Brill’s New Pauly
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Subject: Classical Studies
Edited by: Hubert Cancik and Helmuth Schneider (Antiquity) and Manfred Landfester (Classical Tradition).
English translation edited by Christine F. Salazar (Antiquity) and Francis G. Gentry (Classical Tradition)
Brill´s New Pauly is the English edition of the authoritative Der Neue Pauly, published by Verlag J.B. Metzler since 1996. The encyclopaedic coverage and high academic standard of the work, the interdisciplinary and contemporary approach and clear and accessible presentation have made the New Pauly the unrivalled modern reference work for the ancient world. The section on Antiquity of Brill´s New Pauly are devoted to Greco-Roman antiquity and cover more than two thousand years of history, ranging from the second millennium BC to early medieval Europe. Special emphasis is given to the interaction between Greco-Roman culture on the one hand, and Semitic, Celtic, Germanic, and Slavonic culture, and ancient Judaism, Christianity, and Islam on the other hand. The section on the Classical Tradition is uniquely concerned with the long and influential aftermath of antiquity and the process of continuous reinterpretation and revaluation of the ancient heritage, including the history of classical scholarship. Brill´s New Pauly presents the current state of traditional and new areas of research and brings together specialist knowledge from leading scholars from all over the world. Many entries are elucidated with maps and illustrations and the English edition will include updated bibliographic references.
Subscriptions: see brill.com
English translation edited by Christine F. Salazar (Antiquity) and Francis G. Gentry (Classical Tradition)
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Brill´s New Pauly is the English edition of the authoritative Der Neue Pauly, published by Verlag J.B. Metzler since 1996. The encyclopaedic coverage and high academic standard of the work, the interdisciplinary and contemporary approach and clear and accessible presentation have made the New Pauly the unrivalled modern reference work for the ancient world. The section on Antiquity of Brill´s New Pauly are devoted to Greco-Roman antiquity and cover more than two thousand years of history, ranging from the second millennium BC to early medieval Europe. Special emphasis is given to the interaction between Greco-Roman culture on the one hand, and Semitic, Celtic, Germanic, and Slavonic culture, and ancient Judaism, Christianity, and Islam on the other hand. The section on the Classical Tradition is uniquely concerned with the long and influential aftermath of antiquity and the process of continuous reinterpretation and revaluation of the ancient heritage, including the history of classical scholarship. Brill´s New Pauly presents the current state of traditional and new areas of research and brings together specialist knowledge from leading scholars from all over the world. Many entries are elucidated with maps and illustrations and the English edition will include updated bibliographic references.
Subscriptions: see brill.com
Hallstatt Culture
(996 words)
[German version] The early Iron Age in central Europe is called the Hallstatt Culture (HC), after the town of Hallstatt in the Austrian Salzkammergut. In the middle of the 19th cent., a large cemetery (over 1,000 burials) was found there with extensive find material, which was viewed as typical and led to the definition of the HC in the 19th cent. The find site has a very special significance, because there is a salt mine there which was already extensively worked in the Bronze Age [5; 11. 67-79]. The HC includes the period from the middle of the 8th cent. to the middle of the 5…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Halonnesos
(99 words)
[German version] (Ἁλόννησος;
Halónnēsos). This island in the north Aegean (Str. 9,5,16; Mela 2,106; Harpocr. s.v.), modern Hag. Eustratios, Hagistrati or Strati, was the object of a conflict between Philip II and Athens: Demosth. 7 hypoth.; 7,2; 12,12; 18,69; Aesch. 3,83; Plut. Demosthenes 9,5; Dion. Hal. Demosthenes 9; 13; Ath. 6,223d-224b. The island, which belonged to Athens, was occupied by pirates; Philip II drove them out, but did not return the island to the Athenians. Traces of ancient settlement. Kalcyk, Hansjörg (Petershausen) Bibliography L. Bürchner, H. (2), in: RE…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Halosydne
(127 words)
(Ἁλοσύδνη;
Halosýdnē). [German version] [1] Sea goddess Name of the sea or a sea goddess ( Amphitrite, according to schol. ad loc.) in Hom. Od. 4,404, where the seals appear as the ‘offspring of H.’ Ambühl, Annemarie (Groningen) [German version] [2] Epithet of Thetis The epithet of Thetis (Hom. Il. 20,207) and the Nereids as a whole (Apoll. Rhod. 4,1599). The etymology was disputed in antiquity (‘daughter of the sea’, among other meanings; cf. Hsch. s.v. ὕδναι); today, H. is defined as ‘sea-wave’ (with gen. ἅλός and
n-stem from ὕδωρ) [1; 2; 3]. The reference may be as early as …
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Brill’s New Pauly
Halotus
(57 words)
[German version] Eunuch, who was the food taster of Claudius [III 1], and is supposed to have given him the poison from which he died at the order of Agrippina [3]. Although he was found guilty under Nero, Galba protected him and conferred a financially lucrative procuratorship on him. PIR2 H 11. Eck, Werner (Cologne)
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Brill’s New Pauly
Haluntium
(73 words)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Sicily (Ἀλόντιον;
Halóntion). City on the north coast of Sicily (Dion. Hal. Ant. Rom. 1,51; Cic. Verr. 2,3,103; 2,4,51; Plin. HN 3,90; 14,80: viticulture), modern San Marco d'Anunzio. For the gymnasium of H., cf. SEG 26, 1060 (revision in [1]). For coin production cf. [2. 5-16]. Manganaro, Giacomo (Sant' Agata li Battiata) Bibliography
1 G. Manganaro, Sikelika, 1988
2 F. Bianco, Archeologia Storica di Messina, 1993.
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Brill’s New Pauly
Halus
(411 words)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Persian Wars (Ἅλος;
Hálos). The remains of H. lie at the south end of the Κρόκιον πεδίον (Krokion plain) and on the north foot of a foothill of Othrys, where the passage from the Malian Gulf to the Gulf of Pagasae was easy to block, because the coasts were only a few hundred metres apart (today
c. 2 km). H. owes its name to the rich saline spring of Amphrysus at the foot of the town hill. Already named in the catalogue of ships in the Iliad (Hom. Il. 2,682), it was an important Thessalian harbour du…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Halycus
(70 words)
[German version] (Ἅλυκος;
Halykos). River (84 km long) on the south-west coast of Sicily, empties into the sea north-west of Capo Bianco near Heraclea Minoa, modern Plátani. The H. was mentioned in the treaties between Dionysius I (376 or 374 BC: Stv 2, no. 261) and Timoleon (339 BC: Stv 2, no. 344) respectively and the Carthaginians as the demarcation line between the two spheres of control. Olshausen, Eckart (Stuttgart)
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Brill’s New Pauly
Halys
(191 words)
[German version] (Ἅλυς;
Hálys). Longest river in Asia Minor (over 900 km), modern Kızıl İrmak (‘red river’). Its headstreams joining in the countryside of Kamisene (east of Sivas), the H. flows in a wide arc stretching to the south through Cappadocia; east of the Tuz Gölü (‘salt lake’) it turns to the north, touches Galatia (in more ancient times Phrygia) and breaks through the mountains as the border river between the countries of Paphlagonia and Pontus to its mouth on the Black Sea. The Greek for…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Ham
(68 words)
[German version] (Hebrew:
cham, meaning approximately ‘hot’). Together with Shem ( Semites) and Japheth one of Noah's three sons and, according to Gen. 10, the progenitor of the four nations Kush, Miṣrayı̄m, Put and Canaan who were later called Hamites. The tale of Ham, who according to Gen. 9,22ff. shamed his father Noah, was treated in various ways in post-Biblical Rabbinic and Haggadic writings. Domhardt, Yvonne (Zürich)
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Brill’s New Pauly
Hamadryads
(369 words)
[German version] (ἁμαδρυάδες/
hamadryádes, later also: ἀδρυάδες/
adryádes, ἁδρυάδες/
hadryádes), tree nymphs. In contrast to the Dryads who reside in the vicinity of trees, the H. are intimately connected to their trees (δρῦς,
drys): they come into being and die at the same time (ἅμα,
hama) as the tree in which they live (schol. Apoll. Rhod. 2,477; Serv. Ecl. 10,62, cf. Pind. Fr. 165). The name is first documented in Apoll. Rhod. 2,477 (and Anth. Pal. 9,823,6), but the idea appears already in H. Hom. 5,256ff. The concept of the H. might go…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Hamaxantia
(42 words)
[German version] (Ἁμαξάντεια;
hamaxánteia). Attic
paralia? deme of the Hippothontis phyle, supplying one
bouleutḗs , unknown location. Lohmann, Hans (Bochum) Bibliography Traill, Attica, 51, 68, 110 no. 52, table 8 J. S. Traill, Demos and Trittys, 1986, 138 Whitehead, 372 n. 6.
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Brill’s New Pauly
Hamaxia
(97 words)
[German version] (Ἁμαξία/
Hamaxía, Stadiasmus maris magni 208). City in western Cilicia, modern Sinekkale (6 km west of Coracesium) [1. 78f.]. The name might have been derived from ἅμαξα (
hámaxa, ‘wooden cart’) [2. 250f.]. H. was one of Antonius' gifts to Cleopatra (Str. 14,5,3). There is no secure evidence about its status of polis [1. 79]. Archaeology: well preserved, walled-in settlement with an arched gate in the south, three-naved church in the west, necropolis in the north-west. Tomaschitz, Kurt (Vienna) Bibliography
1 G. E. Bean, T. B. Mitford, Journeys in Rough Cili…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Hamaxitus
(202 words)
[German version] (Ἁμαξιτός;
Hamaxitós). Small city in the Troad, located, according to Cook ([1. 231ff.], also incl. older attempts at localisation) on the coast in the Beşik Tepesı area north-west of modern Gülpınar. Presumably founded by the Achaeans, H. was settled by the Cilician residents of Chrysa (Str. 13,1,63). After 427 BC, H. was probably dependent on Mytilene, and, in the Attic lists of tribute quotas, was listed among the Actaeic poleis with a
phoros of 4 talents. In
c. 400 BC, H. was under the rulership of the dynast Mania before Dercylidas' peaceful capture …
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Brill’s New Pauly
Hamilcar
(877 words)
(Carthaginian name Hmlk = ‘grace is to mlk’; Gk. Ἁμίλκας/
Hamílkas). [German version] [1] Carthaginian commander about 500-480 BC Son of Hanno and a Syracusan woman (Hdt. 7,165), grandson of Mago [1. 36,183f.], father of Geskon [1]; Carthaginian commander in
c. 500-480 BC, whose role in his brother Hasdrubal's campaign against Sardinia remains unclear (Iust. 19,1,6f.) [1. 37]. It is seriously disputed whether he was king, or rather suffete [2. 459-461; 3. 70f., 90-97]. In 480, H. undertook a military expedition against Himera, whi…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Ḫammurapi
(240 words)
[German version] (Ḫammurabi). Most important ruler of the 1st Dynasty of Babylon, in office from 1792 to 1750 BC. Following extended battles with rival powers in Mesopotamia as well as with the rulers of Elam who all claimed sovereignty over the states of Mesopotamia, Ḫ. ruled over all of Mesopotamia from Mari on the middle reaches of the Euphrates and the region surrounding modern Mossul to the Persian Gulf from 1755 BC on. In over 200 of his letters and in numerous reports by delegates of Zimr…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Hampsicora
(59 words)
[German version] High-ranking Sardinian, who in 215 BC, along with his son Hostus, acted as organizer and military leader of the revolt by Sardinian tribes against the Roman rulership. H. received only insufficient Carthaginian assistance through Hasdrubal [4] and killed himself after a devastating defeat against T. Manlius Torquatus (Liv. 23,32,7-10; 40,3-41,6). Günther, Linda-Marie (Munich) Bibliography Huss, 348f.
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Brill’s New Pauly
Hamster
(130 words)
[German version] The hamster (
Cricetus cricetus) occurs only in grain fields north of the Alps and was unknown to Greeks or Romans. The hibernating μυωξός/
myōxós in Opp. Kyn. 2,574 and 585 was formerly identified with the hamster [1], but actually refers to the dormouse. The
crichetus in Thomas of Cantimpré 4,26 (according to the as yet undiscovered
Liber rerum) is well described, but the description of its size (similar to a squirrel) and its habitat (
Apulea) do not match those of a hamster. In Albertus Magnus' De animalibus 22,47 [3. 1375], the term
cricetus is confirmed in the gloss
hame…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Hanging gardens
(190 words)
[German version] Built by Semiramis (9th/8th cents. BC) in Babylon (or Nineveh [2]), one of the Seven Wonders of the World, mentioned neither in the cuneiform tradition nor in the city's description by Herodotus (1,178ff.). Records only begin to appear in the 4th cent. BC [1. 48f.]. The view that it was Queen Semiramis who had them built contradicts Diodorus (3,10,1ff.); Josephus (Ant. Iud. 10,11,225f.) refers to Nebuchadnezzar II (605-562 BC) as the builder. The hanging gardens (HG) were regar…
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Brill’s New Pauly