Brill’s New Pauly
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Subject: Classical Studies
Edited by: Hubert Cancik and Helmuth Schneider (Antiquity) and Manfred Landfester (Classical Tradition).
English translation edited by Christine F. Salazar (Antiquity) and Francis G. Gentry (Classical Tradition)
Brill´s New Pauly is the English edition of the authoritative Der Neue Pauly, published by Verlag J.B. Metzler since 1996. The encyclopaedic coverage and high academic standard of the work, the interdisciplinary and contemporary approach and clear and accessible presentation have made the New Pauly the unrivalled modern reference work for the ancient world. The section on Antiquity of Brill´s New Pauly are devoted to Greco-Roman antiquity and cover more than two thousand years of history, ranging from the second millennium BC to early medieval Europe. Special emphasis is given to the interaction between Greco-Roman culture on the one hand, and Semitic, Celtic, Germanic, and Slavonic culture, and ancient Judaism, Christianity, and Islam on the other hand. The section on the Classical Tradition is uniquely concerned with the long and influential aftermath of antiquity and the process of continuous reinterpretation and revaluation of the ancient heritage, including the history of classical scholarship. Brill´s New Pauly presents the current state of traditional and new areas of research and brings together specialist knowledge from leading scholars from all over the world. Many entries are elucidated with maps and illustrations and the English edition will include updated bibliographic references.
Subscriptions: see brill.com
English translation edited by Christine F. Salazar (Antiquity) and Francis G. Gentry (Classical Tradition)
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Brill´s New Pauly is the English edition of the authoritative Der Neue Pauly, published by Verlag J.B. Metzler since 1996. The encyclopaedic coverage and high academic standard of the work, the interdisciplinary and contemporary approach and clear and accessible presentation have made the New Pauly the unrivalled modern reference work for the ancient world. The section on Antiquity of Brill´s New Pauly are devoted to Greco-Roman antiquity and cover more than two thousand years of history, ranging from the second millennium BC to early medieval Europe. Special emphasis is given to the interaction between Greco-Roman culture on the one hand, and Semitic, Celtic, Germanic, and Slavonic culture, and ancient Judaism, Christianity, and Islam on the other hand. The section on the Classical Tradition is uniquely concerned with the long and influential aftermath of antiquity and the process of continuous reinterpretation and revaluation of the ancient heritage, including the history of classical scholarship. Brill´s New Pauly presents the current state of traditional and new areas of research and brings together specialist knowledge from leading scholars from all over the world. Many entries are elucidated with maps and illustrations and the English edition will include updated bibliographic references.
Subscriptions: see brill.com
Ka
(234 mots)
[German version] (
K) is attested from the beginnings of Egyptian culture to its latest phase. Together with ‘soul’ (
b), ‘spirit’ (
ḫ), ‘shadow’ (
šwt) and ‘name’ (
rn), according to Egyptian anthropology,
k constitutes a person. In the literature
k is understood as a kind of life force, its meaning coming close to ‘personality, self’. Consequently
k can stand for ‘name’ from the Third Intermediate Period (1080-714 BC). Gods, kings, and people have an individual or several
k. The king's
k was the subject of a special cult [1] and rendered in human form on paintings, d…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Kaaba
(111 mots)
[German version] (
kaʿba). The most important shrine of Islam. It is the point towards which prayer is directed, and the destination of pilgrimage, located …
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Brill’s New Pauly
Kabbala
(1 656 mots)
Stuckrad, Kocku Von (Erfurt RWG) [German version] A. Introduction (CT) The term Kabbala (Hebrew:
tradition, transmission), denotes a current of Jewish mysticism that began in southern France in the 12th cent. and soon influenced the whole of Judaism. In their recourse to ancient traditions, the conservatively-minded Kabbalists molded older elements, primarily from Platonic, but also from Pythagorean philosophy, into a coherent religious-theosophical system of world views, in which they also took up traditions …
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Brill’s New Pauly
Kadiskoi
(127 mots)
[German version] (καδίσκοι;
kadískoi). Urns used in the courts of Athens ( dikasterion) to receive the votes of the jury, referred to as ἀμφορεῖς (
…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Kados
(128 mots)
[German version] (κάδος;
kádos, Latin
cadus, ‘jug, pail’). Graeco-Latin term for a vessel, usually earthen, for storing fluids. In Athens,
kados was also the term for the biggest unit in the measure of volume, synonymous with metretes, equal to 39,4 l. [1. 101-102; 703 table X A]. In Rome,
kados was the measure of Greek wines, as opposed to Italian wines, which were measured by the amphora [2]. In Roman literature,
kados is a technical term for wine jug, often used metonymically for wine by the poets of the Augustan period. Records show that satirists also us…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Kaeso
(91 mots)
[German version] (also
Caeso). Uncommon Latin praenomen, perhaps of Etruscan origin, abbreviated K.; according to ancient etymology it indicates a child born by Caesarean section (Liber de praenominibus 6; Fest. 50L; Plin. HN 7,47). Because K. appears among patrician families only in the Fabii and…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Kainon Chorion, Kainon Phrourion
(116 mots)
[German version] (Καινὸν Χωρίον;
Kainòn Chōríon, Καινὸν Φρουρίον;
…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Kairos
(271 mots)
[German version] (Καιρός;
Kairós). Male personification of a term that even Cicero was almost unable to translate (Auson. epigrammata 33,10) καιρός;
kairós = ‘the right moment’, ‘opportunity’, ‘advantage’, ‘the right measure’, ‘proportion’ [1]; later equated with
Chronos and in Byzantine times with Bios. The Romans represent Kairos as a female, Occasio. The essence of Kairos is mainly emphasized by his representation: he is winged (on his feet or shoulders), tiptoes or stands on wheels, balances a scale on a ra…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Kaiser (Caesar, Emperor)
(361 mots)
[German version] (Old High German
cheisar,
keisar; Middle High German
keiser; even in Gothic
kaisar; Old Slavonic
cjesari/
kesari; Russian/Slovenian
cesar/
car, ‘czar’). The Gothic
kaisar probably derives from the Bible translation (Lk 2,1) by Ulfila. In the
Annolied (Song of Anno) (v. 271ff.) from the end of the 11th cent. AD
keisere is derived from Caesar. The name ‘Caesar’ was initially a cognomen of the Iulii, but after Octavianus ( Augustus) was adopted by Julius Caesar it became Augustus' family name (cf. [3]). Starting with Claudius [III …
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Brill’s New Pauly
Kakegoria
(166 mots)
[German version] (κακηγορία;
kakēgoría), verbal insult, an offence in Athens since the period of Solon (6th cent. BC). Deceased persons were always protected, living persons only in the case of defamation in public (Plut. Solon 21; Dem. Or. 20,104). The insulted person could file a private complaint ( dike), but had to share the compensation fine with the state. In the 4th cent. BC, all prohibited insults were recorded on a list (e.g. murder, striking the parents, throwing away the shield), but the…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Kakogamion
(71 mots)
[German version] (κακογάμιον;
kakogámion, literally ‘marrying badly’) was a punishable offence in Sparta (Stob. 66,16), or ‘it appears’ (Plut. Lysander 30,7) to have been prosecuted through
…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Kakosis
(229 mots)
[German version] (κάκωσις;
kákōsis), literally ‘bad treatment’ of people requiring special assistance. In Athens there were three such groups: 1. parents, 2. orphans, 3. heiresses (
epikleros ), Aristot. Ath. Pol. 56,5. Since the persons affected were not able to defend themselves on their own, every citizen had the opportunity to call the offender to account through
graphe ,
eisangelia or
phasis without themselves risking a lawsuit. Whoever refused to support and to house their parents or grandparents (including adoptive parents), stru…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Kakotechnion dike
(119 mots)
[German version] (κακοτεχνιῶν δίκη;
kakotechniôn díkē). Action against ‘wheeling and dealing’, in Athens specifically against a legal opponent whose witness had been condemned for giving false testimony (
pseudomartyrias dike ) (Dem. Or. 47,1; 49,56). The proceedings were conducted by the same official who had also conducted the main trial. The person who had called the witness had to pay a fine to the plaintiff. Since, however, the plaintiff had usually already been awarded damages in the lawsuit, it is rather improbable that he was entitled to the
kakotechnion dike without further…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Kakourgoi
(134 mots)
[German version] (κακοῦργοι;
kakoûrgoi). Generally ‘malefactors’ but in Athens criminal offenders listed in a specific law: night thieves, thieves of clothing, kidnappers, burglars, and pickpockets. When they were caught in the act, anybody could take action against these mostly lower-class criminals through private arrests (
apagoge ), and could bring them before the Eleven (
Hendeka ). The latter immediately ordered the execution of the criminal if he confessed. Anybody who could plausibly deny the crime was brought before the co…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Kalam
(264 mots)
[German version] (
kalām). In Islam, (scholastic) theology, (defensive) apologetic. In fact:
ʿilm al-kalām, literally: ‘science of the word, of speech’, which means presentation and explanation, dispute, discussion, (rational and dialectical) argumentation, reasoning, and the defence of Islamic beliefs and of the divine unity, against persons of different faiths, infidels, doubters, and heretics ( Heresiology). A theological discipline since the 7th cent. The emphasis is on a rational-dialectical, and, from the 11th cent., on syllogistic argumentation in the discussion about a) the conception of the caliphate and imamate, b) predestination and free will, c) belief and unbelief, d) the attributes of God, e) creation of the Koran. Beginning with the ʿAbbasids (AD 750-1258), translations from Greek into Arabic led to contact with, and reception of, Greek dialectics, philosophy (Aristotelian logic) and metaphysics, and, as a result, to the development of several schools and factions (movements). The rationalist theology of the Muʿtazila in the 8th-10th cents. is based primarily on the thesis of the unity and justice of God. In the 10th cent., the latter gave rise to the oppositional movement of reform by the Ašʿarites [1], which at first was involved with the most traditional school of law, the Hanbalites, both thematically and methodologically. The Ašʿarites School continued its existence up …
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Brill’s New Pauly