Brill’s New Pauly
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Subject: Classical Studies
Edited by: Hubert Cancik and Helmuth Schneider (Antiquity) and Manfred Landfester (Classical Tradition).
English translation edited by Christine F. Salazar (Antiquity) and Francis G. Gentry (Classical Tradition)
Brill´s New Pauly is the English edition of the authoritative Der Neue Pauly, published by Verlag J.B. Metzler since 1996. The encyclopaedic coverage and high academic standard of the work, the interdisciplinary and contemporary approach and clear and accessible presentation have made the New Pauly the unrivalled modern reference work for the ancient world. The section on Antiquity of Brill´s New Pauly are devoted to Greco-Roman antiquity and cover more than two thousand years of history, ranging from the second millennium BC to early medieval Europe. Special emphasis is given to the interaction between Greco-Roman culture on the one hand, and Semitic, Celtic, Germanic, and Slavonic culture, and ancient Judaism, Christianity, and Islam on the other hand. The section on the Classical Tradition is uniquely concerned with the long and influential aftermath of antiquity and the process of continuous reinterpretation and revaluation of the ancient heritage, including the history of classical scholarship. Brill´s New Pauly presents the current state of traditional and new areas of research and brings together specialist knowledge from leading scholars from all over the world. Many entries are elucidated with maps and illustrations and the English edition will include updated bibliographic references.
Subscriptions: see brill.com
English translation edited by Christine F. Salazar (Antiquity) and Francis G. Gentry (Classical Tradition)
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Brill´s New Pauly is the English edition of the authoritative Der Neue Pauly, published by Verlag J.B. Metzler since 1996. The encyclopaedic coverage and high academic standard of the work, the interdisciplinary and contemporary approach and clear and accessible presentation have made the New Pauly the unrivalled modern reference work for the ancient world. The section on Antiquity of Brill´s New Pauly are devoted to Greco-Roman antiquity and cover more than two thousand years of history, ranging from the second millennium BC to early medieval Europe. Special emphasis is given to the interaction between Greco-Roman culture on the one hand, and Semitic, Celtic, Germanic, and Slavonic culture, and ancient Judaism, Christianity, and Islam on the other hand. The section on the Classical Tradition is uniquely concerned with the long and influential aftermath of antiquity and the process of continuous reinterpretation and revaluation of the ancient heritage, including the history of classical scholarship. Brill´s New Pauly presents the current state of traditional and new areas of research and brings together specialist knowledge from leading scholars from all over the world. Many entries are elucidated with maps and illustrations and the English edition will include updated bibliographic references.
Subscriptions: see brill.com
Caiatia
(109 words)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Coloniae Town of the Caudini in Samnium at the junction of the roads connecting Capua, Allifae and Telesia, modern Caiazzo. Possibly a
civitas sine suffragio prior to 306 BC, C. became a
civitas foederata after the Second Punic War and, following the Social Wars, in 89 BC a
municipium of the
tribus Falerna, with
II viri. There is documentary evidence of a bishop's seat after AD 967. Buonocore, Marco (Rome) Bibliography G. Chouquer (ed.), Structures agraires en Italie centro-méridionale, Collection de l'Ecole Fra…
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Caicus
(165 words)
(Κάϊκος;
Káikos). [German version] [1] River in Western Asia Minor Today called Bakır Çayı. River in western Asia Minor (Hdt. 6,28; 7,42; Xen. An. 7,8,18; Str. 12,8,12; 13,1,70; Arr. Anab. 5,6,4; Paus. 1,10,4; 5,13,3). It rises in the western Temnus mountains, a landscape that Livy (37,37,3) and Pliny (HN 5,125) referred to as Teuthrania. The plain named after the river C. was fertile and well populated. C. reached the ocean between Elaia and Pitane in the Aeolis, where the river's sedimentation has pushed the land far into the bay of Elaia (the Ἐλαΐτης κόλπος;
Elaítes kólpos, today's Can…
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Caieta
(191 words)
[German version] Port on the Tyrrhenian Sea, located in the foothills of the same name which form the western end of the
sinus Caietanus or
Formianus; modern Gaeta (province of Latina). It was reputedly named after either Aeetes, the father of Medea (Lycoph. 1274), or the wet-nurse of Aeneas [1], who was supposedly buried there (Verg. Aen. 7,1-7), or after the shoals in its bay (Laconian καιέτας, Str. 5,3,6); temple of Apollo (Liv. 40,2,4). In Roman times, it was a health resort, same as Formiae (four miles away), with
villae and attached mausolea. C. was also the location of the
villae of S…
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Caiphas
(193 words)
[German version] (Και(α)φᾶς,
Cai(a)phâs). Joseph, with the epithet Caiphas (from Aramaic
qayyāfā), was high priest of the Temple of Jerusalem (AD 18-36) and therefore the leader of the Sanhedrin ( Synhedrion), the highest Jewish authority for civil and political issues during Hellenistic and Roman times. As son-in-law of the high priest Ananus (or
Annas,
Hannas; AD 6-15), he belonged to one of the important families of priests that regularly occupied this office (Jo 18,13; also mPar 3,5 and tYev 1,10) [4. 234]. He was appointed by the Roman
procurator Valerius Gratus (AD 15-26), …
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Cairo, Egyptian Museum
(2,113 words)
Saleh, Mohamed (Cairo ) [German version] A. History (CT) A
firman (decree) concerning the preservation of antiquities was issued in Egypt for the first time in 1835, after the country's monuments had for very many years been plundered by native and foreign treasure-hunters and sent to Europe. At the same time, the scholar Refaa el Tahtawi was commissioned by the Wali (governor) Mohamed Ali to set up a museum for Egyptian antiquities under his supervision, which was to be located in the Ezbakiah Garden in …
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Calabri, Calabria
(636 words)
[German version] A. Definition South-eastern extension of the Italian peninsula (Str. 6,3,1: its name possibly of indigenous origin; [1; 2. 32], for different view [5]), modern Salento. Καλαβρία (
Kalabría) is first attested for Rhinto (Hsch. s.v. K.),
c. 300 BC; according to Str. 6,3,5, most authors used
Kalabría synonymously with Ἰαπυγία (
Iapygía), Μεσσαπία (
Messapía) and Σαλεντίνη (
Salentínē) for the peninsula south of the isthmus of Tarentum -- Brundisium. The earliest mention of the tribe of that region as Καλαβροί (
Kalaboí) in Pol. 10.1; in Roman triumphs (of 280, 2…
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Calachene
(47 words)
[German version] (Καλαχηνή;
Kalachēnḗ). Region bordered by the Tigris and the Great Zab around the earlier Neo-Assyrian capital Kalḫu (now Nimrūd), east of the Tigris, north of the Adiabene (Str. 11,4,8; 11,14,12; 16,1,1; Ptol. 6,1,2) Kessler, Karlheinz (Emskirchen) Bibliography F. H. Weissbach, s.v. K., RE 10, 1530.
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Calagurris
(168 words)
[German version] [1] Fibularia This item can be found on the following maps: Christianity A settlement of the Vascones, probably the modern Loarre in the Spanish province of Huesca in Spain. Bishop Ianuarius, one of the participants in the Council of Iliberis, may have come from C. Barceló, Pedro (Potsdam) Bibliography Tovar 3, 381-382. [German version] [2] Nasica This item can be found on the following maps: Christianity Iberian town on the Iberus in the Spanish province of Zaragoza, modern Calahorra. It played a part in the Celtiberian Wars (181-133 BC) and i…
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Calais and Zetes
(355 words)
[German version] (Κάλαϊς, Ζήτης;
Kálaïs,
Zḗtēs). Boreads, wind gods, the winged sons of Boreas and Oreithyia, brothers of Cleopatra and Chione [1]. Sent by their father from Thrace (Pind. Pyth. 4.179-183), they become members of the Argonauts (Apollod. 1.111; 3.199; Apoll. Rhod. 1.211-223; Ov. Met. 6.712-721). In Salmydessus they free the blind prophet Phineus, who is married to Cleopatra, from the Harpies. In the fight, C. and Z. were initially supposed to die, like the Harpies (Apollod. 1.122; 3.199 [1. 2291; 2. 104ff.]). However, divine intervention rescues both la…
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Calama
(117 words)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Theatre | Coloniae | Pilgrimage Probably a Libyan settlement of the later Africa proconsularis, 74 km south-west of Hippo Regius, modern Guelma, strongly influenced by Punic traditions (documentary evidence: KAI 165-169; Inscr. latines de l'Algérie 1, 233; 290). Under Trajan (AD 98-117), it became a
municipium (Inscr. latines de l'Algérie 1, 285), and a
colonia before 283 (Inscr. latines de l'Algérie 1, 247). Imperial domains were located within the territory of C. (CIL VIII 1…
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Calamae
(73 words)
[German version] (Καλάμαι;
Kalámai). Settlement in south-east Messenia (κώμη, Paus. 4,31,3; χωρίον, Pol. 5,92,4 for 217 BC). Small hillock with remains of walls, 1 km south of the modern Jannitsa. C. probably extended to a further hillside nearby, where today a chapel of Hagios Vasilios is found. The modern Kalamata (officially Kalamai) corresponds with the ancient Pharae. Inscriptions: IG V 1, 1369f. Lafond, Yves (Bochum) Bibliography E. Meyer, s.v. Messenien, RE Suppl. 15, 180f.
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Calamis
(634 words)
[German version] Greek sculptor; ancient sources praise his horses and female figures, refer to him as the sculptor who made the transition to the classical period. He endowed his works with both ‘hardness’ and ‘grace’. He is linked with Onatas, Praxiteles and Scopas. Many researchers have tried to solve the chronological contradictions by assuming that there were numerous sculptors of the same name with various surviving works ascribed to them. Since no work can be sufficiently proven to originate from C., the extent of his work is not known. From the famous C. originated a stat…
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Calamites
(88 words)
[German version] (Καλαμίτης;
Kalamítēs). Attic hero whose sanctuary was probably not far from the market, near the municipal Lenaion in Athens, which suggests a connection to Dionysus [1. 124]. According to schol. Patm. on Demosth. Or. 18.129, C. derives from the word
kálamos (‘reed’) [3]; by deriving
kalámē (‘grain stalk’) according to a different tradition [2], C. would become a part of the Demeter circle. Vogeler, Joachim (Baton Rouge, LA) Bibliography
1 Deubner
2 S. Eitrem, s.v. K., RE 10, 1537
3 M. J. Sakkélion, Scholies de Démosthène, in: BCH 1, 1877, 142.
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Calamus
(523 words)
[German version] [1] Son of Maeander (Κάλαμος;
Kálamos). Son of the river god Maeander. When his lover Carpus drowns, C. begs Zeus for a premature death. In response, Zeus turns him into a reed, Carpus into a field fruit (Serv. Ecl. 5,48; Nonn. Dion. 11,370ff.; [2. 279]). In a different myth, C. is the lover of Cissus [3. 168 n. 2]. Vogeler, Joachim (Baton Rouge, LA) Bibliography
1 H. Meyer, s.v. K., RE 10, 1538
2 J. Murr, Die Pflanzenwelt in der griech. Myth., 1880
3 E. Rohde, Der griech. Roman, 31914. [German version] [2] All types of reeds κάλαμος, Lat.
calamus, harundo, canna, the n…
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Calanus
(265 words)
[German version] Name or nickname of an Indian sage who is said to have come into contact with the Greeks when Alexander the Great stayed in Taxila at the beginning of 326 BC. According to his own report, Onesicritus made contact with the Brahmans of Taxila on the orders of Alexander; he claims that C. initially mocked him, but then related to him his theory on the ages of the world (cf. Str. 15,1,63-65; Plut. Alexander 65). According to Megasthenes (in Str. 15,1,68; Arr. Anab. 7,2) and the later …
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Calasiris
(38 words)
[German version] (Καλάσιρις;
Kalásiris).The priest C. is one of the main figures in Heliodorus' [8] novel
Aithiopiká. Jansen-Winkeln, Karl (Berlin) Bibliography H. Kees, s.v. Kalasiris, RE 10, 1547 A.B. Lloyd, Herodotus, Book II, vol. 2, 1976, 342.
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Calata comitia
(306 words)
[German version] Apart from the
comitia curiata the earliest form of the Roman people's Assembly convened by the
pontifices twice yearly [1. 215] (about 6th-4th cents. BC). The
calata comitia (CC) take their name from the word
calare (‘to call’; cf. Fest. p. 251 s.v.
procalare) that was common in priestly language etc. in conjunction with the ‘proclamation’ of the
dies fasti ( Calendar) [2. 312]. The sources have passed down to us the occasions for the convening of the CC
-- the
inauguratio of the
rex (later of the
rex sacrorum) and the so-called ‘great Flamines’ of Rome (Gell. …
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Calatiae
(67 words)
[German version] (Hecat. in Steph. Byz. FGrH;
Kallatiai in Hdt. 3,38). Indian ethnic group whose members according to Hdt. used to eat their parents -- an ethnological curiosity that in another citation (Hdt. 3,99) was attributed to another Indian people, the Padaioi, likewise to the Iranian Massagetae (Hdt. 1,216) and the Issedones (Hdt. 4,26). Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki) Bibliography K. Karttunen, India in Early Greek Literature, 1989, 197-202.
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Calatores
(133 words)
[German version] From
calare -- ‘to call’. a) Slaves who convey orders (Fest. p. 34; differently [1] who equates calatores with
nomenclatores on the basis of Plaut. Merc. 852. The latter are slaves who give their masters the names of those passing while away). b) Assistants of the higher priests, almost exclusively freed persons. They are already in evidence on the Forum stele (CIL I2 1). Their task was to prepare the way for the priest by calling and to stop the priest coming into contact with polluted elements or unfavourable omens prior to sacrifices. The…
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Calaurea
(207 words)
[German version] (Καλαύρεια;
Kalaúreia). Island in the south of the Saronic Gulf off the coast of the Argive Acte (21 km2, up to a height of 283 m), modern Poros. Grave finds have verified that the island was already inhabited in Mycenaean times [1. 297ff.]. The ancient town with its famous Poseidon sanctuary (right of asylum) -- partially extant and excavated -- was situated in the interior of the island. The earliest finds from the sanctuary date back to the geometric period; the temple was built at the end of …
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Calavius
(157 words)
Campanian family name, whose bearers were highly respected in Capua, and who in the Republican age were one of Rome's foremost enemies (ThlL, Onom. 71). [German version] [1] Calavii Arsonists in Rome, executed 210 BC were executed for arson in Rome in 210 BC (Liv. 26,27). Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) [German version] [2] C., Novius and Ovius Header of a conspiracy against the Romans in 314 BC They headed a conspiracy against the Romans in 314 BC, and after their exposure committed suicide (Liv. 9,26,7). Their father was perhaps Ofilius C., named in Livy (9,7,2-5) Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Boc…
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Calceus
(275 words)
[German version] Roman shoe or half-boot made of leather that was probably adopted from the Etruscans and was part of the clothing (
vestis forensis) of the noble Roman citizen. If a member of the nobility dressed in other shoes in public, he would be criticized (Suet.Tib. 13; an exception was the dress for the banquet at which people wore the
solla; Hor. Sat. 2,8,77; Mart. 3,50,3; Suet. Vit. 2). In Roman literature and art the
calceus was represented in many ways; three variants can be distinguished that at the same time served to differentiate between social ranks. Th…
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Calceus Herculis
(84 words)
[German version] Oasis west of the Aurès mountains, nowadays probably El-Kantara (north of Biskra). The road from Lambaesis to the Numidian limes went through C. (Tab. Peut. 3,5). This strategically important location was, in the 2nd and 3rd cent., garrison to archers and camel-riders from Emesa and Palmyra, who introduced their native gods to C.H.: CIL VIII 1, 2502, 2505, 2515; Suppl. 2, 18007f. Further inscriptions: CIL VIII 1, 2496-2515; Suppl. 2, 18004-18012; AE 1992, 522f. no. 1848-1854. Huß, Werner (Bamberg)
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Calchas
(284 words)
[German version] (Κάλχας;
Kálchas, Lat. Calchas). Son of Thestor, seer and augur for the Greeks during the Trojan War who ‘knew what is, what will be, and what was’ (Hom. Il. 1.70). To the army gathered in Aulis awaiting departure, C. correctly prophesied, based on the flight of birds, that Troy would be defeated in the tenth year of the war (Hom. Il. 2.303ff.; Kypria argumentum p. 40 Bernabé). When the Greek fleet was prevented from departing due to lack of wind, C. explained that Artemis was ang…
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Calchedon
(726 words)
This item can be found on the following maps: Pontos Euxeinos | Byzantium | Christianity | Diadochi and Epigoni | Hellenistic states | Colonization | Oracles | Peloponnesian War | Pergamum | Persian Wars | Pilgrimage | Pompeius | Delian League (Καλχηδών;
Kalchēdṓn, also Chalkedon; Lat. Calchedon, Calcedon, Chalcedon). [German version] I. Prehistory to Roman Period Prehistorical settlement area on the south-eastern entrance into the Bosporus (map); in
c. 685 BC, the harbour town was founded as a Megarian colony; modern Kadıköy. Its territory extended along the e…
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Calchus
(71 words)
[German version] (Κάλχος;
Kálchos). King of the Daunians ( Daunia), lover of Circe prior to the arrival of Odysseus. Because he continues to importune her against her will, she drives him to madness with enchanted food and drink. As a Daunian army begins looking for him, Circe releases him from her spell, but only after C. promises never to set foot on her island again (Parthenius 12). Walde, Christine (Basle)
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Calcidius
(247 words)
[German version] (not Chalcidius). Christian philosopher; his dates are disputed: he either lived from the second half of the 3rd to the first half of the 4th cent. AD [1] or from the first half to the middle of 4th cent. [2]. Assigning his commentary on Plato's
Timaeus to a particular school of thought (for Middle Platonism see [1] or Neoplatonism, see [2; 3; 4; 5]), is further complicated by the fact that important tenets, like those on providence and
fatum, have basically remained unchanged from Middle Platonism to the end of Neoplatonism [6]. C.'s
Timaeus commentary is also the first …
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Caldis
(35 words)
[German version] Auxiliary fort, north-west of Cirta, west of the modern Mechta Nahar. Many steles, dedicated to Saturnus. Inscriptions: Inscr. latines de l'Algérie 2,1, 3442-3569. Huß, Werner (Bamberg) Bibliography AAAlg, sheet 8, no. 173.
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Cale Acte
(133 words)
[German version] (Καλὴ Ἀκτή;
Kalḕ Áktē). Greek town on the northern coast of Sicily, founded in 446 BC by Ducetius with the support of Archonides, the tyrant of Herbita (Diod. Sic. 12,8,2f.). As early as 495 BC, Scythas of Zanclae had planned the foundation of an Ionian colony on that site. C.A. was probably first entered in around 200 BC into the lists of the
theōrodókoi of Delphi. It was plundered by Verres (Cic. Verr. 2,3,101). Birth place of the rhetor Caecilius [III 5]. Localized near the modern Caronia Marina. Remains of a reservoir, statue of a
togatus. Coins: [1. 129f.]. Manganaro, …
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Caledonii
(196 words)
[German version] Ancient authors applied the name C. variously: either to the inhabitants of Scotland north of a line from the Forth to the Clyde (Tac. Agr. 25), or to a tribe in the region of the Great Glen (Ptol. 2,3,8), or to a group of tribes in northern Scotland (Cass. Dio 76,12). The reference to
Caledonia in Tac. Agr. 27 and to
silvae Caledoniae in Plin. HN 4,102 suggests that the C. settled across a large area of eastern Scotland. Almost unknown prior to the Roman invasion, they offered fierce resistance to it, before they were decisively defeated by…
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Calendar
(4,567 words)
A. Basic Principles [German version] 1. Term Calendar developed its modern meaning in post-antiquity from the Latin word for ‘debt register’ (
Calendarium ). In the following, the term is taken as an element of chronography within a culture which attempts to describe or regulate annual periodicities. Typically, a day represents the smallest unit of a calendar ( Clocks). Rüpke, Jörg (Erfurt) [German version] 2. Social Construction of Time Hunting and farming both demand a harmonization with seasonal variations ( Seasons), thus leading to annually repeated patte…
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Calendar
(3,617 words)
Rüpke, Jörg (Erfurt) [German version] A. Traditions (CT) Of the many calendar systems of Greek and Roman Antiquity only the Jewish and the Julian Calendars survived in use beyond the late classical period. For many other systems, such as the Gaulish calendar, or that of Coligny, or the conventional lunisolar calendar of the Eastern Mediterranean, there are clear breaks in the tradition after the 4th cent. AD. The Julian Calendar, the system adopted by the Roman administration, was taken over by the Chri…
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Calendarium
(269 words)
[German version] The Roman
calendarium was a register of loans; the meaning of the word stems from the fact that loan agreements often came into force on the
Kalendae, the first day of the month, and that the
Kalendae or the
Idus (mid-month) were commonly set as the day the loan became due. In their
calendarium, private individuals kept a record in their of the sums they had loaned with interest, of the debtors, the provisions of the loan agreements and the due dates of the loans (Sen. Ep. 87,7; cf. Dig. 15,1,58). In the area of public finances, the word
calendarium could refer to the totalit…
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Calenian Pottery
(144 words)
[German version] Generic term for lower Italian black-glazed pottery ( Relief ware), evident from the second half of the 4th cent. to the 2nd cent. BC. The term Calenian Pottery (CP) (askoi, bowls, omphalos phialae, gutti) is commonly used for this group of vessels, yet they were undoubtedly also produced in other regions (Paestum, Sicily, Tarentum). Particularly well-known are bowls with medallions, worked in a medium relief (‘Arethusa bowls’); their origin from Cales (Calenus) or rather Campania…
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Calenus
(33 words)
[German version] Roman cognomen (probably for descent from Cales) in the
gens Fufia in the 1st cent. BC; frequent epigraphical attestations in the imperial age (ThlL, Onom. 79). Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum)
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Cales
(225 words)
[German version] [2] This item can be found on the following maps: Social Wars | Theatre | Tribus | Coloniae | Coloniae Main centre of the Ausones in Campania (Καλησία;
Kalēsía: Steph. Byz. s.v.; Calenum: Plin. HN 3,63; Cale), on an elevated plain, enclosed on three sides by the Rio de' Lauzi and the Rio di Pezzasecca, modern Calvi Risorta. For its foundation myth cf. Verg. Aen. 7,728 (Aurunca), Sil. Pun. 8,512; 12,525 (Calais), Dion. Hal. Ant. Rom. 6,32,37 (Volsci). Conquered by the Romans in 334 BC (Liv. 8,16; Vell. Pat. 1,14,3),
municipium, seat of the quaestor for Campania (Tac. An…
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Calesius
(36 words)
[German version] (Καλήσιος;
Kalḗsios). Trojan ally from Arisbe (northern Troad), charioteer of Axylus, slain together with Axylus by Diomedes (Hom. Il. 6.18). Stoevesandt, Magdalene (Basle) Bibliography P. Wathelet, Dictionnaire des Troyens de l'Iliade, 1988, no. 184.
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Calestrius
(153 words)
[German version] [1] C. Tiro Proconsul of the Baetica, around 107 BC Friend of Pliny the Younger (Ep. 7,16),
quaestor Caesaris, tribunus plebis, praetor in AD 93,
procos. prov. Baeticae
c. AD 107 (Plin. Ep. 6,22,7; 9,5; PIR2 C 222) [1. 779ff.]. Eck, Werner (Cologne) [German version] [2] T.C. Tiro Iulius Maternus Governor of Lycia-Pamphylia AD 132-135 Son of C. [3], governor of Lycia-Pamphylia AD 132-135 (AE 1972, 651a; IGR 3, 704, 1) [2. 83f.; 3. 39, 43]. Eck, Werner (Cologne) [German version] [3] T.C. Tiro Orbius Speratus Cos. suff. in 122 Senator, probably a younger brother or …
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Caletor
(87 words)
(Καλήτωρ;
Kalḗtōr). [German version] [1] Father of Aphareus Achaean, father of Aphareus who was killed by Aeneas (Hom. Il. 13.541). Stoevesandt, Magdalene (Basle) [German version] [2] Cousin of Hector Trojan, son of Clytius [4], cousin of Hector (Hom. Il. 15.419ff.), brother-in-law of Cycnus [2] (Paus. 10.14.2). Killed by Ajax [1] when attempting to set one of the Achaean ships on fire (Hom. Il. 15.419ff.; Tabula Iliaca). Stoevesandt, Magdalene (Basle) Bibliography R. Hampe, s.v. Alexandros (89), LIMC 1.1, 517 P. Wathelet, Dictionnaire des Troyens de l'Iliade, 1988, …
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Calgacus
(59 words)
[German version] One of the Caledonian leaders (
dux) in the battle at mons Graupius (possibly north of Aberdeen) in the late summer of AD 84, which gained Agricola the
triumphalia ornamenta (Tac. Agr. 29ff.), but did not lead to a permanent annexation of Caledonia. Kunst, Christiane (Potsdam) Bibliography W. S. Hanson, Agricola and the Conquest of the North, 1987.
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Caliadne
(21 words)
[German version] (Καλιάδνη, Καλιάνδη;
Kaliádnē,
Kaliándē). Naiad, mother of twelve sons fathered by Aegyptus (Apollod. 2.19). Zingg, Reto (Basle)
Source:
Brill’s New Pauly
Calibration
(652 words)
[German version] In Greece, the authority over calibration as well as the control over official measures and weights lay in the hands of the
agoranómoi, although from the mid 4th cent. BC at the latest there is evidence that assistant officials called
metronómoi were in charge of these affairs. Fireproof moulds for weights were kept in the office of the market official or the scale master (
zygostátēs). Weights were poured from bronze or lead under official supervision and then were handed over to shops and to the authorities. The weights came in varying shapes…
Source:
Brill’s New Pauly
Calidius
(260 words)
Plebeian family name, attested in Rome from the 1st cent. BC (Schulze, 138; ThlL, Onom. 81f.). [German version] [1] C., M. Mint master in 117 or 116 BC Mint master in 117 or 116 BC (RRC 284), perhaps later
praetor or
propraetor (IG VII 18, Z. 14). Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) [German version] [2] C., M. Praetor in 57 BC
Praetor in 57 BC; as such he supported Cicero's return from exile (Cic. P. Red. Sen. 22), and on this occasion probably gave the speech
De domo Ciceronis (Quint. Inst. 10,1,23). In 52 BC, he took up the cause of T. Annius [I 14] Milo, the murderer of Clodius Pulc…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Caligo
(40 words)
[German version] Personification of darkness, analogous to the Greek Erebus and Skotos. She is the mother of Chaos, and by him she is also mother of Nox, Dies, Erebos and Aether (Hyg. Fab. praef. 1). Bloch, René (Berne)
Source:
Brill’s New Pauly
Caligula
(871 words)
[German version] C. (Iulius) Caesar Augustus Germanicus. Roman emperor AD 37-41. Born 31 August 12 in Antium, son of Germanicus and Agrippina the Elder. A grandnephew of Augustus and grandson of the triumvir Mark Antony by birth, he also became Augustus' grandson, following Germanicus' adoption by Tiberius. He was given the nickname C. (‘bootee’) by the soldiers on the Rhine front, where his mother had taken him in AD 14. On the 26 May 17, he took part in his father's triumph over Germania, follow…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Calindoea
(137 words)
[German version] (Καλίνδοια;
Kalíndoia). Town in Mygdonia/Macedonia near the modern Kalamoton. In the 5th cent. BC, C. was part of the Bottice (IG I3 76) and was probably still independent in 360 BC (IG IV2 1, 94 Ib 13), but may have come into the possession of the Macedonian kings under Philip II, and, together with neighbouring settlements, passed on to Macedonian settlers as a ‘donation’ (
dōreá) by Alexander the Great (SEG 36, 626). Latest under Augustus, C. became an autonomous city with its own council,
ekklesia, and politarchs (SEG 35, 744). Errington, Robert Malcolm (Marburg/L…
Source:
Brill’s New Pauly