Brill’s New Pauly
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Subject: Classical Studies
Edited by: Hubert Cancik and Helmuth Schneider (Antiquity) and Manfred Landfester (Classical Tradition).
English translation edited by Christine F. Salazar (Antiquity) and Francis G. Gentry (Classical Tradition)
Brill´s New Pauly is the English edition of the authoritative Der Neue Pauly, published by Verlag J.B. Metzler since 1996. The encyclopaedic coverage and high academic standard of the work, the interdisciplinary and contemporary approach and clear and accessible presentation have made the New Pauly the unrivalled modern reference work for the ancient world. The section on Antiquity of Brill´s New Pauly are devoted to Greco-Roman antiquity and cover more than two thousand years of history, ranging from the second millennium BC to early medieval Europe. Special emphasis is given to the interaction between Greco-Roman culture on the one hand, and Semitic, Celtic, Germanic, and Slavonic culture, and ancient Judaism, Christianity, and Islam on the other hand. The section on the Classical Tradition is uniquely concerned with the long and influential aftermath of antiquity and the process of continuous reinterpretation and revaluation of the ancient heritage, including the history of classical scholarship. Brill´s New Pauly presents the current state of traditional and new areas of research and brings together specialist knowledge from leading scholars from all over the world. Many entries are elucidated with maps and illustrations and the English edition will include updated bibliographic references.
Subscriptions: see brill.com
English translation edited by Christine F. Salazar (Antiquity) and Francis G. Gentry (Classical Tradition)
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Brill´s New Pauly is the English edition of the authoritative Der Neue Pauly, published by Verlag J.B. Metzler since 1996. The encyclopaedic coverage and high academic standard of the work, the interdisciplinary and contemporary approach and clear and accessible presentation have made the New Pauly the unrivalled modern reference work for the ancient world. The section on Antiquity of Brill´s New Pauly are devoted to Greco-Roman antiquity and cover more than two thousand years of history, ranging from the second millennium BC to early medieval Europe. Special emphasis is given to the interaction between Greco-Roman culture on the one hand, and Semitic, Celtic, Germanic, and Slavonic culture, and ancient Judaism, Christianity, and Islam on the other hand. The section on the Classical Tradition is uniquely concerned with the long and influential aftermath of antiquity and the process of continuous reinterpretation and revaluation of the ancient heritage, including the history of classical scholarship. Brill´s New Pauly presents the current state of traditional and new areas of research and brings together specialist knowledge from leading scholars from all over the world. Many entries are elucidated with maps and illustrations and the English edition will include updated bibliographic references.
Subscriptions: see brill.com
D
(81 words)
[German version] is used in Lat. as an abbreviation of the Roman praenomen Decimus. As a numeral the letter D stands for the value 500. Like the numeral C (= 100) it is derived from a letter of the western Greek alphabet not used in the Latin alphabet: Φ (phi), which stands for the value 1,000; the letter form D, indicating half the value of 1,000, was derived by bisection of the Greek symbol (right half). Eder, Walter (Berlin)
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Dachinabades
(59 words)
[German version] Region of India to the south of Barygaza, with the cities of Paithana and Tagara. Mentioned only in Peripl. m.r. 50f., where δάχανος has also been correctly explained as the Indian word for south, Old Indian dakṣiṇa. Probably following Middle Indian Dakkhiṇābadha (Old Indian dakṣiṇāpatha) as a term for the Indian peninsula. Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki)
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Dacicus
(114 words)
[German version] The victor's name D. was not assumed by Domitian, contrary to the report at Mart. 8 pr. Trajan was officially called D. only after 102; in 236 Maximinus assumed the name D. Maximus for himself and his son Maximus. In the case of later emperors the title was probably unofficial: Decius (D. maximus from 250, but only on Spanish milestones), Gallienus (D. max. only in ILS 552, from 257), Aurelian [3] (ILS 581, from 275). Constantine [1] I named himself D. Maximus in 336 (AE 1934, 158…
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Daci, Dacia
(1,413 words)
(Roman province of
Dacia). [German version] A. Origins The Dacian group of tribes originally settled an extensive territory north of the lower Danube; in the west it reached to the Pathisus (Theiss), in the east possibly to the Hierasus (Sireth) or the Pyretus (Pruth); it was bordered to the north by the crescent of the Carpathians. The D. were a Thracian people. The location of their settlements enabled them to enter into various kinds of relations with neighbouring peoples, e.g. the Scythians and Gepi…
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Dadastana
(124 words)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Celts (Δαδάστανα;
Dadástana, also
Dabastana). Town in Galatia on the border with Bithynia,
c. 20 km west of Nallıhan on the road from Nicaea to Ancyra [2. 31, 106f.]; belonged to Bithynia from the time of Augustus, from that of Diocletian to the
prov. Galatia I (Amm. Marc. 25,10,12) [1. 160]. The emperor Jovian died here on 17 February, AD 364, on his way home from the Persian war. Here, a corps belonging to the usurper Procopius went over to Valens in 365 (Amm. Marc. 25,10,12; 26,8,5). Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt) Bibliography
1 Mi…
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Daedala
(277 words)
(Δαίδαλα;
Daídala). [German version] [1] Fortified settlement north-west of Telmessus This item can be found on the following maps: Lycii, Lycia Fortified settlement north-west of Telmessus in the border region between Lycia and Caria, the eastern part of the Rhodian Peraea [2. 54-57, 97f.]. References: Str. 14,2,2; 3,1; Liv. 37,22,3; Steph. Byz. s.v. D.; Plin. HN 5,103. D. is identified with the ruins of Inlice Asarı [1. 32f.]; for location cf. Ptol. 5,3; Stadiasmos maris magni 256f.; inscriptions are lacking (orig…
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Daedalidae
(96 words)
[German version] (Δαιδαλίδαι;
Daidalídai). Attic
asty deme of the Cecropis phyle, from 307/6 to 201/0 BC of the Demetrias phyle, from AD 126/7 of the Hadrianis. One
bouleutes . With the Daedalion, mentioned only in the
poletai inscription [1] and probably the sanctuary of the eponymous hero of D., it bordered to the south with the Alopece deme. Lohmann, Hans (Bochum) Bibliography
1 J. Young, Greek Inscriptions, in: Hesperia 10, 1941, 14ff., esp. 20f. no. 1, l. 10f. Traill, Attica 10f., 50, 70, 109 no. 30, table 7, 12, 15 J. S. Traill, Demos and Trittys, 1986, 14, 135.
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Daedalion
(81 words)
[German version] (Δαιδαλίων;
Daidalíōn). Son of Heosphoros (Lucifer); brother of Ceyx; father of Chione [2]. In his grief for the death of his only daughter, who scorned the beauty of Diana and was killed by her, he throws himself from the peak of Parnassus. Apollo, however, transforms him into a hawk (Ov. Met. 11,291-345; Hyg. Fab. 200). In Paus. 8,4,6 D. is the father of Autolycus [1]. Bloch, René (Berne) Bibliography F. Bömer, Kommentar zu Ov. Met. B. X-XI, 1980, 313.
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Daedalus
(1,013 words)
(Δαίδαλος;
Daídalos). [German version] [1] Mythical craftsman, sculptor and inventor Mythical craftsman, sculptor and inventor, his very name belonging to a semantic field indicating objects created by astuteness and skill. In stories he is associated with Athens, Crete and Sicily. Judging from the development of artistic techniques, it is not impossible that the origins of the tradition lie at least partly in Crete, although whether D.'s name can be attested in the Linear B texts is a matter of dispute […
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Daesitiates
(385 words)
[German version] One of the most important peoples in the interior of the
prov. Dalmatia ( Dalmatae, Dalmatia), originally possibly in the loose confederation of the Autariatae. They inhabited the valley of the upper Bathinus (Bosna) of the valley from the upper Urbanus (Vrbas) in the west to Rogatica in the east; their position has been confirmed through the discovery of an inscription (ILJug 1582 [1]) of a
Valens Varron(is) f(ilius), princeps Desitiati(um) in Breza (22 km north-west of Sarajevo). The D. were perhaps attacked by the future Augustus in 35 BC (see …
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Dagalaifus
(63 words)
[German version] Was appointed
comes domesticorum by Julian in AD 361 (Amm. Marc. 21,8,1) and
magister equitum by Jovian; in 364 he was influential in the elections of Jovian and Valentinian I (Amm. Marc. 25,5,2; Philostorgius 8,8). In 364-366 as
magister peditum(
equitum?) he fought against the Alemanni (Amm. Marc. 26,5,9), in 366 he was
consul. PLRE 1, 239. Portmann, Werner (Berlin)
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Dagan
(397 words)
[German version] (Akkadian
Dagān, Hebrew
dāgōn, Greek
Dagṓn [1]). The etymology of the word is unknown. Descriptions equating him with the Hurrite god Kumarbi, who is called
halki ‘grain’, however also suggest an agrarian nature [2]; this is taken up again in Philo of Byblus who lists D. as the third of the four sons of Uranus and describes him as ‘Dagan who is wheat’ (Euseb. Praep. evang. 1,10,36b [3]). Attested in western Semitic mythology as the son of El and father of Baal, D. is one of the central deities of the we…
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Dagisthaeus
(121 words)
[German version] (Δαγισθαῖος;
Dagisthaîos). As a young Roman commander D., who probably was of Gothic origin, unsuccessfully besieged Persian-occupied Petra in the area of the Lazi in AD 548/9 (Procop. Pers. 2,29 especially 33-43). On account of this he was later taken to court under Justinian on the charge of pro-Persian sentiments and arrested by the emperor (Procop. Goth. 4,9,1-4). For the Narses campaign to Italy he was released from custody and took part in the decisive battle against Totila a…
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Dahae
(242 words)
[German version] (Δάαι;
Dáai, Δάοι;
Dáoi; Latin:
Dahae) The D. were a nomadic tribe in Persis; according to Strabo, they were originally one of the Scythian tribes in the region by the Caspian Sea (Str. 11,8,2; 11,9,2f.). Like the Mardi, Dropici and Sagartii, the D. are mentioned by Herodotus in connection with the revolt of Cyrus II against Astyages in 550 BC (Hdt. 1,125,4); in the Persepolis Inscription they are called
Daha. The D. fought under Darius ─ and, after his death, under Spitamenes ─ against Alexander [4] the Great (Arr. An. 3,11,3; 3,28,10; Curt. 4,12…
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Dahistan
(53 words)
[German version] Landscape on the lower Atrek, western Turkmenia, named after the Dahae. In the late Bronze and early Iron Age between 1500 and 600 BC, a well-developed irrigation culture with more than 30 attested settlements. Brentjes, Burchard (Berlin) Bibliography P. L. Kohl, Central Asia, Palaeolithic Beginnings to the Iron Age, 1984, 200-208.
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Daimachus
(173 words)
(Δαίμαχος;
Daímachos). [German version] [1] Historian from Plataeae, 4th cent. BC from Plataeae, Greek historian in the 4th cent. BC. He was the author of a contemporary history and was regarded by Jacoby, who can hardly have been correct in this regard, as the author of the Hellenica of Oxyrhynchus. FGrH 65 (with comm.). Meister, Klaus (Berlin) Bibliography F. Jacoby, The Autorship of the Hellenica of Oxyrhynchus, in: CQ 44, 1950, 1-11 S. Hornblower, in: Proc. of the Second Internat. Congr. of Boiotian Studies (1995; defends Jacoby) K. Meister, Die griech. Geschichtsschreibung,…
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Daiphantus
(74 words)
[German version] (Δαίφαντος;
Daíphantos). Son of Bathyllios from Hyampolis. D. was one of the commanders of the Phocians in the clashes with the Thessalians shortly before the Persian Wars (Hdt. 8,27-31). The brilliant victory won by the Phocian army in these battles was still being commemorated in the home town of D. at the annual festival of the Elaphebolia in the time of Plutarch (Plut. Mor. 244B-C). Elaphebolos; Hyampolis Stein-Hölkeskamp, Elke (Cologne)
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Daitondas
(51 words)
[German version] Bronze sculptor from Sicyon. He created victors' and portrait statues in Olympia and Thebes in the later 4th cent. BC, as well as one of Aphrodite in Delphi. Neudecker, Richard (Rome) Bibliography Lippold, 299 J. Marcadé, Recueil des signatures de sculpteurs grecs, 1, 1953, no.25 Overbeck, no. 1582 (sources).
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Daktyloi Idaioi
(434 words)
[German version] (Δάκτυλοι Ἰδαῖοι;
Dáktyloi Idaîoi). The three inventors of the blacksmith's craft described as
góēs (‘magicians’) in the
Phoronis (3) (PEG fr. 2; cf.Diod. Sic. 17,7,5; Str. 10,3,22) [1. 1054-5] (guild of mythical blacksmiths: [2. 269]). The same is attested not for the Troad (=Phrygia) but for Crete by Hes. cat. 282 M-W, Marmor Parium FGrH 239 A11 (Ephorus?) and Diod. Sic. 5,64,3;55,64,5 who describes them as the original people of Crete. Their name (‘fingers’) was traced back by Soph. fr. 366 TrG…
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Daktylos
(162 words)
(δάκτυλος;
dáktylos). [German version] [1] Measure of length The
daktylos, Latin
digitus, as a measure, is the term for the fingers' width, with four
dáktyloi constituting a palm (παλαιστή;
palaistḗ, Latin
palmus), 16
daktyloi a foot (πούς;
poús, Latin
pes) and only in Greece 12
daktyloi making a span (σπιθαμή;
spithamḗ). In Rome however the
daktylos can also, according to the duodecimal system, be equated with the
uncia and be counted up to the
as (=
pes). The guide for the
daktylos is the foot that measures between 29.4 and 35.4 cm. It therefore fluctuates between 1.84 and…
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Dalheim
(167 words)
[German version] Roman
vicus in the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, possibly identical with Ricciacus (Tab. Peut.); Indications of a late La Tène period settlement (
c. 1st cent. BC). It was refounded as a road-station (
mansio) during the construction of the Metz-Trier road in the Augustan period [1]. After the uprising of the Treveri in AD 69/70 the town developed into the economic and particularly religious centre of the region (CIL 13,1,2 p. 635-638) [2; 3]; in the 2nd half of the 3rd cent. it was devastated by invasions of German…
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Dalisandus
(52 words)
[German version] (Δαλισανδός;
Dalisandós). Name of several towns that lay in Cilicia Tracheia, presumably near Sinabıç [1], near Belören in Lycaonia [2] or in eastern Pamphylia [3]. Hild, Friedrich (Vienna) Bibliography
1 Hild/Hellenkemper, s.v. Dalisandos
2 D. H. French, The site of Dalisandus, in: EA 4, 1984, 85-98
3 J. Darrouzès, Notitiae episcopatuum Ecclesiae Constantinopolitanae, 1981.
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Dalmatae, Dalmatia
(2,447 words)
(Delmatae, Delmatia). [German version] I. General Important people of later Illyricum (degree of Celtization uncertain) in the hinterland of Salona between Tit(i)us (Krka) and Nestus/Hippius (Cetina) on the Glamočko, Livanjsko, Duvanjsko and Imotsko polje. Gave its name to the Roman
prov. Dalmatia. Administratively separated from Illyricum at the beginning of the Flavian period. These areas were under the control of the Illyrian kingdom, notorious for its piracy (under the dynasty of the Ardiaeans, Agron and Teuta), which was fought by…
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Dalmatica
(143 words)
[German version] Long-sleeved tunica reaching down to the knees, named after its country of origin Dalmatia; mentioned in literature for the first time at the turn of the 2nd cent. AD. According to evidence from written sources and statues, the
dalmatica was white with a purple
clavus that went vertically from the shoulders to the hem; the materials from which it was made were wool, silk, a half-silk and linen. The
dalmatica was worn by men (with a
cingulum militiae when on duty) and women. As early as the 3rd cent. AD it was adopted as liturgical church dress and became…
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Dalmatius
(366 words)
[German version] [1] Fl. D. Half-brother of the Emperor Constantine I Son of Constantius [1] and Theodora, half-brother of Constantine I. Nothing is known of his role in the initial period of Constantine's rule, although presumably he was given Toulouse as his abode during the tensions with Licinius in
c. AD 320-324 (Auson. Prof. 16,11-12). Consul in 333, he was sent to Antioch at around the same time with the archaizing title of
censor (Athan. c. Ar. 65,1ff.). There he was concerned with murder accusations against Athanasius. In Tarsus he had Calocaerus burnt to d…
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Damage, Indemnity
(386 words)
[German version] Damage is the loss suffered to property, or to a non-material item (e.g. honour) protected by law; indemnity is compensation for that loss. They are to be distinguished from forfeit, which has to do not with compensation for the damage but with punishment of the person who caused the damage and with appeasing the victim/plaintiff [1. 498-502; 6. 223-228]. Bound up in the concept of damage are the questions as to whether any additional expenses incurred and foregone profit are to b…
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Damagetus
(107 words)
[German version] (Δαμάγητος;
Damágētos). Mediocre epigrammatic poet of the ‘Garland’ of Meleager (Anth. Pal. 4,1,21), probably to be classified as part of the Peloponnesian School; he lived at the time of the war between the Achaean and the Aetolian Leagues (220-217 BC). Almost all of his 12 epigrams can be traced back directly (7,438; 541) or indirectly (praise of Sparta and its allies: 7,432; 540f., and in doricizing language 7,231; 16,1) to this event (perhaps also 6,277 to Arsinoe, the daughter…
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Damania
(117 words)
[German version] (name on Iberian coins [1. no. 86]:
dmaniu) was an
oppidum stipendiarium of the
conventus of Caesaraugusta (Plin. HN 3,24) and part of the tribe of the Sedetani or Edetani (Ptol. 2,6,62); Hübner [2] presumes here that there were two different tribes while Schulten sees both as one (cf. [3. 229]). In spite of inscriptions (CIL II 2960; 3990; 4249) its position cannot be ascertained more exactly. Spanish local researchers have identified it as modern Mediana (province of Zaragoza), others as Domeño (province of Valencia) [4. 859]. Barceló, Pedro (Potsdam) Bibliography…
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Damaratus
(262 words)
[German version] (Δαμάρατος, Δημάρητος;
Damáratos,
Dēmárētos). Spartan king, Eurypontid, son and successor (around 510 BC) of King Ariston. The turning-point in his life was brought about by the enmity with Cleomenes I, whose intention to establish a Spartan satellite regime in Athens, with the help of an army campaign in 506 he thwarted at Eleusis (Hdt. 5,74f.). We do not know whether Athenian investigations became known to the Persian satrap in Sardeis [3. 273-276]. In 491 D. plotted against Cleome…
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Damarete
(218 words)
(Δαμαρέτη;
Damarétē). [German version] [1] Wife of Gelon of Syracuse Daughter of Theron of Acragas and wife of Gelon of Syracuse, after his death wife of Polyzalus. Diod. Sic. (11,26,3) and the schol. 15 (29) to Pindar (Ol. 2) report that after the battle of Himera in 480 BC, D. spoke out in favour of making peace with the Carthaginians and treating them humanely. From the proceeds of the golden wreath weighing 100 talents which she received from them for her actions, she had so-called
damareteia minted ─ commemorative coins ─ that each had a value of 10 Attic drachmas or 50
litrai (17 specimens…
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Damas
(245 words)
(Δάμας;
Dámas). [German version] [1] Hero from Aulis Hero from Aulis who travelled to Troy with Arcesilaus and was killed there by Aeneas (Q. Smyrn. 8,303-305: Dymas? [1]). Bloch, René (Berne) Bibliography
1 P. Vian, Q. Smyrn., 1966. [German version] [2] Eponymous founder of Damascus in Syria (Δαμᾶς;
Damâs). Eponymous founder of Damascus in Syria. He accompanied Dionysus to Asia where he established a shrine to him in Syria in the form of a hut (σκηνή), called Δαμᾶ σκηνή (
Damâ skēnḗ, ‘hut of Damas’), hence Damascus (Etym. m. s.v. Δαμσκός 247 Gaisford). Bloch, René (Berne) …
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Damascius
(1,040 words)
(Δαμάσκιος;
Damáskios) [German version] A. Life Neoplatonist, last head of the Academy in Athens, born around AD 462 in Damascus, studied rhetoric around 479/80 with a certain Theon in Alexandria and there also was a member of the Platonist circle. Around 482/3 he went to Athens to teach rhetoric. Around 491/2 he gave up this career and initially studied propaedeutic sciences under Marinus, who had succeeded Proclus in 485, then philosophy under Zenodotus. Around 515 Damascius returned to Athens to…
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Damascus
(1,153 words)
This item can be found on the following maps: Writing | Syria | Theatre | Caesar | Christianity | | Coloniae | Alexander | Commerce | Hasmonaeans | Hellenistic states | India, trade with | Mesopotamia | Phoenicians, Poeni | Pilgrimage [German version] A. Ancient Orient Oasis situated on the eastern edge of Antilebanon, watered by the undrained Barada, first mentioned in lists of Syrian towns of the pharaohs Thutmosis III and Amenophis III (
tmsq,
Tamasqu) and then in the Amarna letters (
Di/Dumašqu). In the 13th cent. BC too, D. was under Egyptian control. At the turn of the…
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Damasia
(78 words)
[German version] Capital of the Licates, a ‘polis rising up like a fortress’ (Str. 4,6,8). Tentatively identified with the early Imperial, fortified mountain settlement on the Auerberg (1055 m) near Bernbeuren (in modern Bavaria; finds of metal workshops and potters' ovens) that was settled by Rome in the 2nd decade AD and abandoned as early as
c. AD 40. Dietz, Karlheinz (Würzburg) Bibliography G. Ulbert, Auerberg, in: W. Czsyz, K. Dietz, Th. Fischer, H.-J. Kellner (ed.), Die Römer in Bayern, 1995, 417-419.
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Damasias
(111 words)
[German version] (Δαμασίας;
Damasías). Athenian archon in 582/1 BC. He succeeded in remaining in office for longer than the usual term of a year. Only after a further 14 months could he be driven out of office by violent means. For the remainder of his period in office in 580/79 it is said that a working party of ten archons ruled, five of whom are said to have belonged to the
eupatrídai, three to the
agroikoí and two to the
dēmiourgoí (Aristot. Ath. Pol. 13,2). It is disputed whether the assumption of this ‘archontate compromise’ is historically correct. Traill, PAA 300925. Archontate Stein-Hö…
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Damasichthon
(79 words)
(Δαμασίχθων;
Damasíchthōn). [German version] [1] One of the sons of Niobe One of the sons of Niobe (Apollod. 3,45) who like his brothers is killed by Apollo (Ov. Met. 6,254-260). Bloch, René (Berne) Bibliography F. Bömer, Kommentar zu Ov. met. 6-7,1976, 78. [German version] [2] Son of the Athenian Codrus Son of the Athenian Codrus. Together with his brother Promethus, who later murdered him, he was the leader of the Ionian colony in Colophon (Paus. 7,3,3). Bloch, René (Berne)
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Damasistratus
(26 words)
[German version] (Δαμασίστρατος;
Damasístratos). King of Plataeae who buried Laius after he had been killed by Oedipus (Paus. 10,5,4; Apollod. 3,52). Bloch, René (Berne)
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Damasithymus
(83 words)
[German version] (Δαμασίθυμος;
Damasíthymos). Dynast of Calynda in Caria. His father, Candaules, bore a name attested for Lydia. In 480 BC as taxiarch of a Carian fleet contingent, D. took part in Xerxes' campaign against Greece (Hdt. 7,98). He died in the sea battle of Salamis when Artemisia [1] of Halicarnassus sank his ship in order to avoid being pursued by an Athenian ship (Hdt. 8,87; Polyaenus, Strat. 8,53,2). Högemann, Peter (Tübingen) Bibliography J. Melber, in: Jahrbuch für Philologische Studien 14, 1885, 480-484.
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Damastes
(44 words)
[German version] (Δαμάστης;
Damástēs). Son of Dioxippus from Sigeum, Greek geographer and historian of the 5th cent. BC, probably a student of Hellanicus (Agathemerus 1,1). With the exception of a few fragments, his works do not survive. Brodersen, Kai (Mannheim) Bibliography FGrH 5.
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Damasus
(182 words)
[German version] Bishop of Rome (pope), * 305, † AD 384, son of a priest of the Roman parish; his mother Laurentina was ordained as a widow after the death of her spouse [1. 10], a sister Irene lived as a virgin dedicated to God [1. 11]. Deacon from 355 onwards, he was chosen as bishop of Rome in 366 against stiff opposition (opposing bishop Ursinus). Violent fights arose between the two parties, in the course of which D. managed to assert his position over that of his opponents. During his term in office he single-mindedly advanced the pre-eminent position of the Roman bishop, th…
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Dameas
(135 words)
[German version] [1] (also: Demeas) Sculptor from Croton (also: Demeas). Sculptor from Croton. In 532 BC he created the victor's statue of Milon in Olympia that is described by Pausanias; there is a base with fragmentary inscriptions that is seen as going together with it. Neudecker, Richard (Rome) Bibliography Fuchs/Floren, 428 Loewy, no. 414 Overbeck, no. 484 (sources). [German version] [2] Bronze sculptor from Cleitor, c. 405 BC Bronze sculptor from Cleitor, student of Polycletus. In Delphi he created, for the victory statue of the Spartans who went to Aigosp…
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Damghan
(176 words)
[German version] (Dāmġān). Town in Iran on the southern foothills of the Alborz, 342 km east of Teheran on the road to Nīšāpūr. The name possibly arose from the contraction of Deh-e Moġān (village of the Magi). The prehistoric antecedent of D. is Tepe Ḥeṣār with layers between the 5th millennium and the early 2nd millennium BC. After a hiatus of 1,500 years D. became the main settlement of the Parthian and Sassanid province of Qūmes, site of one of the holy state fires (ātaxš-ī xwarišnīh, ‘unfed f…
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Damianus
(139 words)
(Δαμιανός;
Damianós). [German version] T. Flavius Damianus. Sophist from Ephesus Sophist from Ephesus, where he financed public and private buildings, among them a dining-hall and
stoaí the length of one
stadion (Philostr. VS 2,23). In three discussions before his death at the age of 70 (
c. AD 210?) he gave his student Philostratus the material for the biography of his teachers Aelius Aristides and Hadrianus of Tyre. As γραμματεύς (
grammateús) he housed Roman troops returning from the Parthian Wars in 166/7 (IK 17.1,3080) and in 170/1 honoured the
proconsul Asiae Nonius Macrinus wit…
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Damippus
(106 words)
[German version] (Δάμιππος;
Dámippos). Spartan in the service of Hieronymus of Syracuse to whom he gave the advice of adherence to the alliance with Rome in 215 BC (Pol. 7,5,3). Later he also served Epicydes; in 212 he was sent as envoy to Philip V of Macedonia, and in the process fell into the hands of the Romans. The negotiations for his release, in the course of which M. Claudius [I 11] Marcellus noticed a tower that was only poorly guarded by the Syracusans, ultimately led to the successful Roman attack on Epipolae (Liv. 25,23,8ff.; Plut. Marcellus 18; Polyaenus, Strat. 8,11). Meier, Mischa…
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Damnameneus
(32 words)
[German version] (Δαμναμενεύς;
Damnameneús). One of the Daktyloi Idaioi who invented the technique of forging iron (Phoronis fr. 2,3 EpGF = fr. 2,3 PEG I; Str. 10,3,22). Bloch, René (Berne)
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Damnatio in crucem
(149 words)
[German version] Latin
crux or
damnatio in crucem (‘sentencing to crucifixion’), Greek during the Hellenistic period ἀνασταύρωσις/
anastaúrōsis (which, however, in Hdt. 3,125 and probably also in Xenophon [10] of Ephesos 4,2 means ‘impaling’) was only one of several ways of exacting the death penalty (II) in the Roman empire. It probably originated as deterrence against slaves in the context of the
coercitio (‘power of coercion’) by the
tresviri [1]
capitales.
Damnatio in crucem was perhaps based on Oriental and Punic precedents. At the time of the crucifixion of…
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Damnatio memoriae
(602 words)
[German version] I. Historical
Damnatio memoriae (DM) was the process of erasing from the (public) memory of a person (usually a Roman emperor) whose name and images are removed from public inscriptions and buildings. Underlying this measure was the religious assumption, widespread in the Roman-Hellenistic world, that meritorious rulers, like heroes, had come from the realm of the gods and returned there after their death (Cic. Rep.,
somnium Scipionis; Verg. Aen. 6,734ff.). If divine origin was not sufficiently evident in the successes, good deeds and virtues of…
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Damnum
(809 words)
[German version] A. Meaning Originally ‘expenditure’, ‘loss of assets’; in legal usage ‘damage’. According to Roman law, only material loss can be counted as a replaceable
damnum. Unlawful interference with other legal rights, e.g. insult or physical injury of a free Roman, are, to the Roman view, not assessable in monetary terms (
liberum corpus non recipit aestimationem, Gaius Dig. 9,1,3). In these cases the victim may possibly be allowed an
actio iniuriarum which is not meant to provide compensation for damages but to make amends through the payment of a fine (
iniuria ). Gamauf, Rich…
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Damocharis
(105 words)
[German version] (Δαμοχάρις;
Damocháris). Epigrammatic poet of the Justinianic period,
grammatikós, friend and student of Agathias (according to the lemma of Anth. Pal. 7,206, a tomb epigram on the partridge loved by the master, cf. Agathias 7,204f.). Born on Cos, as can be seen from the epitaph of Paulus Silentiarius (7,588), he was proconsul and governor of Asia and was especially venerated both in Smyrna (cf. the anonymous poem 16,43) and in Ephesus (cf. SEG 18,474). Four epigrams of average standard from the ‘Cycle’ of Agathias are extant. Degani, Enzo (Bologna) Bibliography Av. un…
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Damocles
(90 words)
[German version] (Δαμοκλῆς;
Damoklês). Courtier and sycophant of the tyrant Dionysius [1] I (according to Timaeus FGrH 566 F 32 of Dionysius II). The anecdote of the ‘sword of Damocles’ became famous through Cicero (Tusc. 5,61f.): as D. considered the powerful and rich tyrant to be the happiest person in the world, the latter had a sumptuous meal prepared for him but above his head had a sword suspended on a horse hair in order to demonstrate to him the true ‘happiness’ of a tyrant. Meister, Klaus (Berlin)
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Damocrates
(60 words)
(Δαμοκράτης;
Damokrátēs). [German version] (M.?) Servilius D. Freedman of M. Servilius (
cos. ord. AD 3) whose daughter he cured (Plin. HN 24,7,28). Under Nero and Vespasian he wrote prescriptions in iambic trimeters in the didactic tradition of Apollodorus [7]; some of these are extant in Galen. Bowie, Ewen (Oxford) Bibliography Edition: F. Cats Bussemaker, Poetae bucolici et didactici, 1862.
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Damocritus
(82 words)
[German version] (Δαμόκριτος/
Damókritos; also: Democritus [Δημόκριτος/
Dēmókritos]). Sculptor from Sicyon, active during the first half of the 4th cent. BC. Pausanias saw a victor's statue of his in Olympia. Pliny chose the Attic form of the name, for a Democritus, who made statues of philosophers. In Rome his name was found on the statue of Lysis from Miletus in a lost collection of copies of 4th cent. works. Neudecker, Richard (Rome) Bibliography Overbeck, no. 463, 466-468 (sources) Loewy, no. 484 Lippold, 247-248.
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Damon
(975 words)
(Δάμων;
Dámōn) [German version] [1] Prince of the Telchines Prince of the Telchines. Father-in-law of Minos and ancestor of Miletus. When the Telchines were struck dead by lightning by Jupiter because they poisoned crops, D. and his family were spared in gratitude for hospitality provided. Only his daughter Macelo and her husband were among the victims (Nic. in the schol. Ov. Ib. 475). Bloch, René (Berne) [German version] [2] Pythagorean from Syracuse A Pythagorean from Syracuse, friend of Phintias, for whom he stood surety with his life. According to Aristoxenus (…
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Damophilus
(178 words)
(Δαμόφιλος;
Damóphilos). [German version] [1] Coroplast and painter, c. 493 BC Coroplast and painter, probably from Magna Graecia. Together with Gorgasos he decorated the Temple of Ceres in Rome (493 BC) with murals and terracotta pediment figures and added artist's epigrams. Later renovations preserved both of these. Neudecker, Richard (Rome) Bibliography Fuchs/Floren, 427, 440 Overbeck, no. 616, 1647 (sources) I. Scheibler, Griech. Malerei der Ant., 1994. [German version] [2] Rich property owner from Enna 136 BC Rich property owner from Enna, who treated the slaves i…
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Damophon
(190 words)
[German version] (Δαμοφῶν;
Damophôn) Sculptor from Messene. Based on prosopographic and historic evidence, it would seem that he was active from the end of the 3rd cent. BC until 168 BC; most of his divine statues known from written records must have been produced in Arcadia prior to the earthquake in 183 BC. He worked on colossal acroliths and was entrusted with the repair of Phidias' Zeus in Olympia. Of a group of gods in the Asclepius shrine in Messene, the head and foot of the statues of Apollo…
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Damostratus
(74 words)
[German version] (Δαμόστρατος;
Damóstratos). Author of an epigram on Meleager's ‘Garland’ (Anth. Pal. 9,328): a ‘Damostratus, son of Antilas’ (v. 3) dedicates wooden statues and boar skins to the Naiads. The attribution seems questionable as does the very existence of the otherwise unknown author (D. of Apamea, author of
Halieutiká (Ἁλιευτικά), dates from a time post-Meleager, i.e. after the first half of the first cent. BC). Degani, Enzo (Bologna) Bibliography GA I,1,80; 2,230f.
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Damoxenus
(82 words)
[German version] (Δαμόξενος;
Damóxenos). Attic comedic author of the 3rd cent. BC, known to have been victorious at the Dionysia once [1. Testimonia 2]. There is evidence for two plays. His Σύντροφοι contains the longest speech by a cook preserved in a comedy (fr. 2: 68 verses); the speaker presents himself as a disciple of Democritus and more especially of Epicurus and is scornful of everyone who is not, even the Stoics. Nesselrath, Heinz-Günther (Göttingen) Bibliography
1 PCG V, 1986, 1-7.
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Dan
(440 words)
(Hebr.
Dān, Greek Δάν;
Dán, in Ios. Δάνα, Δάνος;
Dána,
Dános). [German version] [1] Son of Jacob Son of Jacob and eponym of an Israelite tribe (Gen. 30,1-6), which eventually settled near the city of Laish/Leshem, which was then renamed after the tribe (Judg. 18,2-9; Jos. 19,40-48). Köckert, Matthias (Berlin) [German version] [2] City at the foot of Mt Hermon City at the foot of Mt Hermon, 20 km north of Lake Hule, identified with Tall al-Qāḍı̄ at the central source of the Jordan on the basis of a Greek-Aramaic bilingual inscription (3rd/2nd cents. BC) a…
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Danacia
(19 words)
[German version] D. Quartilla Aureliana Wife of the senator Aiacius (AE 1968, 518, 523). Eck, Werner (Cologne)
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Danae
(243 words)
[German version] (Δανάη;
Danáē). Mythical daughter of Acrisius, the king of Argus, and Euridice or Aganippe (Hom. Il. 14,319f.; Hes. fr. 129; 135MW; Hyg. Fab. 63). She was imprisoned by her father to keep her from any contact with the outside world following a pronouncement by the oracle that he would be killed by his grandson. Zeus approached D. in the form of a shower of gold and she became pregnant with Perseus (Pind. Pyth. 10,44f.; 12,9ff.; Soph. Ant. 944ff.; Isocr. 10,59; Ov. Met. 4,610f.). …
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Danai
(268 words)
[German version] (Δαναοί;
Danaoí). Middle Helladic ethnic group [1] of uncertain etymology; mentioned in Egypt in the 14th cent. BC on the base of the monument to Amenophis III in Karnak as
Danaia (
tniw) in connection with the Argolid/Peloponnese [2], possibly also connected with the
Danuna belonging to the sea peoples, who were conquered by Ramses III in 1190 BC [3]. Used in the Homeric epics as a metric variant, as are ‘Argeioi’ and ‘Achaean’, to describe the Greek population as a whole (e.g. Il. 9,34ff.; 9,370f.) [4]. Following the sam…
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Danais
(39 words)
[German version] (Δαναίς;
Danaís) or Danaídes (Δαναίδες;
Danaides). The title of a 6,500 hexameter epic dealing with the fate of the Danaids and their flight from the sons of Aigyptos to Argus. Selzer, Christoph (Frankfurt/Main) Bibliography EpGF 141.
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Danake
(105 words)
[German version] (δανάκη;
danákē). In ancient written sources (Hsch. 219; Poll. 9,82 i.a.) the
danake is a silver Persian coin ─ the name derives from
danak ─ which weighed slightly more than an Attic
obolós (
c. 0.9g). Together with the silver half-
danake (ἡμιδανάκιον;
hēmidanákion), the
danake should probably be linked to coins from Sidon (1/16 shekel) and Aradus, as a provincial coinage, since the coins are mainly found in the Levant. The
danake was occasionally used as an obolos for the dead. Charon's fare; Obolos; Siqlu Mlasowsky, Alexander (Hannover) Bibliography F. Hultsch, …
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Danaus, Danaids
(828 words)
[German version] (Δαναός, Δαναίδες;
Danaós,
Danaídes). Having quarrelled with his twin brother Aigyptos, according to the myth D. flees Egypt with his 50 daughters (the Danaids) for the Argolis and is given asylum there (Aesch. Supp. 1; Danaids TrGF 3 fr. 43-46; T 70 [1; 2]). However, the 50 sons of Aigyptos pursued the girls to Argos and wanted to force marriage on them. D. persuaded his daughters to pretend to go through with this, but then to decapitate the bridegrooms on the wedding night. Only o…
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Dance
(2,287 words)
Schulze, Christian (Bochum) [German version] A. Subject area/Overview (CT) The reception of Greek Antiquity in dance reached its acme at the beginning of the 20th cent. in Europe and the U.S.A. The first studies of movement, undertaken as early as the end of the 19th cent., drew on the classical Greek body image. In 1885, the American G. Stebbins published her theory of movement [25] which was based on the system of motion pedagogy (aesthetic calisthenics) developed by F. Delsarte. Delsarte linked the id…
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Dance
(2,153 words)
[German version] I. Egypt and Ancient Orient As in all ancient culture, dance played an important role in the Ancient Orient as well as in Egypt; the documentary evidence for the latter, however, is incomparably better, both in pictures and in texts ─ there was hardly a part of life not involving dance: dances accompanied ‘rites of passage’ were magic-apotropaic, ecstatic, worshipful, amusing-entertaining, and even eroticizing. Children, women, and men danced together in separate groups; alongside, the…
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Dandamis
(353 words)
[German version] An Indian sage, who is supposed to have come into contact with Greeks at the beginning of 326 BC, when Alexander's army was encamped in Taxila. The Greeks with whom he had contact were either anonymous scouts (according to Megasthenes in Str. 15,1,68 and Arr. Anab. 7,2,2-4, according to Onesicritus in Str. 15,1,64-65, the name Mandanis is mentioned here; Plut. Alexander 65,1-3), or Onesicritus and Alexander himself (as per PGenev. 271 [1; 2], the basis is the 2nd section of the Pa…
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Daneion
(318 words)
[German version] (δάνειον;
dáneion). The loan, limited assignment of fungible goods (in kind or money) was an everyday way of doing business throughout the regions inhabited by the Greeks. It took place between private individuals as well as in public life. The lenders were often banks or temples and the borrowers often states, which often also owed debts to private individuals (e.g. IG VII 3172: Orchomenus is indebted to Nicareta). This practise was generally known as
daneion, but sometimes
chrḗsis was used; the
eranos loan is a special type. The
daneion was set up with a fixed r…
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Dantheletae
(289 words)
[German version] (Δανθηλῆται/
Danthēlêtai; also
Dentheleti). Thracian tribe inhabiting the area around the upper reaches of the Strymon and the area to the west reaching as far as Axius. Earliest mention was by Theopompus (FGrH 115 F 221) for 340/339 BC. Philip V twice laid waste to their territory on his Thracian campaigns (184 and 181 BC: Liv. 39,53,12; 40,22,9; Pol. 23,8,4). In 88 BC, the D. acted as allies of Rome in the quelling of a Macedonian revolt. They attacked this province in 86/5 together with the Maedi, Dardani and Scordisci. In 57 and 56, the
proconsul of Macedonia, L. Cal…
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Daochus
(157 words)
(Δάοχος;
Dáochos). [German version] [1] D.I. Tagos of the Thessalian koinon 431-404 BC from Pharsalus, son of Agias, was the
tagos of the Thessalian
koinon for 27 years (
c. 431-404 BC?); his
tageia was reputedly a time of peace and prosperity (Syll.3 273) [1. 110f.]. Meier, Mischa (Bielefeld) Strothmann, Meret (Bochum) [German version] [2] D. II. Thessalian, envoy of Philip II 338 BC high-ranking Thessalian, grandson of D. [1]. In 338 BC, Philip II sent him together with others to the Thebans to procure support against Athens (Pol. 18,4,4; Dem. Or. 18,211…
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Daorsi
(450 words)
[German version] An ‘Illyrian’
civitas with only 17
decuriae in the
conventus of Narona (prov. of
Dalmatia, today in Bosnia Herzegovina and partly in Croatia), one of the most Hellenized peoples on the coast of Dalmatia. The D. settled on the left bank of the Naro (Neretva) from Bijelo polje as far as Trebinjska Šuma, i.e. in the hinterland between Narona and Epidaurum, with access to the sea and a central settlement in Gradina near Ošanići in the region of Stolac (Herzegovina), built according to megalithic t…
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Daphitas
(234 words)
[German version] (Δαφίτας;
Daphítas, also Δαφίδας;
Daphídas). Greek grammarian (‘sophist’ according to Val. Max. 1,8), probably from the 2nd cent. BC, if it is accepted that he lived at the same time as Attalus III (see below). The Suda (δ 99 s.v. Δαφίδας) says that he came from Telmessus in Caria and made claims in a work about Homer that the poet was not telling the truth because the Athenians did not take part in the expedition to Troy. Strabo (14,647) tells that D. was crucified on Mt Thorax near …
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Daphnae
(119 words)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Colonization Egyptian city on the edge of the East Delta, today known as Tall Dafana (Egyptian Ṯbn?). According to Hdt. 2,30, it was a border fortress of Psametichus I; archaeological discoveries dating from the New Kingdom, the 26th Dynasty and later, including fortifications, weapons and Greek ceramics. It is possible that it could also have been one of the
stratópeda of Greek and Carian mercenaries mentioned in Hdt. 2,154. It is disputed as to whether it is the same as the OT Thachpanches. Jansen-Winkeln, Karl (Berlin) Bibl…
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Daphnaeus
(121 words)
(Δαφναῖος;
Daphnaîos). [German version] [1] Strategos in Syracus 406 BC
Strategos in Syracuse, was supposed to relieve Acragas in 406 BC when it was besieged by the Carthaginians, but this went wrong, apparently because of his corruption (Diod. Sic. 13,86,4ff.). This failure led to the removal from office of the group of commanders, the appointment of Dionysius [1] as an authorized
strategos and thereby to the latter's tyrannis. Dionysius killed D. in 405 (Diod. Sic. 13,96,3). Meister, Klaus (Berlin) [German version] [2] Epiclesis of Apollo Epiclesis of Apollo (Anth. Pal. 9,477…
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Daphne
(449 words)
[German version] [1] (δάφνη;
dáphnē). Used in antiquity as a name for the plant sacred to Apollo and Artemis ─ the laurel
Laurus nobilis L. of the
Lauraceae family, not the
Thymelaeacea genus of the daphne with which we are familiar today ( Cneorum). Hünemörder, Christian (Hamburg) [German version] [2] Nymph, transformed into a laurel tree (Δάφνη;
Dáphnē). The chaste nymph D. devoted to Artemis and who loved to hunt, was a daughter of the river god Ladon (or Peneius) and Gaia. She fled from Apollo, who tried to force his affections on her, and tur…
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Daphnephoria
(388 words)
[German version] (Δαφνηφορία;
Daphnēphoría). A ritual carried out everywhere Apollo bore the epithet
daphnēphóros (‘branch wearer’) (e.g. IG IX 2, 1027). Only the Theban ritual has been verified; the sources are Pindar, Proclus and Pausanias, who each deal with a different stage in the process. The most detailed description is by Proclus, who explains the daphnephoric ode sung by a girls' chorus (Photius 321a-321b). The ritual is supposed to have been held on an enneaeteric basis (every ninth year). A
paîs amphithalḗs (‘child flourishing on both sides’) led the procession; b…
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Daphnephorikon
(259 words)
[German version] (δαφνηφορικόν;
daphnēphorikón). A song sung by maidens at the Daphnephoria, a festival for Apollo Ismenios in Thebes (Paus. 9,10,4). Proclus (Phot. 321a34) reports
daphnēphoriká as part of Pindar's Partheneia; the Suda s.v. Πίνδαρος counts
daphnēphoriká amongst the 17 books (in addition to the Partheneia). POxy. 4,659 (1904) = Pind. fr. 94b Snell-Maehler provides us with a substantial fragment of a
daphnēphorikón. The poem was written in honour of Agasicles, the grandson of an Aeoladas (l. 9), to whom fr. 94a is obviously addressed. Pagon…
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Daphnis
(540 words)
(Δάφνις;
Dáphnis). [German version] [1] Mythical cowherd Mythical cowherd of Sicilian tradition, son of Hermes (Stesich. fr. 102 PMG = Ael. VH 10.18; Timaeus, FGrH 566 F 83; Diod. Sic. 4,84,2). He died still a youth because of an unfortunate love affair with a nymph and was honoured with ritual mourning songs typical of those for Adonis (Theoc. 1,64ff.; 7,73ff.). In bucolic poetry he served as the ideal for the adolescent shepherd and was seen as the originator of the shepherd's song (e.g. Diod. 4,84,3). Despite the Greek name (from
dáphnē : ‘laurel’), the fig…
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Daphnoides
(136 words)
[German version] (δαφνοειδές or χαμαιδάφνη;
daphnoeidés or
chamaidáphnē). The name used for two types of daphne in the texts of Dioscorides (4,146 [1. 288 = 2. 444] and 4,147 [1. 289f.= 2. 444]), for
Daphne laureola L. or
alpina L. from the
Thymelaecea genus with evergreen leaves similar to laurel. When drunk, an infusion of these leaves was said to have emetic, expectorant and diuretic properties and also to promote menstruation. They were also distinguished from the varieties with leaves similar to the olive tree such as
camelaiva (Dioscorides 4,171 [1. 320] = 4,169 [2. 464]…
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Daphnus
(113 words)
[German version] (Δαφνοῦς;
Daphnoûs). Port of the Locri Epicnemidii (Str. 9,3,17; Plin. HN. 4,27), today known as Agios Konstantinos, situated on the coastal plain of Longus on the Euboean Gulf. From the time of the first Sacred War (
c. 590 BC) the entire coastal strip belonged to the Phocians (Scyl. 61; Str. 9,3,1), who secured an access to the Aegean Sea via D. After the third Sacred War D. was returned to Locris in 346 BC. It was destroyed by an earthquake in 426 BC (Str. 1,3,20). Daverio Rocchi, Giovanna (Milan) Bibliography J. M. Fossey, The Ancient Topography of Opountian Lokris, …
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Dara
(222 words)
[German version] [1] City in Parthia This item can be found on the following maps: Graeco-Bactria | Graeco-Bactria | Hellenistic states City in the mountain region of Apavortene in Parthia. According to Pompeius Trogus (Iust. 41,5,2-4), this place was distinguished by its strategic and geographical merits (Plin. HN 6,46) and was founded by the Parthian king Arsaces [1] I. As the region is mentioned elsewhere (as
Apauarktikene, Isid. by Charax, 1,13, and
Partautikene/
Artakana Ptol. 6,5), but not the city, it is assumed that the settlement diminished in importance la…
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Daras
(191 words)
[German version] [1] River which rises in the Upper Atlas River which rises in the Upper Atlas (Δύρις;
Dýris), flows through the region to the south of the Anti-Atlas mountains and into the Atlantic Ocean, today known as Oued Dra. Other forms of the name:
Dyris, Vitr. De arch. 8,2,6;
Darat, Plin. HN 5,9; Δάραδος or Δάρας;
Dárados or
Dáras, Ptol. 4,6,6; 9; 14;
Dara, Oros. 1,2,31. It is possible that the D. can be identified with the Λίξος (
Líxos) mentioned by Hanno, Periplus 6 (GGM 1,5) and the Ξιῶν/
X
iôn mentioned by [Scyl.] 112 (GGM 1,93). Huß, Werner (Bamberg) Bibliography C. T. Fischer, s.v. …
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Dardae
(116 words)
[German version] (Δάρδαι;
Dárdai). A people in north-west India,
Darada in Old Indo-Aryan, today known as the Dards and resident in the region known as Dardistan on the upper reaches of the Indus. Hdt. 3, 102ff. places them in the region below the sources of the Indus where the Δαράδραι (
Darádrai) mentioned by Ptol. 7,1,4 are also to be found. Also mentioned by Plin. HN 6,67 and 11,111 (
Dardae, probably following Megasthenes), Dionys. Per. 1138, Steph. Byz. i.a. According to Megasthenes (F 23b bei Str. 15,1,44), the Δέρδαι (
Dérdai) live on a high plateau in the east and steal gold …
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Dardanees
(58 words)
[German version] [1] A people living by the river Gyndes A people living by the river Gyndes (modern Diyālā), whose territory was traversed by Cyrus II on his expedition to Babylon (Hdt. 1,189). Oelsner, Joachim (Leipzig) [German version] [2] see Dardae Another form of the name for the Dardae (Δάρδαι;
Dárdai) of northern India. Treidler, Hans (Berlin)
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Dardani
(391 words)
(Δάρδανοι;
Dárdanoi). [German version] [5] Powerful Illyrian tribal group in the south-western part of Moesia superior, strongly influenced by Thrace, particularly in the east of the region. The region was within the sphere of influence of the Macedonians, who gained control over Dardania in
c. 335 BC. However, the D. continued to strive for a certain degree of independence. In 284 BC they were united under the rule of one king and waged prolonged wars against the Macedonians. In 229 the D. defeated Demetrius II, who died soon after his d…
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Dardanidae
(283 words)
[German version] (Δαρδανίδαι;
Dardanídai). Descendants of the Trojan progenitor Dardanus, who produced the Trojan ruling dynasty. The genealogy of the D., save their heroines, is recounted by Aeneas in the Illiad (Hom. Il. 20,215ff.): The son of Dardanus, the king of Dardania on Ida, is Erichthonius, whose son is Tros. Tros's three sons are Ilus, Assaracus and Ganymede. The last is abducted by Zeus's eagle to serve the gods as a cup-bearer (Hom. Il. 5,265f.). Ilus founds Ilium (Conon narr. 12; Str. 13,1,25), his tomb is suppos…
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Dardanus
(1,277 words)
(Δάρδανος;
Dárdanos). [German version] [1] Son of Zeus Son of Zeus, who of all his mortal sons loved this one the most (Hom. Il. 20,215; 304), and either a mortal mother or the Atlantid Electra/Elektryone (Hes. fr. 177/80 MW; Hellanic. FGrH 4 F 23). Eponymous hero of the Dardani, who lived on Mt Ida, and in Homer are linked with the Trojans and frequently synonymous with them. D. is the progenitor of the Trojan ruling dynasty. Possibly mentioned in the
Ilioupersis, he originates from Arcadia, where he is supposed to have been born in a cave (Ilioupersis fr. 1 PEG I; Str. 8…
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Dareikos
(318 words)
[German version] (δαρεικός, δαρικός, δαριχός,
dareikós,
darikós,
darichós). Greek name, deriving from Darius I, (Hdt. 4,166; 7,28f.; Thuc. 8,28) for the generally bean-shaped gold coins (στατήρ,
statḗr) of the Great King of Persia. The occasionally used terms
dareikoi Philippeioi and
argypoi dareikoi are incorrect. The first coins, minted in
c. 515 BC and the same weight as the
kroiseios (
c. 8.05g), which did not replace the latter until 30 years after the fall of the Lydian Empire, show a symbolic representation of the Persian king on the obverse ─ kne…
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Dares
(240 words)
(Δάρης;
Dárēs). [German version] [1] Trojan priest of Hephaistus Trojan priest of Hephaistus, whose sons Phegeus and Idaeus start the battle against Diomedes. Whilst the former is killed by Diomedes, Idaeus is rescued by Hephaistus (Hom. Il. 5,9-26). Bloch, René (Berne) Bibliography G. S. Kirk, The Iliad: A Commentary, vol. 2, 1990, 54 P. Wathelet, Dictionnaire des Troyens de l'Iliade, vol. 1, 1988, 408f. [German version] [2] One of Aeneas' companions One of Aeneas' companions, excellent pugilist. However, at the funeral games in honour of Anchises, he is unexp…
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Dargamanes
(115 words)
[German version] A river in Bactria, which rises in the Paraponisus and supposedly joins the Ochus to the west of the Zariaspes (Balhāb), and then flows together with the Ochus into the Oxus ( Araxes [2]). In fact there were two different rivers called Ochus, confused by Ptolemy: the Zariaspes (Balḫāb) and the Harērud. The former must be the one referred to here, which joins the Oxus, as the D. or Qunduz river (Arabic Nahr al-Ḍarġm̄) flows into the latter. Ptolemy (or his predecessor Marinus) ma…
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Dargoidus
(61 words)
[German version] River in Bactria, which rises in the Parapanisus and flows northwards to join the Oxus ( Araxes [2]) east of the Zariaspes, and which used to supply the region of Choana (today known as Qunduz) with water. Brentjes, Burchard (Berlin) Duchesne-Guillemin, Jacques (Liege) Bibliography W. Henning, Surkh Kotal, in: BSO(A)S, 1956, 366f. Id., The Bactrian inscription, in: BSO(A)S, 1960, 47-55.
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Darioritum
(82 words)
[German version] Principal city of the Veneti in the Gallia Lugdunensis, today known as Vannes, on the Gulf of Morbihan. Documentary evidence: Ptol. 2,8,6; Tab. Peut. (
Dartoritum); Not. Galliarum 3,8 (
civitas Venetum). A prosperous city during the Roman imperial period, D. was protected by a city wall during the troubled times of the 3rd cent., a wall which, as indicated by the remains, only enclosed part of D. Inscription.: CIL 13, 3140f. Lafond, Yves (Bochum) Bibliography L. Pape, La Bretagne romaine, 1995.
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Darius
(855 words)
(Ancient Persian
Dārayava(h)uš, ‘Guardian of Good’, Greek Δαρεῖος < Δαρειαῖος;
Dareîos <
Dareiaîos). The name of various Persian kings and princes [3]. D., the Mede (Dan. 9) cannot be identified historically. [German version] [1] D. I. Son of Hystaspes Son of Hystaspes, grandson of Arsames [1], from the Achaemenid family ( Achaemenids), became king (522 BC) [1], after banding together with six accomplices from the country's most influential families and overthrowing the usurper Gaumata. During the first year of his reign, D. had …
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Darius Crater
(159 words)
[German version] Apulian voluted crater from Canosa (found in 1851) in Naples (NM, Inv. 81947 [H 3,253], H 130cm, [1]), known as the eponymous work of the Darius Painter named after it. The main face has the crown council of Darius in the centre [1] I., with paymasters and tribute bearers below and Athena with Hellas before Zeus and Apate before Asia above. Archaeological study interprets this as a representation of the victories of Alexander' [4] the Great in Persia or an echo of contemporary …
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