Brill’s New Pauly
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Subject: Classical Studies
Edited by: Hubert Cancik and Helmuth Schneider (Antiquity) and Manfred Landfester (Classical Tradition).
English translation edited by Christine F. Salazar (Antiquity) and Francis G. Gentry (Classical Tradition)
Brill´s New Pauly is the English edition of the authoritative Der Neue Pauly, published by Verlag J.B. Metzler since 1996. The encyclopaedic coverage and high academic standard of the work, the interdisciplinary and contemporary approach and clear and accessible presentation have made the New Pauly the unrivalled modern reference work for the ancient world. The section on Antiquity of Brill´s New Pauly are devoted to Greco-Roman antiquity and cover more than two thousand years of history, ranging from the second millennium BC to early medieval Europe. Special emphasis is given to the interaction between Greco-Roman culture on the one hand, and Semitic, Celtic, Germanic, and Slavonic culture, and ancient Judaism, Christianity, and Islam on the other hand. The section on the Classical Tradition is uniquely concerned with the long and influential aftermath of antiquity and the process of continuous reinterpretation and revaluation of the ancient heritage, including the history of classical scholarship. Brill´s New Pauly presents the current state of traditional and new areas of research and brings together specialist knowledge from leading scholars from all over the world. Many entries are elucidated with maps and illustrations and the English edition will include updated bibliographic references.
Subscriptions: see brill.com
English translation edited by Christine F. Salazar (Antiquity) and Francis G. Gentry (Classical Tradition)
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Brill´s New Pauly is the English edition of the authoritative Der Neue Pauly, published by Verlag J.B. Metzler since 1996. The encyclopaedic coverage and high academic standard of the work, the interdisciplinary and contemporary approach and clear and accessible presentation have made the New Pauly the unrivalled modern reference work for the ancient world. The section on Antiquity of Brill´s New Pauly are devoted to Greco-Roman antiquity and cover more than two thousand years of history, ranging from the second millennium BC to early medieval Europe. Special emphasis is given to the interaction between Greco-Roman culture on the one hand, and Semitic, Celtic, Germanic, and Slavonic culture, and ancient Judaism, Christianity, and Islam on the other hand. The section on the Classical Tradition is uniquely concerned with the long and influential aftermath of antiquity and the process of continuous reinterpretation and revaluation of the ancient heritage, including the history of classical scholarship. Brill´s New Pauly presents the current state of traditional and new areas of research and brings together specialist knowledge from leading scholars from all over the world. Many entries are elucidated with maps and illustrations and the English edition will include updated bibliographic references.
Subscriptions: see brill.com
Bauli
(127 words)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Theatre | Villa Settlement in the
Campi Phlegraei ,
c. 2 km from Baiae, probably the modern Bacoli. Its name seems to have been derived from the stables (
boaulia), where Hercules kept Gerion's oxen (Serv. Aen. 6,107) [1. 5-19]. Remains of numerous
villae (literary evidence: Cic. Fam. 8,1,14 [Pompeius], Varro, Rust. 3,17,5 [Hortensius]); in the 4th cent. AD, Symmachus mentions his
villa in B. as a particular favourite: Epist. 1,1,2 [2. 11-13]. Nero, who had inherited the
villa of Hortensius, had his mother Agrippina …
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Brill’s New Pauly
Bauto
(132 words)
[German version] Flavius B. was a Frank (Zos. 4,33,2) and a professed pagan (Ambr. Epist. 57). Under Gratianus, he rose to the position of
mag. mil. in
c. AD 380 (Zos. 4,33,1) and aided Theodosius I against the Goths. In 383, he became
mag. peditum praesentalis and the authoritative advisor at the court of Valentinianus II (Ambr. Epist. 24,4,8; 18,1,57). Although he was Ambrosius' adversary in the dispute about the altar of Victory in 384, he seems to have aligned himself in the end with the bishop's arguments (Ambr. Epist. 17,18 and …
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Brill’s New Pauly
Bavares
(60 words)
[German version] A seemingly bipartite Berber tribe; one group settled in the extreme west, the other in the extreme east of Mauretania Caesariensis. Sources: Amm. Marc. 29,5,33; Liber generationis 1,197,67 Mommsen; Iulius Honorius, Cosmographia A 47; Provinciarum laterculus codicis Veronensis 14,4. Huß, Werner (Bamberg) Bibliography G. Camps, s.v. B., EB, 1394-1399 J. Desanges, Catalogue des tribus africaines, 1962, 47 fn. 2.
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Brill’s New Pauly
Bavaria
(8,499 words)
Fornaro, Sotera (Sassari) [German version] A. From Monasteries to Humanism (CT) The Carolingian Period in Bavaria is distinguished by an effort to transmit and spread Latin culture. This is born out by the remains of the old libraries and scriptoria of the episcopal seats (e.g., St. Emmeram, Freising, Prüfening near Regensburg, Passau, Salzburg) and monasteries where pagan as well as Christian authors are documented: Vergil, Horace, Lucan, Sallust, Ovid, Persius, Statius, Terence, Cicero, and Cato [26. 116…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Bavius, M.
(87 words)
[German version] A poet, criticized by his contemporary Virgil (ecl. 3,90) and ridiculed by Domitius Marsus in an epigram cited by Filagrius ad locum (Courtney, 301). Marsus reported that B. and his brother shared everything until one refused to give his wife to the other. A verse critical of Virgil (Courtney, 285) has at times been attributed to B., but this is probably based on mere conjecture. He died in 35 BC in Cappadocia (Jer. Chron. a. Abr. 1982). Courtney, Edward (Charlottesville, VA)
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Brill’s New Pauly
Baza
(105 words)
[German version] In the vicinity of the Spanish city B. lies the
Cerro Cepro, a hill with settlements dating back to the 5th cent. BC (the Ibero-Roman Basti?) as well as the Iberian necropolis
Cerro del Santuario. In grave 155, the ‘Dama de B.’ was found, an enthroned female limestone statue which had served as an urn (
c. 400-350 BC). Iberian peninsula Blech, Michael (Madrid) Bibliography F. J. Presedo Velo, La necrópolis de Baza, 1982 R. Olmos et al., La dama de Baza, in: El Puteal de LaMoncloa, Coloquio 1987, 183-209 N. Marín Díaz et al., La ciudad ibero-romana de Basti, in: Flore…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Bazira
(67 words)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Alexander (Βάζιρα;
Bázira). Town in north-western Pakistan, on the river Swat between the Indus and the Hindu Kush, captured and fortified by Alexander [4] the Great (Arr. Anab.). Probably near Bīr-kōt̥-Ġundai, where Hellenistic walls, pottery and graffiti have been found. Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki) Bibliography P. Callieri, in: A. Gail, G. Mevissen (ed.), South Asian Archaeology 1991, 1993, 339-348.
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Brill’s New Pauly
Beans
(232 words)
[German version] Pulses (
legumina) such as peas (πίσον;
píson,
pisum), chickpeas (ἐρέβινθος;
erébinthos,
cicer) and lentils (φακός;
phakós,
lens) have been cultivated in the Mediterranean region, as crops of Middle Eastern origin, for at least as long as cereal crops, i.e. for about 6,000 years. Nicknames of reputable Roman families (Fabius, Lentulus, Cicero) are derived from them. The original small-seed varieties (κύαμος;
kýamos, πύανος;
pýanos,
faba, Slav.
bob), that were being cultivated over 4,000 years ago, originated from
Vicia faba L., from which the large-seed hors…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Bean trefoil/Buckbean
(117 words)
[German version] A gentian plant (
Menanthes trifoliata L.), unknown in antiquity, wrongly described in 16th- and 17th-cent. books on herbs as bog bean or water trefoil (
Trifolium fibrinum). It is widespread in marsh flats and, because of its bitter qualities, is today used i.a. to combat fever and worms. What was called μινυανθές (
minyanthés) in Dioscorides 3,109 [1. 119f.] = 3,113 [2. 336f.] and Plin. HN 21,54 (used for tying wreaths) and ἀσφάλτιον (
aspháltion) was in fact the leguminous plant
Psoralea bituminosa L. Clover varieties Hünemörder, Christian (Hamburg) Bibliography
1…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Bear
(419 words)
[German version] The brown bear (
Ursus arctos; ἄρκτος/
árktos, Lat.
ursus) occurred widely in southern and central Europe into the Roman imperial period. Aristotle [6] is very familiar with it: mating in December, birth of usually one-two cubs during hibernation (until March; Aristot. Hist. an. 6,30,579a 18-28), possible owing to reserves of fat; the bear eats everything (it even likes honey), but above all meat, such as that of deer, wild boar and cattle (ibid. 7(8),5,594b 5-17). Aristotle also gives a d…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Beard
(709 words)
[German version] I. Ancient Orient Adult men in the ancient Orient are mostly represented wearing beards, but they can also be depicted like gods and demons as beardless without having any different meaning. Beards consisted of a long or short full beard with or without a shaved lip part. The short beard finishes half-rounded or pointed below, the long beard is straight or half-rounded; the wavy strands of hair falling onto the chest mostly end in curls that form decorative rows in the layered types.…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Beaver
(385 words)
[German version] (κάστωρ;
kástōr,
fiber, Old Latin
feber and as a loan word
castor). The amphibian marsh dweller is slightly broader than the otter (ἔνυδρις), has strong teeth for night-time cutting of aspens (κερκίδαι) and a hard pelt. It was described also under the name of σαθέριον/
sathérion or σατύριον/
satýrion and λάταξ/
látax, by Aristot. Hist. an. 8,5,594b31-595a6 (= Plin. HN 8,109; Ael. NA 6,34). In antiquity it was apparently eradicated early in Italy and Greece. In Gaul, Spain, and Central and Eastern Europe, especially on the Black Se…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Bebaiosis
(234 words)
[German version] (βεβαίωσις;
bebaíōsis). In legal transactions involving the transfer of possession of an object, i.e. purchase contracts [4. 115f.], contracts governing transfer of use (μισθώσεις,
misthṓseis [3. 141; 4. 122]) and
arrhal contracts connected with παράδοσις (
parádosis),
bebaiosis signifies the undertaking by the previous owner to the new owner not to interfere with the latter's acquired right of possession (in the papyri: μὴ ἐπελεύσεσθαι,
mḕ epeleúsesthai), and to defend that right against third parties [1. 357, 360, 444]. In the event that t…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Bebryces
(52 words)
[German version] The Spanish B. are mentioned by Scymn. 201 (prior to 202 BC). Avien. 485 describes the ‘Berybrakes’ as a rough, wild people, whose areas of settlement are not clearly known. Barceló, Pedro (Potsdam) Bibliography F. J. Fernández Nieto, Beribraces, edetanos e ilercaones, in: Zephyrus 19/20, 1968/69, 115-142 Tovar 3, 64.
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Brill’s New Pauly
Beda
(111 words)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Batavian Revolt Today's Bitburg,
vicus located on a naturally elevated site along the Roman road Augusta Treverorum -- Colonia (It. Ant. 372,4), centre of the Treverian
pagus of the
Bedenses. Inscriptions indicate that B. sported a lively theatre (CIL XIII 4132; BRGK 40, 1959, 125,8) and activities of
iuniores (CIL XIII 4131). After B.'s destruction around AD 275/6, it was newly built in the 4th cent. as a military fort with oval surrounding walls (two hectares) and was i…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Beda Venerabilis (The Venerable Bede)
(1,412 words)
[German version] A. Life B. (or Baeda) lived from AD 672/3 to 735 in Northumbria. He was raised in the monastery of St. Peter and Paul in Wearmouth and Jarrow from the age of six. At the age of 19, he was ordained as a deacon, at 29 as a priest by bishop John of Hexham. He came to Lindisfarne (Holy Island) and to the Streanæshalch abbey (today Whitby), whose abbots had built up an excellent library by using the book markets of Italy and Gaul as well as copies from Rath Maelsigi in Ireland. He kept …
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Brill’s New Pauly
Bedbug
(240 words)
[German version] (ὁ, ἡ κόρις/
kóris, Lat.
cimex; especially
Cimex lectularius, the common bedbug, a troublesome bloodsucking parasite). Aristophanes was the first to refer to the bedbug as a typical inhabitant of the bedsteads of poor people in a work of literature (Nub. 634, Ra. 115, and Plut. 541). That is the origin of the expression ‘not even to own a bedbug’ (
nec tritus cimice lectus, Mart. 11,32,1; cf. Catull. 23,2). As a bad parasite, the bedbug was also used synonymously for a matchmaker or literary critic (Plaut. Curc. 500; Anth. Pal. 11,322,6; Hor. …
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Brill’s New Pauly
Beech
(71 words)
[German version] In the Mediterranean, beeches propes such as
Fagus silvatica and
orientalis (φηγός;
phēgós) only grow on relatively high mountains, but are often confused with hornbeams (
Carpinus) or even oaks (δρῦς;
drŷs), although mainly with
Quercus aegilops and the edible oak
Quercus ilex var.
ballota (
aesculus), supposedly the main food plant of prehistoric times. Trees Hünemörder, Christian (Hamburg) Bibliography K. Koch, Die Bäume und Sträucher des Alten Griechenlands, 21884, 55ff.
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Brill’s New Pauly