe genitus, longe a Gothici sanguinis nobilitate seiunctus (Iord. Get. 233) as a candidate for t…

Agroecius

(211 words)

Author(s): Gatti, Paolo (Trento)
[German version] Latin grammarian (on his erroneous identification with  Agrestius cf. [4. 13 f.]). As Bishop of Sens, he dedicated an Ars de orthographia to Bishop  Eucherius of Lyon ( c. AD 434 to c. 450); therefore he is classified chronologically in the middle of the 5th cent. Strictly speaking, it is not a proper orthographical treatise, but rather a listing of 138 differentiae, that have apparently been strung together without any didactic, logical or content-based criteria. The treatment of differentiae in orthographical works is, however, traditional. It goes back…

Agroetas

(52 words)

Author(s): Meister, Klaus (Berlin)
[German version] (Ἀγροίτας; Agroítas). Greek historian of the Hellenistic era (from Cyrene?). Author of Libyka in at least three books. The few preserved fragments display a rationalistic reshaping of mythology. A. apparently influenced the mythological handbook cited by Diod. Sic. 4,26,2-4 and used at 3,52 ff. (FGrH 762). Meister, Klaus (Berlin)

Agron

(193 words)

Author(s): Graf, Fritz (Columbus, OH) | Günther, Linda-Marie (Munich)
(Ἄγρων; Ágrōn). [German version] [1] Mythical figure: inhabitant of Cos Lived with his father Eumelus and his two sisters Meropis and Byssa on the island of Cos. They worshipped only Gaia, rejected the cult of the other gods and scorned Hermes as a thief, Athena as owl-eyed and Artemis as a moth, even when the deities appeared to them in human form. As punishment, they were transformed into birds, A. into a plover (Ant. Lib. 15 according to Boeus, ‘Ornithogony’). Hyginus (Astron. 2,16) adds the mother Echedemeia. Graf, Fritz (Columbus, OH) [German version] [2] Legendary Lydian king Legendar…

Agrostis

(149 words)

Author(s): Hünemörder, Christian (Hamburg)
[German version] (ἄγρωστις; ágrōstis, Latin gramen). Already substantiated in Homer for fodder grasses but not the same as the genus of paniculate grasses of the same name that includes more than 100 species. According to the botanical descriptions (Dioscorides 4,29 [1. 2,192] = 4,30 [2. 381], Apuleius among others), the term refers to cereal plants like couch grass ( Agropyron = Triticum repens L. according to Sprengel [in 2. 381]) or luxuriantly growing cinquefoil ( Cynodon Dactylon, Panicum Dactylum L.), according to Fraas [2. 381] the hippagrostis of the herbal books of t…

Agrotera

(4 words)

see  Artemis

Agryle

(110 words)

Author(s): Lohmann, Hans (Bochum)
[German version] (Ἀγρυλή; Agrylḗ). Attic   asty-deme (upper and lower A.) of the   phyle Erechtheis (trittys Euonymeis), from 306-201 BC of the  Antigonis, after 200 BC of the Attalis, with three to five bouleutai, bordering on  Ancyle (IG II2 2776 l. 58-59 [2. 70]) on the western slopes of the  Hymettus, above the Panathenaean stadion (Harpokr. s. v. Ἀρδηττός/Ardettos, Str. 9,1,24), near the modern Pankrati.  Panathenaea;  Trittyes Lohmann, Hans (Bochum) Bibliography 1 Traill, Attica, 37, 59, 62, 67 ff., 109 no. 3, 4, 123, 125, table 1 2 S. G. Miller, A Roman Monument in the At…

Aguntum

(311 words)

Author(s): Dietz, Karlheinz (Würzburg)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Pannonia The modern Dölsach and Nußdorf-Debant on the road through the Drau valley (unknown etymology); when the Celtic Laianci came into contact with the Romans at the beginning of the 2nd cent. BC, the municipium Claudium A. (Plin. HN 3,146) with   forum ,   capitolium ,   basilica and  thermae [1] developed about 2 km east of the original town. Mining and processing of metal ensured the economic prosperity of A. and its territory -- from the Felber Tauern to the Kärntner Tor, from the Lie…

Agyieus

(4 words)

see  Apollo

Agylla

(4 words)

see  Caere
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