Brill’s New Pauly
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Subject: Classical Studies
Edited by: Hubert Cancik and Helmuth Schneider (Antiquity) and Manfred Landfester (Classical Tradition).
English translation edited by Christine F. Salazar (Antiquity) and Francis G. Gentry (Classical Tradition)
Brill´s New Pauly is the English edition of the authoritative Der Neue Pauly, published by Verlag J.B. Metzler since 1996. The encyclopaedic coverage and high academic standard of the work, the interdisciplinary and contemporary approach and clear and accessible presentation have made the New Pauly the unrivalled modern reference work for the ancient world. The section on Antiquity of Brill´s New Pauly are devoted to Greco-Roman antiquity and cover more than two thousand years of history, ranging from the second millennium BC to early medieval Europe. Special emphasis is given to the interaction between Greco-Roman culture on the one hand, and Semitic, Celtic, Germanic, and Slavonic culture, and ancient Judaism, Christianity, and Islam on the other hand. The section on the Classical Tradition is uniquely concerned with the long and influential aftermath of antiquity and the process of continuous reinterpretation and revaluation of the ancient heritage, including the history of classical scholarship. Brill´s New Pauly presents the current state of traditional and new areas of research and brings together specialist knowledge from leading scholars from all over the world. Many entries are elucidated with maps and illustrations and the English edition will include updated bibliographic references.
Subscriptions: see brill.com
English translation edited by Christine F. Salazar (Antiquity) and Francis G. Gentry (Classical Tradition)
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Brill´s New Pauly is the English edition of the authoritative Der Neue Pauly, published by Verlag J.B. Metzler since 1996. The encyclopaedic coverage and high academic standard of the work, the interdisciplinary and contemporary approach and clear and accessible presentation have made the New Pauly the unrivalled modern reference work for the ancient world. The section on Antiquity of Brill´s New Pauly are devoted to Greco-Roman antiquity and cover more than two thousand years of history, ranging from the second millennium BC to early medieval Europe. Special emphasis is given to the interaction between Greco-Roman culture on the one hand, and Semitic, Celtic, Germanic, and Slavonic culture, and ancient Judaism, Christianity, and Islam on the other hand. The section on the Classical Tradition is uniquely concerned with the long and influential aftermath of antiquity and the process of continuous reinterpretation and revaluation of the ancient heritage, including the history of classical scholarship. Brill´s New Pauly presents the current state of traditional and new areas of research and brings together specialist knowledge from leading scholars from all over the world. Many entries are elucidated with maps and illustrations and the English edition will include updated bibliographic references.
Subscriptions: see brill.com
Capaneus
(154 words)
[German version] (Καπανεύς;
Kapaneús). Son of Hipponous [3], married to Evadne [2] and father of Sthenelus. C. is one of the Seven against Thebes (and is therefore to be included in the Theban epics even if he does not appear in the surviving fragments). His boastful statement that not even the strike of a thunderbolt from Zeus could prevent him from taking part in the conquest of Thebes provokes Zeus to strike him down just so (Aesch. Sept. 423ff.). According to Stesichorus (fr. 194 PMG), Ascl…
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Cape Bon
(155 words)
[German version] The peninsula, which bounds the gulf of Tunis to the east, extensively covered with fertile horticultural land (Diod. Sic. 10,8,3-4; Pol. 1,29,7), was probably as early as the 5th cent. BC part of the Carthaginian
chora and protected by coastal fortifications (Aspis/ Clupea, modern Kélibia, Ras ed-Drek [Hermaia? Str. 17,3,16], Ras el-Fortass). The almost completely excavated small Punic town of Kerkouane on the eastern coast is exemplary for the prosperity of Cape Bon under Carthaginian rule. Also of significance in this were the quarries near
El Haouaria in the n…
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Capellianus
(62 words)
[German version] As praetorian governor of Numidia in AD 238 (perhaps identical with the epigraphically attested
legatus Augusti pro praetore L. Ovinius Pudens Capella, PIR2 O 189), with the
legio III Augusta, he quelled the revolt in Gordiane (Herodian. 7,9,11; SHA Maximin. 19,20, Gord. 15-16; ILS 8499). PIR2 C 404. Birley, A. R. (Düsseldorf) Bibliography K.-H. Dietz, Senatus contra principem, 1980, 109ff.
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Capena
(218 words)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Social Wars | Socii (Roman confederation) | Tribus | Umbri, Umbria Town on the hill of Civitucola, 3 km north of the modern Capena, overlaid by the medieval Leprignano; according to Cato (fr. 48 P 2; Prisc. 4,21; 7,60), it had been founded by an envoy of the Veiian king Propertius. The good relations which C. enjoyed with the Veii and Falerii, allies in the war against Rome, may be taken as supporting the story of its foundation (Liv. 5,8,10-14; 16-19; 24). In 295 BC, the settlement was forced to capitulate and allocated to the
tribus S…
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Capercaillie
(192 words)
[German version] (τέτραξ,
tétrax). Plin. HN 10,56 distinguishes between a smaller black variety (i.e. the black grouse) and one living in the north and in the Alps, similar in colour to but much bigger than a vulture, which because of its weight could be caught on the ground [1. 234f.]. When kept in a cage, their meat supposedly lost its taste, and the birds stopped breathing and died. Whether the bird from Mysia in Ath. 9,398e-f refers to the capercaillie remains uncertain. Other mentions of its n…
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Capernaum
(472 words)
[German version] City in Galilaea on the north-west shore of the Sea of Galilee ( Tiberias). The Greek designation Καφαρναούμ (
Kapharnaoúm), in the NT in some variants also Καπερναούμ (
Kapernaoúm Mk 1,21), is derived from the Hebrew
Kefar Naḥūm (village of Naḥūm) which appears in a Byzantine inscription found in the synagogue of Ḥammaṯ-Gāder. In later Jewish tradition, the name was changed to Kefar Tanḥūm or simply Tanḥūm, which in turn gave rise to the current Arab name Talḥūm (but not Tall Ḥūm as a derivation of Tall Naḥūm). Even though C. was inhabited from the 3rd millennium B…
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Caphene
(58 words)
[German version] (Καφένη;
Kaphénē). Carian maiden, who, out of love for the Melian Nymphius betrays her people by divulging their plan to invite the Melians to a feast so as to kill them underhandedly. Instead, the Carians were slain. In return, C. becomes the wife of Nymphius (Plut. Mor. 246d-247a, 207f.; Polyaen. 8,46). Frey, Alexandra (Basle)
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Caphereus
(43 words)
[German version] (Καφηρεύς, Καφαρεύς;
Kaphēreús,
Kaphareús). Much feared south-eastern cape of Euboea, modern Kavo Doro. Documentary evidence: Hdt. 8,7,1; Str. 8,6,2; Ptol. 3,14,22; Plin. HN 4,63; Mela 2,107. Kalcyk, Hansjörg (Petershausen) Bibliography F. Geyer, Top. und Gesch. der Insel Euboia 1, 1903, 6f.
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Caphisodorus
(69 words)
[German version] (Καφισόδωρος;
Kaphisódōros). Son of Caphisodorus; father of Metrophanes (PP 6, 14679) and Ptolemaeus (PP 6, 14688); between 163 and 145 BC
archisōmatophýlax ( Court titles B.2.);
stratēgós of the Egyptian district Xoite and priest of the
políteuma of the Boeotians; in 156/55 eponymous priest of Alexander. PP 1/8, 269; 3/9, 5167. Ameling, Walter (Jena) Bibliography W. Clarysse, G. v. d. Veken, The Eponymous Priests of Ptolemaic Egypt, 1983, 28.
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Caphisophon
(40 words)
[German version] (Καφισοφῶν;
Kaphisophôn). Son of Philippus (PP 6, 16640), from Cos, doctor (?);
theorós ( Theoria, Theoroi) of Ptolemy II or III sent to the sanctuary of Asclepius of Cos. Ameling, Walter (Jena) Bibliography S. Sherwin-White, Ancient Cos, 1978, 103.
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Caphyae
(209 words)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Arcadians, Arcadia (Καφυαί;
Kaphyaí). Town in north-eastern Arcadia, north of the northern plain of Orchomenus, 1 km south-east of the modern Chotusa, with only sparse ancient remains. Votive from the war booty in Delphi of the 5th cent. BC (Syll.3 48). In the Chremonidean War (267-261 BC), C. fought against Antigonus [2] (Syll.3 434f.,25); afterwards, it belonged to the Achaean League, apart from a short interlude following its capture by Cleomenes III (Plut. Agis and Cleomenes 25,4; Pol. 2,5…
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Capidava
(106 words)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Thraci, Thracia | Moesi, Moesia Roman fort on the road along the banks of the Danube from Axiopolis to Carsium, Moesia inferior, modern Topalu/Constanţa in Romania (Tab. Peut. 7,3; It. Ant. 244; Geogr. Rav. 179,3; Not. Dign. or. 39,4,13). Built under Trajan, destroyed by Goths in the mid-3rd cent. AD. Rebuilt in the 4th cent., and newly fortified at the end of the 6th cent. Late-antique posting of the
beneficiarii consulares and of a
cuneus (unit)
equitum Solensium. Burian, Jan (Prague) Bibliography Gr. Florescu, C. I, 1958,
pass…
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Capisa
(96 words)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: India, trade with (Καπίσα; Kapiša-kaniš, Behistun inscription [1. D]), now Bagrām. City in the Ghorband Valley, 45 km north of Kabul, known since 1833. Capital city of Indo-Grecian kings (2nd-1st cents. BC), summer residence of the Kushanians). Two rooms in the ‘palace’ contained inlaid works of art: Chinese lacquer work, Indian ivory and Hellenistic work. Plaster moulds for pouring metal reliefs are regarded as Alexandrian imports but prove the production of Hellenistic art works in Bactria. Brentjes, Burchard (Berl…
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Capitale
(86 words)
[German version] The Romans used the word
capitale whenever the death penalty (also
poena capitis) was concerned: for the crime itself, the legal process, as well as in passing and executing a sentence, but also for the loss of personal freedom or citizenship (
deminutio capitis ) and particularly with reference to exile (
exilium ), when -- from the late Republican period -- this indeed replaced the death penalty for Roman citizens. Schiemann, Gottfried (Tübingen) Bibliography E. Cantarella, I supplizi capitali in Grecia e a Roma, 1991.
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Capital scripts
(898 words)
[German version] A. Definition The first canonized Latin majuscule script [1. 7]; its name originated in the Middle Ages when in its role as a display script it was used exclusively for the beginning of the
capita [2. 60]. The sparse ancient sources, on the other hand, describe it more generally as
littera lapidaria (Petron. Sat. 29), perhaps also
littera quadrata (Petron. Sat. 58) [3. 73],
litterae unciales [4],
litterae virgiliae or
virgilianae [5. 464-465]. In the course of the canonization process, however, the majuscule -- depending on the surface inscribed…
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Capitatio
(111 words)
[German version] The poll-tax of the late Roman Imperial Age from Diocletian (AD 297). As
capitatio plebeia, it was probably levied on the urban population. With regard to the taxation of the rural population, it is disputed whether the
capitatio was raised independently or was -- as an indicator of income -- only an important unit in the calculation of the land-tax (
iugatio). Widows and orphans, soldiers and veterans were entirely or partly exempted from the
capitatio. Annona; Iugum Schiemann, Gottfried (Tübingen) Bibliography W. Goffart, Caput and Colonate: Towards a Histo…
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Capitatio-iugatio
(494 words)
[German version] Modern term to describe the procedure, which in Diocletian's system of taxation served to calculate the tax burden on agriculturally productive land and the rural population, as well as on livestock. It allowed a comparatively uniform levying process to replace earlier, widely varied land and poll taxes. The term
capitatio-iugatio is derived from
capitatio or
iugatio, which in turn are based on the standard measuring units, i.e.
caput or
iugum. These units, however, do not correspond to a defined size of land or number of people, but denote fictiti…
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Capite censi
(143 words)
[German version] Literally ‘those who are counted by the head’, but meaning ‘those who are counted
only by the head’, i.e. who are not liable for taxation because their assets fall below the census minimum. The alternative term to describe them is
proletarii (Cic. Rep. 2,22,40). This group is to be distinguished from the lowest assessment class, the
infra classem (in the earlier republican period below two
iugera of land or 11,000
asses; from the end of the 2nd cent. BC probably 4,000
asses), which included the
capite censi. The
infra classem were not expected to provide arms for mili…
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Capitium
(79 words)
[German version] Settlement in the Monti Nebrodi on Sicily, 1139 m above sea level, modern Capizzi (Cic. Verr. 3,4,103; Ptol. 3,4,7:
Capitina civitas). Possibly to be added to the list of
theorodokoi from Delphi (4,112); CIL X 2, 7462. Manganaro, Giacomo (Sant' Agata li Battiata) Bibliography R. C. Wilson, Sicily under the Roman Empire, 1990, 149 s.v. Capizzi, BTCGI 4, 1985, 400-402 G. Manganaro, Alla ricerca di poleis mikrai della Sicilia centro-orientale, in: Orbis Terrarum 2, 1996, 136 n. 47.
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Capito
(156 words)
Roman
cognomen; see also Ateius, Fonteius. [German version] [1] Orator of the Augustan period Orator of the Augustan period, praised by Seneca the Elder because of his ability -- in contrast with Cassius [III 2] Severus -- to distinguish clearly between the demands of declamations as opposed to those of legal speeches, with regards to their tone and presentation. According to Seneca's assessment, C.'s best orations were in no way inferior to those of the tetrad of the great declamators Latro, Fuscus, Alb…
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Capitolea
(182 words)
[German version] (
Agon Capitolinus). In contrast to the Neroneia, the Capitolea festival, introduced by the emperor Domitian in Rome in AD 86 (Suet. Dom. 4,4), considerably outlasted their founder because of their name connection with Jupiter Capitolinus. The highly regarded contest based on the Greek model and consisting of an athletic (held in the stadium Domitiani, now the Piazza Navona [1]), musical and hippic programme, certainly won by 64 victors [2. 123-155], still existed in the middle of the 4th cent. During Domitian's rule, it also comprised a
cursus virginum (‘race of yo…
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Capitolinus
(64 words)
[German version] Roman
cognomen, probably originally an indication of the bearer's or his family's place of residence. For the early Republican Age, it is transmitted for the families of the Maelii, Quinctii, and Tarpei, and prominent with the Manlii; in the Imperial Age, it was widespread. Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) Bibliography ThlL, Onom. 166f. Kajanto, Cognomina, 183 H. Gundel, s.v. Quinctii Capitolini, RE 24, 1010.
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Capitolium
(1,021 words)
[German version] I. Capitol Hill in Rome, consisting of a summit called C. in the south (46 m) and the Arx in the north (49 m), linked by the depression of the
asylum. Until Trajan's forum was built, the C. was the south-western spur of the Quirinal and linked with it by a bridge. From archaic times, buildings on the C. had to have very deep foundations because of unfavourable geological conditions; in addition, since ancient times, there have been landslides, terracing (in the 15th and 16th cents.), as well as other substa…
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Capiton
(87 words)
[German version] (Καπίτων;
Kapítōn). Otherwise unknown epigrammatist, of whom a witty distichon has survived: beauty without grace is compared with a ‘bait without rod’ (Anth. Pal. 5,67,2). C. (Capito) is quite a widespread Roman
cognomen: the assumption that he might be identical with the epic poet from Alexandria, mentioned in Ath. 10,425, is thus without foundation; equally, it hardly is likely that he is identical with Pompeius C., who demonstrates his mastery in every metre and rhythm (TrGF 186). Albiani, Maria Grazia (Bologna) Bibliography FGE 34.
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Cappadocia, I.
(1,327 words)
(Καππαδοκία;
Kappadokía). Region and kingdom in Asia Minor [German version] A. Geography and population C. (Str. 12,1f.) extends from the Taurus to the Black Sea coast; its western border to Paphlagonia and Phrygia, later also to Galatia, is at the Halys (and Lake Tatta); in the south-west, it borders on Lycaonia, in the east on Colchis, Lesser Armenia, and the upper reaches of the Euphrates, in the south on Cilicia and Commagene. The entire region is seen as an ethnic-linguistic entity, part of the Luwian-sp…
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Cappadocia, II.
(639 words)
[German version] Roman province in central and eastern Asia Minor, with Caesarea [3] as its capital. After the death of Archealus [7] I in AD 17, the kingdom of Cappadocia was annexed in 18/19 under the command of Q. Veranius, a legate of Germanicus (Tac. Ann. 2,42,4). The province with an auxiliary garrison was under the administration of a
procurator (Tac. Ann. 12,49; Cass. Dio 57,17,7); under Cn. Domitius Corbulo (55-61 and 63-65/66) and L. Iunius Caesennius Paetus (61-63), it was united with Galatia. In 70/71, the
Legio XII Fulminata was transferred to Melitene (Joseph BJ 7,1…
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Cappadox
(48 words)
[German version] (Καππάδοξ;
Kappádox). Tributary of the Halys, modern Delice Irmağı (upper course: Karanlık/Boğazlıyan Çayı, north-eastern tributary: Kanak Çayı); rising in northern Cappadocia, the C. is the main river of eastern Galatia. Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt) Bibliography W. Ruge, s.v. K., RE 10, 1919f. K. Strobel, Die Galater, 1, 1996.
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Caprasia
(50 words)
[German version] Etruscan island between Populonia and Corsica (Capraria, Αἰγίλιον;
Aigílion, Plin. HN 3,81), modern Capraia, province of Livorno. Magnificent Roman
villa near Assunta, inhabited by monks in the 5th cent. (Rut. Namat. 1,439; Oros. 7,36,5; Aug. Epist. 48). Uggeri, Giovanni (Florence) Bibliography A. Riparbelli, Aegilon, 1973 BTCGI 4, 443-445.
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Capratinae (Nonae)
(221 words)
[German version] Festival of the city of Rome, celebrated on July 7 (
Nonae), a festival of ritual reversal resembling the Saturnalia; its main characteristics were sacrifices by women (Varro, Ling. 6,18), a festive meal under a wild fig-tree, and by the major role of female slaves in begging processions and mock battles (Plut. Camillus 33; Romulus 29,9; Macrob. Sat. 1,11,36-40) [1]. The aitia in Plutarch and Macrobius link the festival to an attack by the Latin towns immediately after the departure of the G…
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Capreae
(213 words)
[German version] Island off the coast of Campania in the southern part of the Gulf of Naples (today Capri). Verg. Aen. 7,735 provides a legendary link of an early Greek settlement with Telon and the Teleboae: Serv. Aen. 7,735; Tac. Ann. 4,67. The Greeks linked both settlement centres (modern Capri, Anacapri) by a flight of steps which, in parts, are still usable today (Scala Fenicia). In 29 BC, Augustus acquired C. from Neapolis in exchange for Aenaria ( Pithecussae; Suet. Aug. 92; Cass. Dio 52,…
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Caprus
(135 words)
(Κάπρος;
Kápros). [German version] [1] River is eastern Caria River in the upper catchment area of the Maeander in eastern Caria, modern Başlı Çay; it passes Laodicea [4] closely to the east (Plin. HN 5,105) and discharges perennially into the Lycus, which runs about 1.5 km below the town in a north-westerly direction towards the Maeander (Str. 12,8,16; Plin. HN 2,225). Coins of the town depict a river god with the C. legend. Kaletsch, Hans (Regensburg) Bibliography G. E. Bean, Kleinasien 3, 1974, 259, 263 Magie 2, 785; 986 Miller, 726 Ramsay 1, 35. [German version] [2] Eastern tributar…
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Capsa
(168 words)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: | Coloniae | Africa | Limes Oasis town in southern Tunisia, modern Gafsa. C. was probably never Phoenician (despite Oros. 5,15,8; cf. Sall. Iug. 89,4). It is questionable whether it was ever Carthaginian. It was an important road junction from at the latest the Numidian period -- i. a. it lay on the road from Theveste to Takape (Sall. Iug. 89,4f.). In the course of the Jugurthine War, Marius conquered and destroyed C. in 106 BC (Sall. Iug. 91,3; Str. 17,3,12). In the Imperial Age, C. was rebuilt and given a constitution with
sufetes: C…
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Captatio benevolentiae
(305 words)
[German version] Of the rhetorical methods essential to convince and persuade listeners, the
captatio benevolentiae is one of the most effective. Cicero saw it as one of the pillars upon which the entire edifice of oratory art is based (De or. 2,115). It is concerned with a moderate incitement of feelings, with particular emphasis on the ethical qualities of the orator and his
cliens (ibid. 182ff.; or. 128); it makes use of a
lenitas orationis (Cic. De or. 2,128f.), which is evident not only in the
elocutio, but also the
actio, and thereby has an impact on the orator's actions as a w…
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Capua
(1,305 words)
This item can be found on the following maps: Social Wars | Theatre | Tribus | Caesar | Christianity | | Coloniae | Coloniae | Etrusci, Etruria | Italy, languages | Colonization | Punic Wars | Regio, regiones | Rome [German version] A. Foundation period Inland town in Campania, modern Santa Maria Capua Vetere; the modern city of Capua corresponds with Casilinum. According to literary tradition, it was founded in 800 BC, together with Nola (Vell. Pat. 1,7,3f. as against Cato and his foundation date of 471 BC); according to Liv. 4,37,1, C.…
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Caput Oli
(95 words)
[German version] According to Roman tradition, the head (
caput) of the Etruscan hero Aulus Vibenna (
olus), discovered when the foundation stone was laid for the Roman temple of Jupiter in the 6th cent. BC, prophesying the future greatness of Rome (Liv. 1,55,5; 5,54,7; Arnob. 6,7; Serv. Aen. 8,345). The historicity of an Aulus Vibenna from Vulci is evident in Etruscan and Latin inscriptions and grave paintings. Prayon, Friedhelm (Tübingen) Bibliography A. Alföldi, Das frühe Rom und die Latiner, 1977, 200-204 with fn. 162 M. Pallottino, in: F. Buranelli (ed.), La Tomba François d…
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Capys
(234 words)
(Κάπυς;
Kápys; Lat. Capys). [German version] [1] Vater des Anchises Trojan, descendant of Dardanus ( Dardanidae), father of Anchises (Hom. Il. 20.239). According to some myths, his grandson Aeneas [1] founded the Arcadian Kap(h)yae (Dion. Hal. Ant. Rom. 1.49.1; Steph. Byz. s.v. Καφύαι), his great-grandson Rhomus founded Capua (Dion. Hal. Ant. Rom. 1.73.3) and named it after him. Stoevesandt, Magdalene (Basle) [German version] [2] Founder of Capua In Virgil and others (Verg. Aen. 10.145 with Servius ad loc.), a Trojan of the same name from the generation of Ae…
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Car
(78 words)
(Κάρ;
Kár). [German version] [1] Son of Phoroneus Eponym of the fortress of Megara (originally Caria) (Paus. 1,39,5), son of Phoroneus; founder of the Demeter Temple. Zingg, Reto (Basle) [German version] [2] Son of Zeus and Crete Eponym of Carians in Asia Minor; brother of Lydus and Mysus (Hdt. 1,171; Str. 14,659). Son of Zeus and Crete (Ael. NA 12,30); founder of the city of Alabanda, buried in Euangela (Steph. Byz. s.v. K.). Zingg, Reto (Basle)
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Caracalla
(889 words)
[German version] (Nickname based on his Celtic robe; originally, he was called Bassianus, Cass. Dio 78,9,3) = M. Aurelius Antoninus Caesar (from AD 195, ILS 8805; RIU 3,840) = M. Aurelius Severus Antoninus Augustus (from AD 198, cf. [1]). Born on 4 April AD 188 in Lyons as the eldest son of Septimius Severus and Julia Domna (Cass. Dio 78,6,5; cf. 77,10,2; [Aur. Vict.] Epit. Caes. 21,1; SHA Sept. Sev. 3,9; differing information elsewhere). He accompanied his father to the east from the middle of 19…
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Carales
(607 words)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Sardinia et Corsica | Christianity | Wine | | Rome | Rome (Caralis, Karalis). Harbour town (shipyards: Liv. 27,6,14) in southern Sardinia, situated in a bay (Καραλιτανὸς κόλπος;
Karalitanòs kólpos: Ptol. 3,3,4) on a low hill (
tenuis collis: Claud. De bello Gildonis 15,521f.) close to foothills (
Caralitanum promunturium: Plin. HN 3,85), modern Cagliari. The ancient Phoenician/Punic harbour of Karaly (Krly) lay to the north-west in the lagoon of Santa Gilla, near an indigenous settlement of t…
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Carallia
(88 words)
[German version] (Καράλ(λ)ια;
Karál(l)ia). Town in Cilicia Tracheia (Hierocles, Synekdemos 682,10; coins and inscriptions Καραλλια), modern Güney Kalesi, 20 km north-east of Coracesium. Verified as a
pólis from the early imperial age by inscriptions and coins, later diocese [2. 244ff.]. Archaeological finds: walled town structure with a building dedicated to the ruler cult, temples and churches; a necropolis to the west [1. 59; 2. 237ff., 268 plan]. Tomaschitz, Kurt (Vienna) Bibliography
1 G. E. Bean, T. B. Mitford, Journeys in Rough Cilicia 1964-1968, 1970 2) J. Nollé, …
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Carambis
(99 words)
[German version] (Κάραμβις;
Kárambis, Lat.
Carambis). Foothills on the Black Sea coast of Paphlagonia, modern Kerempe Burnu west of İnebolu (Apoll. Rhod. 2,361; Ps.-Scymn. 953; Lucian Toxaris 57; Str. 2,5,22; 7,4,3; 11,2,14; 12,3,10; Plin. HN 4,86) with a village of the same name (Eust. Comm. in Hom. Il. 1,570). The cape is directly opposite the Criu Metopon, the southern tip of the Taurian peninsula (modern Crimea). Between these two promontories, ancient seafarers crossed the Black Sea. Marek, Christian (Zürich) Bibliography Ch. Marek, Stadt, Ära und Territorium in Pontus…
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Carambolo, El
(69 words)
[German version] On the C., a hilltop west of Seville above the plains of the Guadalquivir, there had once been a late Bronze Age to early Iron Age settlement, known as the finding-place of an orientalizing gold treasure. Tartessus Blech, Michael (Madrid) Bibliography J.d. M. Carriazo, Tartesos y el Carambolo, 1973 G. Nicolini, Techniques des ors antigues, 1990 M. E. Aubet-Semmler, Maluquer y el Carambolo, in: Tabona 8, 1993/94, 329-349.
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Caranis
(93 words)
[German version] (Καρανίς;
Karanís). Important Greek settlement (κώμη) on the northern edge of the Fayum, now Kom Ausīm; founded in the early Ptolemaic period and abandoned again in the 5th cent. AD. Large parts of the town are still well preserved and have been carefully excavated; among these are two temples. From C. come
c. 5,000 Greek Papyri and Ostraka, mostly from Roman times (2nd-3rd cents. AD). Jansen-Winkeln, Karl (Berlin) Bibliography A. Calderini, s.v. Karanis, Dizionario dei nomi geografici e topografici 3, 1978, 70-79 R. Alston, Soldier and Society in Roman Egypt…
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Caranus
(99 words)
(Κάρανος;
Káranos). [German version] [1] Founded the Macedonian royal house Founded the Macedonian royal house according to Diod. Sic. 7. 15-17 as a descendant of the Heraclid Temenus (Theopompus FGrH 115 F 393) after immigrating from Argus. He replaces Perdiccas, named as progenitor of the Macedons in Hdt. 8. 137-139. Michel, Raphael (Basle) [German version] [2] Alleged son of Philippus II Alleged son of Philippus II, killed by Alexander [4] the Great after Philippus' death (Just. Epit. 11. 2. 3). Since Satyrus in Athenaeus (12.557) does not name him, his existence is doubtful. Bad…
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Caratacus
(96 words)
[German version] Britannic king and military commander, son of Cunobellinus; between AD 43 and 51, he organized, initially together with his brother Togodumnus, the resistance against the Claudian invasion force. After the occupation of the south-east, C. transferred his operational basis to the Silures and Ordovices in Wales. Following his defeat in 51, he fled to Cartimandua, who handed him over to Rome. In 52, he was part of Claudius' triumphal procession, together with his wife, children and brothers; Claudius later pardoned C. (Tac. Ann. 12,33ff.). Kunst, Christiane (Pot…
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Carausius
(207 words)
[German version] M. Aurelius Maus(aeus?), AD 286-293.A Menapian by birth, and by profession a former helmsman, C. excelled himself in the Bagaudian War under Maximianus. Subsequently, as commander of a fleet based in Bononia (Boulogne-sur-Mer), he was given the task of fighting the piratical Franks and Saxons. Based on suspicions that he had withheld war booty, the order was given to kill C.; in consequence, C. had himself proclaimed emperor in 286, and assumed the rule of Britannia. He was also …
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Caravan trade
(655 words)
[German version] In the Hellenistic period there already was a long history of trade relations between the eastern Mediterranean and the Near East on the one hand, and India and the Far East on the other. Goods were mainly transported by land; each section of the land routes from the Mediterranean to India and China was controlled by the peoples whose land it crossed, and who profited from the caravan trade (CT) as intermediaries. Several routes are mentioned in the literature: while the trade rou…
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Caraway
(271 words)
[German version] I. Ancient Orient Caraway was widespread as an aromatic plant in Mesopotamia, Egypt, Ethiopia and Asia Minor and is mentioned in Mycenaean Linear B texts as
ku-mi-no [6. 131, 136, 227]. The word is a cultural term that can be traced back to the 3rd millennium (Sumerian *
kamun; Akkad.
kamūnum, Hittite
kappani- [with m > p change], Ugarite
kmn, Hebrew
kammōn, Turkish
çemen, English/French
cumin). Egyptian caraway (Cuminum cyminum; Egyptian
tpnn, Coptic
tapen) seems to have possibly been another species of caraway [5]. Caraway was also used medically in…
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Carbasus
(49 words)
[German version] (κάρπασος, καρπήσιον;
kárpasos,
karpḗsion). Phoenician or previously Indian term for cotton, such as that from Tarraco (modern Tarragona) in Spain (Plin. HN 19,10). Plants used as antidotes ( Alexipharmaka) such as species of
Helleborus and
Valeriana were also thus described (cf. Colum. 10,17). Hünemörder, Christian (Hamburg)
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Carbo
(38 words)
[German version] Roman cognomen (‘the ulcer’) of the most important plebeian branches of the Papirii in the 2nd and 1st cents. BC (Cic. Fam. 9,21,3). Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) Bibliography ThlL, Onom. 183f. Kajanto, Cognomina, 341 Schulze, 314.
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Carcabus
(58 words)
[German version] (Καρκάβος, Καρνάβας [
Karkábos,
Karnábas] in Eust. at Hom. Il. 4,88). Founder of Zelia at Cyzicus, son of Triopas and father of Pandarus. He kills his cruel father and flees to Tros, the king of the Dardani, who expiates him and gives him the land of Zelia (schol. Hom. Il. 4,88). Graf, Fritz (Columbus, OH)
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Carcer
(329 words)
[German version] According to Varro, Ling. 5,151, the term
carcer, i.e. a place for individual detention, is derived from
coercere; it is thus linked to the magistracy's powers of
coercitio for the direct enforcement of its authority, and not the punishment of criminal misconduct. ‘The
carcer has to be maintained for the detention, not the punishment of people’:
carcer enim ad continendos homines, non ad puniendos haberi debet (Ulp. Dig. 48,19,8,7). Civil law offences and other obligations, for which the obligator was liable in person, were regulated by the XI…
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Carcinus
(585 words)
(Καρκίνος;
Karkínos). [German version] [1] Cancer, the crab that was turned into a sign of the zodiac for biting Heracles in the foot at the behest of Hera while fighting the Hydra (Eratosth. Katasterismoi 11). The Alexandrian month of Karkinon (Καρκινών) was named after it. Walde, Christine (Basle) [German version] [2] Epic poet C. of Naupactus, epic poet of the archaic period. In Paus. 10,38,11 C. is named, with reference to Charon of Lampsacus, as the author of the Ναυπάκτια ἔπη (
Naupáktia épē), evidently a history of this town, lying at the entrance to the Corinthian Gulf…
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Carco
(56 words)
[German version] (Καρκώ;
Karkṓ). Equated by Hesychius (s.v. C., 834) to the Lamia, C. is one of the frightening female monsters who can be taken as personifications of death, especially the death of small children which they eat. This aspect is emphasized by C.'s name (related to
kárcharos = ‘caustic’, ‘shrill’). Schaffner, Brigitte (Basle)
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Cardamyle
(176 words)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Sparta | Achaeans, Achaea (Καρδαμύλη;
Kardamýlē). Spartan perioecic settlement on the western side of the Taygetus peninsula. The ancient acropolis, on a hillside surrounded by precipitous cliff faces (Str. 8,4,4), lies about 2 km inland from the sea, 1 km north of the modern Kardamili. Pottery from the Mycenaean to the Roman periods; remains of the ring wall from the classical or Hellenistic period. In Hom. Il. 9,150 and 292, C. is named as one of…
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Cardia
(294 words)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Thraci, Thracia | Colonization | Persian Wars (Καρδία;
Kardía). Town on the northern face of the Thracian Chersonesus on the Melas Kolpos (Ps.-Scyl. 67; Ps.-Scymn. 698f.; Str. 7a,1,52;54), not localized (the modern Bakla Liman?), described in Dem. Or. 23,182 as the gateway to Thrace. It was founded towards the end of the 7th cent. BC by Miletus, possibly with colonists from Clazomenae (Str. loc. cit), and re-established by Miltiades with Attic coloni…
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Cardo, kardo
(377 words)
[German version] The point around which something rotates; technical term in Roman land-surveying ( limitatio); within the rectangular grid of the survey, it refers to the horizontal lines (
limites). Originally, it was a cosmological term, referring to the pivotal point of the uni- verse; later, it was used to describe the north-south axis -- in contrast with the east-west axis of the
decumanus , which divided the world into two halves, one of sunrise and one of sunset, or one of day and one of night [1. 147]. In gromatic theory ( Surve…
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Carduchi
(175 words)
[German version] (Καρδοῦχοι;
Kardoûchoi). First mentioned by Xenophon (Xen. An. 3,5,15 and
passim), a mountain people living in the northernmost foothills of the Zagrus, the Καρδούχεια ὄρη (Diod. Sic. 14,27,4). Xenophon describes the C. as living in villages and cultivating the fields, growing wine and raising cattle, as well as doing craftwork. He particularly emphasizes their military significance as archers and catapult shooters. Whilst in the Greek reports it is mainly the (‘natural’) aggression of the…
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Cares, Caria
(3,236 words)
(Κᾶρες, Καρία;
Kâres,
Karía). [German version] I. Geography Tribe and region in south-western Asia Minor, its borders defined in the north by the Maeander and the mountain ranges of Mycale and Mesogis, and in the east by the Salbacus range; the Carian south coast stretches from the Triopic promontory to the bay of Telmessus (Str. 14,2,1; Liv. 37,16). Along its western coast -- characterized by gulfs and long stretched-out peninsulas -- lay the following towns which initially still belonged to Ionia: Mi…
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Carfulenus
(94 words)
[German version] Very rare family name. C. commanded several cohorts under Caesar in the Alexandrinian War (Bell. Alex. 31,1-3). After the Ides of March 44 BC, he joined Octavian ( Augustus), and was expelled from the Senate on 28 November 44 (C(Cic. Phil. 3,23), perhaps because he was a people's tribune (MRR 2,324). In April 43, he was sent to Mutina, where M. Antonius attacked both him and the consul Pansa; C.'s wing fought victoriously, but he himself probably died in the aftermath (Cic. Fam. 10,33,4; App. B Civ. 3,272ff.). Kienast, Dietmar (Neu-Esting)
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Carian
(845 words)
[German version] Language of the inhabitants of Caria ( Cares, Caria), documented in
c. 200 inscriptions -- from the 7th-4th cents. BC that are mostly very short or fragmentary and written in a characteristic alphabetic script -- which apart from Greek-Carian bilingual inscriptions from Athens that came from Carian mercenaries and almost solely contain personal names, for the most part come from Egypt (e.g. Saqqāra, Abydus, Abu Simbel), and to a lesser extent from Caria itself (e.g. Caunus, Hyllarima, Sinur…
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Caricature
(725 words)
[German version] The terms caricature, grotesque,
grylloi are sometimes defined differently, sometimes not strictly separated, sometimes used synonymously [11. 89]; but although the word grotesque is differentiated from caricature because, unlike it, caricature refers precisely to a model, in order to cover as many aspects as possible a broader definition of the term caricature is to be preferred [4. 4]. Therefore, regarding term and delimitation. cf. the essential [9]. Caricature as deviation from the normal evoked mockery very early on (Thersites: Hom. Il. 2…
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Caricature
(1,606 words)
Pfarr, Ulrich (Mömbris RWG) [German version] A. Definition (CT) The concept of caricature, which arose around 1600 in Italy, refers first of all to ‘loaded’, i.e. exaggerated, humorous portrait drawings [7. 346]. Already in drawings of the Middle Ages, however, techniques of exaggeration, distortion and contrast are found [7. 13-17] which are today seen as characteristics of caricature. The objects of Classical caricature are Classical works of art and the themes of Classical mythology, but also the Clas…
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Carinae
(226 words)
[German version] Two Roman municipal districts, separated by the
murus terreus Carinarum, a part of the pre-Servian wall which still existed in Varro's times (Varro Ling. 5,48), between Esquiline and Palatine. As part of the Augustan reorganization, both districts were jointly assigned to regio IV (Templum Pacis); the origin of the name is disputed (Serv. Aen. 8,351; Hor. Epist. 1,7,48). The district was the most desirable residential area for the Roman nobility; it was said that, even in Archaic times, T…
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Carinus
(218 words)
[German version] Imperator Caesar M.A. Carinus Augustus, the eldest son of Carus, a brother of Numerianus; around November AD 282, he was made Caesar and
princeps iuventutis by his father, and in spring 283, when his father marched against the Persians, C. was elevated to Augustus. After his campaign against the Quadi (F. Gnecchi, I Medaglioni Romani 2, 1912, pl. 123, no. 8), he called himself Germanicus maximus, adding to that Persicus maximus after Carus' victory in the east, and also, for unknown reasons, Britannicu…
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Carisius
(134 words)
Uncommon family name. [German version] [1] C., P. Commander in Spain under Augustus
Legatus Augusti pro praetore in Spain, defeated the Asturians in 25 BC, conquered the fortress of Lancia and settled veterans in the
colonia Emerita (Flor. Ep. 2,33,54-58; Cass. Dio 53,25,8-26,1). In 22, he crushed an Asturian revolt (Cass. Dio 54,5,1f.). Kienast, Dietmar (Neu-Esting) Bibliography RIC 11, Augustus, no. 277-303 P. le Roux, L'armée Romaine et l'organisation des provinces Ibériques, 1982, 64ff. [German version] [2] C., T. Mint master around 46 BC Mint master
c. 46 BC (RRC 475f. no. 4…
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Caristanius
(91 words)
[German version] [1] C.C. Fronto Official under Vespasian Senator from Caesarea in Pisidia. Vespasian made him
inter tribunicios adlectus. He was the praetorian governor of Lycia-Pamphylia from AD 81-
c. 83/84;
cos. suff. 90 (AE 1949, 23); married to a Sergia Paulla (PIR2 C 423) [1. 109]. Eck, Werner (Cologne) [German version] [2] C.C. Julianus Official, around 100 AD Related to C. [1]; after an equestrian military service, he was admitted into the Senate;
proconsul Achaiae probably AD 100/101 (PIR2 C 426) [1. 129; 2. 334]. Eck, Werner (Cologne) Bibliography
1 Halfmann
2 W. Eck,…
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Carmania
(311 words)
[German version] (Καρμανία,
Karmanía, Latin
Carmania; etymology unclear). Name of an Iranian area east of the Persis and west of the Gedrosia. In western documents the inhabitants of C. are called Καρμάνιοι/
Karmánioi, Latin
Carmanii. This tradition distinguishes at the same time the barren north (ἡ ἔρημος Κ., e.g. Ptol. 6,5,1) from C. proper, which is described as particularly fertile (Str. 15,2,14; Arr. Ind. 32,4f.; Amm. Marc. 23,6,48). In the Achaemenid royal inscriptions, C. is mentioned as the supplier of yakā wood for the palace of Darius I in Susa [2. 14…
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Carmanor
(169 words)
(Καρμάνωρ;
Karmánōr). [German version] [1] Cretan seer A Cretan seer and priest of purification, as such closely connected with Apollo, the god of ritual purification, and with Delphi, his centre of cult worship. He purifies Apollo and Artemis after the killing of the snake Python (in Tarrha, Phaestus or Dion on Crete, Paus. 2,30,3; Euseb. Praep. evang. 5,31); in his house Apollo loves the nymph Acacallis who becomes mother of the founding heroes of the Cretan city Elyrus (on the myth of abandonment …
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Carme
(116 words)
[German version] (Κάρμη;
Kármē). By Zeus the mother of the Cretan local goddess Britomartis, who according to Paus. 2,30,3 and Diod. Sic. 5,76 is to be equated with Dictynna. C. is the daughter of Eubulus and granddaughter of Carmanor [1], one of the close companions of Apollo, who atones him of the killing of the python; her mother is Demeter. According to another genealogy, C. descends from the Agenor-son Phoenix and the Arabius-daughter Cassiopeia (Antoninus Liberalis 40). In view of these con…
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Carmel
(361 words)
[German version] (Hebrew Bible: ‘orchard, tree grove’; Arabic Ǧabal Carmel or Ǧabal Mār Ilyās; Greek Κάρμηλος; Vulgate:
Carmelus; crusader:
Mons Carmel). Limestone and chalk mountains in northern Palestine, 5-8 km wide, 23 km long and up to 552 metres high. According to Biblical tradition the Carmel was situated south of the Asher tribe (Jos. 19,26). The Hebrew Bible praises the beauty of the mountain range (HL 7,6; Is. 33,9; 35,2; Jer. 46,18; 50,19; Am 1,2; 9,3; Nah 1,4). In Egyptian sources of the 3rd and 2nd millennium BC, Carme…
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Carmen ad Flavium Felicem
(94 words)
[German version] In
c. AD 500, a Christian anonymous author, probably in Africa, wrote the C., a poem of 406 hexameters with epyllic qualities; its topic was the proof of the resurrection of the dead (102-136) and the divine last judgement of good (186-268) and evil (269-355) people. Its style frequently imitates that of Virgil, but also that of Christian poets [1; 2. 118ff.]; furthermore, verses frequently end in pseudo-rhymes. Pollmann, Karla (St. Andrews) Bibliography
1 J. H. Waszink, Florilegium Patristicum Suppl. 1, 1937, 47-116
2 S. Isetta, C., in: Vetera Christianorum…
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Carmen ad quendam senatorem
(95 words)
[German version] In the C. (end of 4th cent. AD [3. 124-130]), a Christian anonymous author speaks out -- in 85 hexameters -- against the absurdity of the pagan cults of Mater Magna (6-20) and Isis (21-34), triggered by the apostasy (1-5; 35-50) of a formerly Christian legate (27). The pamphlet copies some satirical elements from Horace and especially Juvenal [2. 156f.]. Pollmann, Karla (St. Andrews) Bibliography Edition:
1 R. Peiper, CSEL 23, 1891, 227-230. Secondary literature:
2 R. B. Begley, The C., diss. Ann Arbor 1984
3 L. Cracco Ruggini, Il paganesimo romano tra re…
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Carmen adversus Marcionitas
(124 words)
[German version] (previously: Marcionem). Hexametrical Christian didactic poem ( didactic poetry) in 5 bks. (summary 5,1-18), which is aimed at the heretical positions of the Marcionites ( Marcion) (1,141-144). It is not written by Tertullian, but rather by an anonymous author, whose origins are difficult to ascertain [2. 15-22, 29f.]. The poem was written sometime between AD 420-450 [2. 28-33]. Bk. 3 takes up the concept of the
ecclesia ab Abel from Aug. Civ. 15. In order to prove the unity of OT and NT, the author employs numerous, and at times complex, ty…
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Carmen Arvale
(224 words)
[German version] Hymn used by the
Arvales fratres to accompany their dance (
tripudium) for Dea Dia and Mars (CLE 1). Whilst its earliest transmission is an inaccurate inscription from AD 218 [1. 644-64], the text does preserve some characteristics of the early language (Lases without changing the intervocalic
-s- - > -r-). In its substance, it must precede quite substantially the early Augustan reform of the cult, even if it was developed under Greek influence [2]; in any case, it is unlikely to be an archaistic creation of the middle Impe…
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Carmen contra paganos
(123 words)
[German version] The Parisian Cod. Lat. 8084 of Prudentius transmits in fol. 156r-158v 122 v. an anonymous defamatory poem (CPL 1431), directed against a
praefectus (
urbis or
praetorio orientis), presumably Virius Nicomachus Flavianus [2] the Elder, but alternatively perhaps Vettius Agorius Praetextatus. The text is not only a Christian reaction to the pagan Roman renaissance under Symmachus, but also a testimony of the Christian reception of Virgil. The
Carmen contra paganos belongs to the genre of apologetic poetry, and makes interesting references to the pag…
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Carmen de bello Aegyptiaco
(100 words)
[German version] (or
Actiaco) is the modern title for 52 hexameters in eight columns and some fragments on P Hercul. 817. It is improbable that Rabirius was their author; they were more likely part of the
Res Romanae by Cornelius Severus. The poem deals with Octavian's Egyptian campaign after Actium, and Cleopatra's preparations for suicide. Courtney, Edward (Charlottesville, VA) Bibliography G. Ferrara, Poematis latini reliquiae, 1908 G. Garuti, Bellum Actiacum, 1958 Courtney, 334 R. Seider, Paläographie der lat. Papyri, vol. 2.1, 1978, 4 (for the papyrus) M. Gigante, Catal…
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Carmen de figuris
(133 words)
[German version] Factual poem in 185 Latin hexameters, dealing in alphabetical order with rhetorical figures; it was designed as an
aide-mémoire in the teaching of rhetorics. It was evidently based on Rutilius Lupus and Alexander [25], son of Numenius. As a rule, three lines are offered per figure (the Greek designation, one line for the Latin definition, two lines of examples from Greek and Latin classics). The writer is anonymous (the addressee Messius is perhaps identical with Arusianus Messius); the late Lat…
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Carmen de ligno crucis (de pascha)
(153 words)
[German version] A poem of 69 hexameters, also transmitted under the titles of
De pascha or
De cruce Domini nostri, and ascribed to Cyprian, less commonly to Victorinus of Pettau. It is unlikely that it was written earlier than AD 400, perhaps in northern Italy. As a tightly constructed allegory, which combines Christ and his cross, the root of Jesse, the Tree of Life in paradise, and Jacob's ladder into the image of a tree, the poem provides a detailed and vivid description of the developmental history of Christianity as well as an individual's way to salvation. Allegorical poetry Schwin…
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Carmen de martyrio Maccabaeorum
(102 words)
[German version] The C. (394 hexameters), which in MSS is attributed to Hilarius of Poitiers or Marius Victorinus, originates from an unknown author and an unknown period, most likely from the 5th cent. AD. It recounts the death of a mother and her seven sons at the hands of Antiochus, king of Syria (2 Macc. 7; 4 Macc. 8-18). The poem celebrates the unconquerable will of the mother in a series of speeches, which constitute the bulk of the text. Bible poetry Roberts, Michael (Middletown, CT) Bibliography Edition: R. Peiper, CSEL 23,240-254. Secondary literature: D. Kartschoke, Bibeldi…
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Carmen de ponderibus et mensuris
(116 words)
[German version] Anonymous Latin poem, dated between the end of the 4th and beginning of the 6th cent. AD, and dedicated to a Symmachus, perhaps the father-in-law of Boethius; it is a skilfully formed and clearly structured didactic poem ( Didactic poetry) in 208 hexameters about weights and measures, the procedure for ascertaining the specific weight of fluids as well as the relative proportions of metals, especially of gold-silver alloys.…
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