Brill’s New Pauly
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Subject: Classical Studies
Edited by: Hubert Cancik and Helmuth Schneider (Antiquity) and Manfred Landfester (Classical Tradition).
English translation edited by Christine F. Salazar (Antiquity) and Francis G. Gentry (Classical Tradition)
Brill´s New Pauly is the English edition of the authoritative Der Neue Pauly, published by Verlag J.B. Metzler since 1996. The encyclopaedic coverage and high academic standard of the work, the interdisciplinary and contemporary approach and clear and accessible presentation have made the New Pauly the unrivalled modern reference work for the ancient world. The section on Antiquity of Brill´s New Pauly are devoted to Greco-Roman antiquity and cover more than two thousand years of history, ranging from the second millennium BC to early medieval Europe. Special emphasis is given to the interaction between Greco-Roman culture on the one hand, and Semitic, Celtic, Germanic, and Slavonic culture, and ancient Judaism, Christianity, and Islam on the other hand. The section on the Classical Tradition is uniquely concerned with the long and influential aftermath of antiquity and the process of continuous reinterpretation and revaluation of the ancient heritage, including the history of classical scholarship. Brill´s New Pauly presents the current state of traditional and new areas of research and brings together specialist knowledge from leading scholars from all over the world. Many entries are elucidated with maps and illustrations and the English edition will include updated bibliographic references.
Subscriptions: see brill.com
English translation edited by Christine F. Salazar (Antiquity) and Francis G. Gentry (Classical Tradition)
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Brill´s New Pauly is the English edition of the authoritative Der Neue Pauly, published by Verlag J.B. Metzler since 1996. The encyclopaedic coverage and high academic standard of the work, the interdisciplinary and contemporary approach and clear and accessible presentation have made the New Pauly the unrivalled modern reference work for the ancient world. The section on Antiquity of Brill´s New Pauly are devoted to Greco-Roman antiquity and cover more than two thousand years of history, ranging from the second millennium BC to early medieval Europe. Special emphasis is given to the interaction between Greco-Roman culture on the one hand, and Semitic, Celtic, Germanic, and Slavonic culture, and ancient Judaism, Christianity, and Islam on the other hand. The section on the Classical Tradition is uniquely concerned with the long and influential aftermath of antiquity and the process of continuous reinterpretation and revaluation of the ancient heritage, including the history of classical scholarship. Brill´s New Pauly presents the current state of traditional and new areas of research and brings together specialist knowledge from leading scholars from all over the world. Many entries are elucidated with maps and illustrations and the English edition will include updated bibliographic references.
Subscriptions: see brill.com
Leucophrys
(104 words)
[German version] (Λευκόφρυς;
Leukóphrys). Polis in Ionia with a sanctuary to Artemis Leukophryene and a fresh-water lake (Xen. Hell. 3,2,19; 4,8,17). Probably not the same as the newly founded Magnesia [2] near modern Ortaklar (otherwise [1]). Around 400 BC, Thibron [1] moved the old settlement Magnesia [2] on the Maeander [2] to the Thorax (modern Gümüş Dağı; Diod. Sic. 14,36). [2] identified a fortified ancient settlement with orthogonal street layout on its eastern heights as L. Lohmann, Hans (Bochum) Bibliography
1 L. Bürchner, s. v. L., RE 12, 2288
2 A. Philippson, Milet III/5: D…
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Leucosia
(238 words)
(Λευκωσία;
Leukōsía). [German version] [3] Island on the Lucanian coast (Mela 2,7,121; Plin. HN 3,83:
Leucothea) on the Punta della Licosa, modern Isola Piana. Uggeri, Giovanni (Florence) Bibliography G. Brugnoli, s.v. L., EV 3, 1987, 196f. BTCGI 9, 1991, 5; 14, 1996, 505f. [German version] [1] One of the three post-Homeric Sirens One of the three post-Homeric Sirens, who no longer - as with Homer - appear in a group but as individuals: L. reaches south-west Italy through colonization. Consequently her suicide (she plunges into the sea) is local…
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Leucosyri
(273 words)
[German version] (Λευκόσυροι;
Leukósyroi, ‘White Syrians’, meaning and origin of the term are unclear). Indigenous inhabitants (App. Mith. 292; Σύριοι/
Sýrioi, Hdt. 1,6,1; 2,104; Ἀσσύριοι/
Assýrioi, Dionys. Per. 975) considered by the Greeks as an ethnic entity of the Anatolian northern part of the region Assyria (Λευκοσυρία/
Leukosyría, schol. vetera ad Apoll. Rhod. 196,9; 198,10; 201,6; Λευκοσυριακή/
Leukosyriakḗ, 200,1; Λευκοσυρική/
Leukosyrikḗ, 198,3). According to Ps.-Scyl. 89, the area where they lived extended from the river Thermodon (modern Term…
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Leucothea
(247 words)
[German version] (Λευκοθέα;
Leukothéa). A deity connected with initiation and rites of reversal. She appears as early as in Homer (Od. 5,333f.) where she is combined with Ino. Both, however, also appear independently in myth and in cult (the Leukathea of L.). L. was worshipped ‘in all of Greece’ (Cic. Nat. D. 3,39), but it is difficult to gain a clear impression of her festivals which often seem to have contained traits of social dissolution [1. 179; 2. 405-407]: her sanctuary in Delos was connec…
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Leucothoe
(70 words)
[German version] (Λευκοθόη;
Leucothóe). Daughter of the Persian king Orchamus and of Eurynome. She is raped by Sol, an act which his jealous mistress Clytia reveals to L.'s father, who then buries her alive. The grieving god transforms her into an incense tree (Ov. Met. 4,190-255). Occasionally confused with Leucothea. Ambühl, Annemarie (Groningen) Bibliography L. C. Curran, Rape and Rape Victims in the Metamorphoses, in: Arethusa 11, 1978, 213-241.
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Leucrocota
(181 words)
[German version] This composite creature ( Monsters) (size of a donkey, legs of a deer, badger head with a gaping snout up to the ears and a single bone in place of teeth, similarity to a lion in the neck, chest and tail, cloven hooves, ability to imitate the human voice) in Ethiopia in Plin. HN 8,72f. and Solin. 52,34 should possibly be interpreted as the brown hyaena (
Hyaena brunnea) [1. 154]. However, it is probably a mythical animal that was passed on through the sources mentioned and Honorius Augustodunensis 1,12 (
Ceucocrota) [2. 54] and Jacob of Vitry, Historia orientalis c. 88 …
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Leuctra
(150 words)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Athenian League (Second) | Boeotia, Boeotians (Λεῦκτρα;
Leûktra). Town (τόπος, Str. 9,2,39, cf. Plut. Mor. 773b) and plain (τὰ Λεῦκτρα) in Boeotia in the area of Thespiae. The exact localization near Leuktra (formerly Parapoúgia) is uncertain. L. became famous through the battle of 371 BC, in which the Boeotians under the leadership of Epaminondas defeated Sparta [3. 49-59]. Remains of a tropaion [1] from the 3rd cent. BC are preserved (rebuilt today…
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Leucus
(123 words)
[German version] [1] Companion of Odysseus (Λεῦκος;
Leûkos). Companion of Odysseus, killed by Antiphus, son of Priamus (Hom. Il. 4,491). Zingg, Reto (Basle) [German version] [2] Son of Talus, the steadfast guard of Crete (Λεῦκος;
Leûkos). Son of Talos, steadfast guard of Crete. Idomeneus [1] is L.'s foster father. When he joins the Trojan campaign, he entrusts L. with his house and rulership. L. lets Nauplius entice him to seduce Meda, Idomeneus' wife. Then he kills her along with his bride Cleisithera and Idomeneus' two sons I…
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Leuga
(360 words)
[German version] Gallo-Roman unit of measurement of Celtic origin for measuring and displaying distances on roads in Aquitania from the 2nd cent. AD and in the other Gaulish as well the two German provinces from the beginning of the 3rd cent. One
leuga is equivalent to 1.5 Roman miles and corresponds to
c. 2,200 m. Whilst in the 1st and 2nd cents. in these provinces the distance indications on the miliaria ( Milestones) were provided exclusively in Roman miles (abbreviation M P =
milia passuum), the measures generally appeared in
leugae (abbreviation L) from the time of Septimius Sev…
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Leuka (Ore)
(76 words)
[German version] (Λευκὰ ὄρη;
Leukà órē). The ‘white mountains’ in western Crete, up to 2,482 m high (Str. 10,4,4). Uncultivated and inaccessible with a remarkable stand of cypress trees (Plin. HN 16,142; cf. Theophr. Hist. pl. 4,1,3), in Plin. HN 31,43 also mentioned in connection with the search for sources. Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart) Bibliography J. Bowman, Kreta, 1965, 271ff. P. Faure, Noms de montagnes crétoises, in: L'Association G. Budé. Lettres d'humanités 24, 1965, 426-446.
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Leuke Akte
(78 words)
[German version] (Λευκὴ ἀκτή;
Leukḕ aktḗ). ‘White cape’ on the Libyan coast of Egypt, near the small Catabathmus, modern Ras al-Abja (on the Ras al-Kanais,
c. 60 km east of Marsa Matruh), mentioned in e.g. Str. 10,489; 17,799; Ptol. 4,5,3. According to POxy. XI,1380,45, Isis was venerated at Leuke Akte as Aphrodite, Muchis and Eseremphis. There was also an oracle sanctuary of Apollo ( Horus). Jansen-Winkeln, Karl (Berlin) Bibliography H. Kees, s.v. L.A., RE 12, 2261.
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Leuke Kome
(199 words)
(Λευκὴ κώμη;
Leukḕ kṓmē). [German version] [1] Phoenician village on the coast between Sidon and Berytus Phoenician village on the coast between Sidon and Berytus, where Mark Antony and Cleopatra met after the Parthian campaign (Plut. Antonius 51,2f.). Knauf, Ernst Axel (Berne) [German version] [2] Harbour town on the Arabian shore of the Red Sea This item can be found on the following maps: India, trade with Harbour town on the Arabian shore of the Red Sea and a Nabataean border post. It was from here that Aelius Gallus set out by land for the Sabaean capital …
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Leukophryene
(148 words)
[German version] (Λευκοφρυήνη;
Leukophryḗnē). Epiclesis of Artemis of Magnesia on the Maeander, the chief goddess of the city; after an epiphany in the mid 2nd cent. BC, an impressive temple was built for her (Vitr. De arch. 3,2,6), a new cult statue was solemnly erected [1], a trans-regional festival with agon was inaugurated [2] and the sanctuary was given the right to give asylum (Tac. Ann. 3,62,1). At the same time L. is the name of the heroine (thus derived), who (as is often the case) is bur…
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Leukos
(50 words)
[German version] (Λευκός/
Leukós, ‘the white’). Boeotian epithet of Hermes. The cult of Hermes L. was established due to an oracle which held that the Tanagraeans must sacrifice a boy and a girl in order to persist in the war against the Eretrians (schol. Lycoph. 680). Michel, Raphael (Basle)
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Leukos Limen
(78 words)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Egypt | Commerce (Λευκὸς λιμήν;
Leukòs limḗn; only in Ptol. 4,5,8). Harbour on the Red Sea at the eastern mouth of Wadi Hammamat opposite Coptus, modern Marsa Koseir el-qadim. Leukos Limen (LL) was the starting-point for trips to Punt (coast of Eritrea). From the Ptolemaic period the harbours Myos Hormos and Berenice [9] supplanted LL. Hardly any ancient remains are extant. Quack, Joachim (Berlin)
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Leuthari
(90 words)
[German version] Alemannian, brother of Butilinus. L. marched with him to Italy in AD 553 presumably on behalf of the king of the Franks Theodebald I. He parted from Butilinus, and after plundering expeditions in southern Italy went back north alone; after an attack by Byzantine troops he lost his booty again. L. and a large part of his army died of an epidemic in 554 near Ceneta in Venetia (Agathias 1,6; 22,1-3). Lütkenhaus, Werner (Marl) Bibliography
1 PLRE 3, 789f.
2 D. Geuenich, Geschichte der Alemannen, 1997, 93f..
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Levaci
(52 words)
[German version] In Caes. B Gall. 5,39,1 a people of Gallia Belgica - mentioned in the context of the events of the winter of 54/53 BC - who were immediate neighbours of the Nervii, with whom they had a relationship of dependence; cannot be localized more precisely. Schön, Franz (Regensburg)
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Levana
(90 words)
[German version] Roman goddess of
indigitamenta , unequivocally thus only at Aug. Civ. 4,11. Her name is mentioned there in conjunction with the protection and care of newborn children whom she ‘lifts up’ from the earth (
terra) (probably with a perfect tense meaning of the suffix
-na, s. [1]). Varro in Non. 848 L. also suggests that L. took up her abode directly after the birth, i.e. she is interpreted as a divine midwife who is the first carer of newborn infants. Kunz, Heike (Tübingen) Bibliography
1 Radke, 174.
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Levites
(434 words)
[German version] According to the Chronistic History ( Bible), the Levites - clearly distinguished from the priests - form a type of
clerus minor who are entrusted with the supervision of the Temple courtyards, provision rooms with cult equipment, sacrifices and offerings as well as being active as singers, musicians and gatekeepers and assisting the priests in the sacrificial service. Various genealogies document internal disputes and rivalries. The details of the history of the Levites can be clarified only with dif…
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Levy
(2,093 words)
[German version] I. Greece In geometrical and early archaic Greece, mainly nobles and their dependents took part in wars. With the rise of the phalanx in the 7th cent. BC, the Greek polity also levied free farmers, who could provide their weapons themselves. However, details about conscription are first known from the Classical period, especially from Athens and Sparta. In Athens, all citizens - probably with the exception of the
thetai until the middle of the 4th cent. BC - were liable for military service between their 18th and 59th year; o…
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Lewis Painter
(180 words)
[German version] Attic red-figured vase painter working between 470/460 and 450/440 BC; specialized in the painting of
skyphoi ( Skyphos; Vessels, shapes and types of fig. D.): with the exception of a
kantharos from the Athenian Agora, the
c. 45 vases known by him are vessels with this shape, most of which belong to type A, but some also to the Corinthian type. Many of the images show themes rarely presented, with gods and pursuit scenes among his preferred subjects. Beazley named the Lewis Painter after the original owner of the
skyphos in Cambridge; however, later two vases attribut…
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Lex Aquilia
(462 words)
[German version] ‘Law proposed by Aquilius’. The
lex Aquilia de damno iniuria dato (‘on unlawfully inflicted damage’) was a
plebiscitum which according to ancient tradition had to be dated from 286 BC, but according to modern economic historical analyses is from around the turn of the 3rd and 2nd cents. BC. The designation
lex was consistent with the fact that plebiscites had the effect of laws. The
lex Aquilia had three chapters. The first and third regulated delictual compensation (cf. Dig. 9,2); the second (which soon passed out of use) gave a claim for damages against an
adstipulator …
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Lex commissoria
(213 words)
[German version] A Roman forfeiture or cancellation agreement, it was usually a unilateral (hence:
lex ) clause inserted in conditions of sale (see
emptio venditio D), or a pledge (
fiducia ,
pignus ). Upon purchase the clause granted the vendor a right of rescission if the purchaser did not pay the purchase price - for instance, in the event of an agreement for payment in instalments or a date of payment. If the vendor exercised the right of rescission, he could request the return of the sold property by means of the
actio venditi (according to the Sabinians) or by means of an
actio in factum (acco…
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Lex de imperio Vespasiani
(396 words)
[German version] A bronze plaque in the Capitoline Museum in Rome contains the end of the
lex de imperio Vespasiani, the so-called enabling law for Vespasianus, with which the Senate decreed at the end of AD 69 - after the death of Vitellius - to Vespasian
cuncta principibus solita (‘all that is usual for emperors’, Tac. Hist. 4,3,3), and which was put before the
comitia at the beginning of 70 [1. 104f.]. The inscription (from the Lateran?), which no-one could read at the time because of its classical capital letters, served Cola di Rienzo in 1347 for the foundation…
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Lexicography
(1,215 words)
I. Greek [German version] A. Alexandrian period Greek lexicography begins in the Alexandrian period (3rd cent. BC) as a further development of glossography. The Alexandrian period in particular is the time at which collections of ‘glosses’ (difficult words) are compiled, such as the Ἄτακτοι γλῶσσαι (
Átaktoi glôssai) by Philitas, the Γλῶσσαι (
Glôssai) by Simias of Rhodes, and one by Zenodotus of Ephesus (all of them 3rd cent. BC). These collections presuppose the intention to explain special expressions in local dialects or words that are no long…
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Lexicography
(9,838 words)
Alpers, Klaus (Lüneburg) I. Greek (CT) [German version] A. Introduction (CT) The term lexicography is neither a Classical nor a Byzantine one; the words λεξικόν (
lexikón) and λεξικογράφος (
lexikográphos) are first attested in the 9th cent. The designations λέξεις (
léxeis, ‘words’) or γλῶσσαι (
glṓssai) are from Classical Antiquity. The origins of lexicography are to be found in the needs of the schools (reading Homer), the scholarly interpretation of the poets, research in dialectology and the elucidation of legal and constitutional term…
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Lexicon / Vocabulary
(1,249 words)
(of a language). [German version] I. General The lexicon includes the total amount of the words in a language which can be used by its speakers/writers. It can be ordered and examined by language areas (e.g. general, technical, professional language; colloquial, literary, poetic language), by word origin (etymology; also within a language by formation of word families with common etymological roots), by grammatical parts of speech, or by meaning of words. In this one can take the real world, i.e. its f…
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Lex Irnitana
(446 words)
[German version] Only Latin city law extant in large sections, for a Latin
municipium from the time of Domitian (end 1st cent. AD); found during illegal excavations in El Saucejo in the south of the modern province of Seville in southern Spain in 1981, and purchased by the authorities for the National Museum of Archaeology in Seville (initial publication: [2], with English translation; authoritative text: [4]). Of the original ten bronze tablets (H 58 cm, B 91 cm), six (III, V, VII-X) are almost completely extant, if also partially in pieces. We thus possess
c. 70% of the entire text, ta…
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Lex Iulia et Papia
(204 words)
[German version] To improve conjugal morals and to combat childlessness, Augustus, through the
lex Iulia de maritandis ordinibus (18 BC), forbade marriages outside one's class and ordered through the
lex Papia Poppaea (AD 9) that citizens of a marriageable age had a duty to marry, with unmarried people penalized by the forfeiture (
caducum ) of assets gifted to them in wills, and childless married people with the forfeiture of half of this; on the other hand, anyone who had children was accorded numerous privileges (
ius liberorum, ‘children's privilege’). Which regulations should…
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Lex, leges
(2,519 words)
[German version] A. Concept
Lex (‘law’, pl.
leges) in Roman law denotes stipulation by a private individual, an office-bearer or a legislative body. The etymology is obscure. A derivation from
legere (‘to read out’), referring to the method of stipulation by way of a ceremonial formula (cf. B. below on
nuncupatio) remains speculative. Crucial to the
lex is its mandatory character. On the other hand, in the original use of the term it lacks the ‘abstract’ (claiming general validity) and ‘general’ (directed at a large number of people) character of mod…
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Lex Malacitana
(115 words)
[German version] Municipal law from the time of Domitian (end of the 1st cent. AD) for the Latin
municipium Flavium Malacitanum, modern Málaga in southern Spain, of which a bronze tablet was found in 1861 with chs. 51-69 together with the
lex Salpensana (today in the Archaeological National Museum of Madrid). The text of chs. 59-69 is identical, with several differences, to that of the corresponding chs. in the
lex Irnitana ; this would probably also apply to the rest of the law. Galsterer, Hartmut (Bonn) Bibliography CIL II 1964 ILS 6089 H. Freis, Histor. Inschr. zur röm. Kaiserzeit, 1…
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Lexovii
(77 words)
[German version] Tribe on the western bank of the lower Sequana in the
Gallia Celtica, later in the
Gallia Lugdunensis. In Caesar's time they were part of the
civitates Aremoricae. Main settlement: Noviomagus, modern Lisieux. Attestation: Caes. B Gall. 3,9; 7,75; Str. 4,1,14; 3,5; Plin. HN 4,107; Ptol. 2,8,2; 5. Inscr.: CIL III 3177-3182. Lafond, Yves (Bochum) Bibliography C. Lemaitre, Noviomagus Lexoviorum, in: R. Bedon (ed.), Les villes de la Gaule lyonnaise (Caesarodunum 30), 1996, 133-166.
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Lex Salpensana
(95 words)
[German version] Municipal law from the time of Domitian (end of the 1st cent. AD) for the Latin
municipium Flavium Salpensanum, modern Facialcazar near Utrera (province of Seville) in southern Spain, of which a bronze tablet with chs. 21-29 was found together with the
lex Malacitana (today in the Archaeological National Museum of Madrid) in 1861. The text is, with some differences, identical to the corresponding chs. in the
lex Irnitana . Galsterer, Hartmut (Bonn) Bibliography CIL II 1963 ILS 6088 H. Freis, Histor. Inschr. zur röm. Kaiserzeit, 1984, no. 59 (German translation).
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Lex Ursonensis
(216 words)
[German version] Flavian copy of the municipal law of the Caesarean
colonia Iulia Genetiva in Urso, of which four almost complete tablets were found in 1870/71, and an additional 12 fragments were found in and near Osuna (province of Seville) in Southern Spain (today in the Archaeological National Museum of Madrid) in 1925. Originally the law probably comprised nine tablets with three or five columns of text each and just over 140 sections (
rubricae), of which 61-82, 91-106 and 123-134 are almost entirely extant and several others are preserved in fragments. The charter of the colony …
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Lex Voconia
(324 words)
[German version] A law introduced by the people's tribune Q. Voconius Saxa in 169 BC, which barred testators of the 1st census class (minimum assets of 100,000 as, Gai. Inst. 2,274) from naming a female heir in their will; this did not affect the intestate law of succession of women but following the law (
Voconiana ratione) women also had the intestate law of succession withdrawn from them from the 3rd degree of kinship (Paulus, Sent. 4,8,20). At the same time, the
lex Voconia (LV) limited the maximum amount of legacies to half the inheritance (Gai. Inst. 2,226). In practice, …
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