Brill’s New Pauly
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Subject: Classical Studies
Edited by: Hubert Cancik and Helmuth Schneider (Antiquity) and Manfred Landfester (Classical Tradition).
English translation edited by Christine F. Salazar (Antiquity) and Francis G. Gentry (Classical Tradition)
Brill´s New Pauly is the English edition of the authoritative Der Neue Pauly, published by Verlag J.B. Metzler since 1996. The encyclopaedic coverage and high academic standard of the work, the interdisciplinary and contemporary approach and clear and accessible presentation have made the New Pauly the unrivalled modern reference work for the ancient world. The section on Antiquity of Brill´s New Pauly are devoted to Greco-Roman antiquity and cover more than two thousand years of history, ranging from the second millennium BC to early medieval Europe. Special emphasis is given to the interaction between Greco-Roman culture on the one hand, and Semitic, Celtic, Germanic, and Slavonic culture, and ancient Judaism, Christianity, and Islam on the other hand. The section on the Classical Tradition is uniquely concerned with the long and influential aftermath of antiquity and the process of continuous reinterpretation and revaluation of the ancient heritage, including the history of classical scholarship. Brill´s New Pauly presents the current state of traditional and new areas of research and brings together specialist knowledge from leading scholars from all over the world. Many entries are elucidated with maps and illustrations and the English edition will include updated bibliographic references.
Subscriptions: see brill.com
English translation edited by Christine F. Salazar (Antiquity) and Francis G. Gentry (Classical Tradition)
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Brill´s New Pauly is the English edition of the authoritative Der Neue Pauly, published by Verlag J.B. Metzler since 1996. The encyclopaedic coverage and high academic standard of the work, the interdisciplinary and contemporary approach and clear and accessible presentation have made the New Pauly the unrivalled modern reference work for the ancient world. The section on Antiquity of Brill´s New Pauly are devoted to Greco-Roman antiquity and cover more than two thousand years of history, ranging from the second millennium BC to early medieval Europe. Special emphasis is given to the interaction between Greco-Roman culture on the one hand, and Semitic, Celtic, Germanic, and Slavonic culture, and ancient Judaism, Christianity, and Islam on the other hand. The section on the Classical Tradition is uniquely concerned with the long and influential aftermath of antiquity and the process of continuous reinterpretation and revaluation of the ancient heritage, including the history of classical scholarship. Brill´s New Pauly presents the current state of traditional and new areas of research and brings together specialist knowledge from leading scholars from all over the world. Many entries are elucidated with maps and illustrations and the English edition will include updated bibliographic references.
Subscriptions: see brill.com
Marathesium
(78 words)
[German version] (Μαραθήσιον;
Marathḗsion). Town on the west coast of Asia Minor (ruins at the Ambar Tepe [1]); after an exchange with Samos, it belonged to the territory of Ephesus (Scyl. 98; Steph. Byz. s.v. Μ.; Plin. HN. 5,114). From 478/7 BC it was a member of the Delian League (ATL 1,336f.; 515; 2,80; 3,204; 307). Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart) Bibliography R. Meriç et al (Ed.) IK 17,1, 1981, 111 (with inscriptions 3112-3114), 100 (map). Magie 2, 886.
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Marathon
(577 words)
[German version] (Μαραθών;
Marathṓn). Large Attic paralia deme of the Aeantis phyle, 10 (?)
bouleutai , in a flat coastal area in the east of Attica, capital of the Attic Tetrapolis (M., Oenoe, Probalinthus, Tricorynthus), not identical with modern Marathonas. The name is pre-Greek. There are important prehistoric, ancient and early Christian remains at various sites on the plain (map [10. 223 fig. 271]): Neolithic and Early Helladic settlement near Nea Makri (Probalinthus?) [8; 9; 10. 219],…
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Marathon running
(402 words)
[German version] The marathon as an agonistic discipline is an invention of the modern age. Longer foot races than the
dólichos (max. 24 stadia =
c. 4∙6 km) were not known to antiquity. Just as the
dólichos was originally run in the context of the training of messengers (
hēmerodrómoi;
dromokḗrykes), the marathon was ultimately part of (military) communication. The ancient tradition regarding the narration of the unique marathon after the Persian battle (490 BC) is scant: according to Plutarch (Mor. 347c) an Athenian hoplite in armour (
hoplitai ) ran from the bat…
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Marathus
(164 words)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Diadochi and Epigoni | Phoenicians, Poeni Modern Amrīt, important town in northern Phoenicia south of Aradus [1], which controlled it in 333/2 BC (Arr. Anab. 2,13,8; 14,1; 15,6; Curt. 4,1,6) and in 218 (Pol. 5,68,7). Around the middle of the 2nd cent. M. was independent and was able to defend itself against the Aradians (Diod. Sic. 33,5f.). According to Str. 16,2,12, M. was destroyed and its land divided among settlers from Aradus, but the city must…
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Marathus(s)a
(63 words)
[German version] (Μαραθοῦσσα;
Marathoûssa, ‘fennel island’). The most southerly of the islands off Clazomenae in the south west of the Gulf of Smyrna, modern Hekim or Çiçek Islands. Few remains. Evidence: Thuc. 8,31,3; Str. 14,1,36; Plin. HN 5,137; Steph. Byz. s.v. Μαράθουσα. Kaletsch, Hans (Regensburg) Bibliography G. Winkler, R. König (ed.), C. Plinius Secundus der Ältere, Naturkunde, B. 5, 1993, 262f. (commentary).
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Marble
(4,101 words)
[German version] I. Terminology, properties, identification Geologically speaking, marble is a metamorphic rock of crystalline structure (average crystal size 0.3 to 1.0 mm) and variable translucency, derived by mediumor high-level metamorphosis from limestone and dolomite [21. 17-20]. The ancient terms μάρμαρον/
mármaron (originally masc. μάρμαρος/
mármaros = ‘gleaming stone’; later attested in all three genders) and Latin
marmor, however, mean all white and coloured rocks capable of being polished, including hard rocks such as granite, greywacke and…
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Marble, paintings on
(499 words)
[German version] In Greek and Roman painting, stone, and especially marble, was a popular surface for paintings, as it lent itself to representations with varied functions. Images for the funerary cult, which are mostly badly preserved, existed on marble tombstones in many regions of the Mediterranean area from archaic times into the Hellenistic period. Like the relief stelae which were also painted with colours ( Polychromy), they were erected in necropoleis. Reliefs and painting were also combin…
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Marble sculptures
(417 words)
[German version] Crystalline limestone marble was the preferred stone material in Graeco-Roman sculpture. Marble was partially painted or gilded, otherwise impregnated with a coating of wax and oil (
gánōsis). Coloured marble was used to match the colour of clothing and hair; painted effects were achieved by adding metals to jewellery, weapons, hairpieces and eyes. The term akrolithon is used for elaborate mixed techniques. Stucco was often added to economize with material or time. The proportions of the blocks often called…
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Marcella
(145 words)
[German version] [1] Founder of monastic community in Rome, 335-410 Roman aristocrat, Christian,
c. 335 to 410/1. As a young widow she founded a monastic women's community on the Aventine and brought in Hieronymus as a teacher from 383 to 385; he wrote letters 23-29, 32, 34, 37, 38, 40-44, 46 (in the name of Paula and Eustochium) and 59, 97 (to M. and Pammachius) to her; important Roman participant in the controversy about Origen (cf. Jer. Ep. 97, Rufin. Apologia contra Hieronymum 2,20f., Jer. Apologia contr…
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Marcellianus
(73 words)
[German version] Son of the
praefectus praetorio Galliarum Maximinus [3], through whose influence he was appointed
dux Valeriae c. AD 373. He promoted the construction of a fortification ordered by Valentinianus I on the territory of the Quadi. He had their king Gabinius [II 5] treacherously murdered in 374 AD (Amm. Marc. 29,6,3-5; in Zos. 4,16,4 he is called Celestius). PLRE 1, 543f. no. 2 and 190 (Celestius). Portmann, Werner (Berlin)
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Marcellina
(122 words)
[German version] Sister of Ambrosius, bishop of Milan; lived with her widowed mother in her parents' home in Rome even after she was consecrated as a nun by pope Liberius [1] (352-66) on the sixth of January in an unknown year. Ambrose dedicated his treatise
De Virginibus (‘On Virgins; begun on 21 January 376) to M.; his letters 20 (April 386), 22 (June 386) and 41 (end of 388) are addressed to her (and through her to the Christians in Rome). M. was an important informant for Ambrose's biographer Paulinus. M. died soon after Ambrose (died 3…
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Marcellinus
(1,752 words)
[German version] I. Greek (Μαρκελλῖνος;
Markellînos). [German version] [I 1] Greek author of a treatise on pulses, 2nd cent. AD?, [1] Greek author of a treatise on pulses. His reference to followers of Archigenes suggests the late 1st or 2nd cent. AD as the earliest date of its composition. A more precise dating would be possible if he were the author of a recipe quoted by Galen (De compositione medicamentorum secundum locos 7,5 = 13,90 K.) from Andromachus [5] the Younger, but the identification is uncertain. M.'s …
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Marcellus
(1,746 words)
[German version] I. Greek (Μαρκέλλος;
Markéllos). [German version] [I 1] From Pergamum, orator, 2nd cent. AD, [1] Rhetor from Pergamum known solely from a brief reference in the Suda; he is said to have written a book (or several books) entitled Ἀδριανὸς ἢ περὶ βασιλείας/
Adrianòs ḕ perì basileías (‘Hadrian, or On Monarchy’). He would thus have lived in the first half of the 2nd cent.; whether Dio's [I 3] speeches
perì basileías, addressed to Trajan, served as a model is uncertain. Weißenberger, Michael (Greifswald) [German version] [I 2] From Side, physician and poet, 2nd cent. AD M. from …
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Marcia
(1,003 words)
[German version] [1] Possibly daughter of Q. Marcius Philippus (cos. 281 BC) Possibly daughter of Q. Marcius [I 16] Philippus (
cos. 281 BC), wife of M. Atilius [I 21] Regulus, mother of two sons (Sil. Pun. 6,403-409; 576). As a widow she allegedly took revenge on two Carthaginians who had promised to protect her husband (Diod. Sic. 24,12; HRR I 144f. fr. 5). Strothmann, Meret (Bochum) [German version] [2] Grandmother of Caesar According to Suet. Iul. 6,1 from the royal family of the Marcii Reges, grandmother of Caesar. Strothmann, Meret (Bochum) [German version] [3] Probably daughter of…
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Marciana
(203 words)
[German version] Ulpia M., born in the second half of August (cf. Feriale Duranum)
c. AD 50, daughter of M. Ulpius Traianus (
pater), sister of the emperor M. Ulpius Traianus, married to the senator C. Salonius Matidius Patruinus, widowed around 78; lived in Trajan's house with her only daughter Salonia Matidia [1]. Praised by Pliny (Pan. Lat. 84) in 100; from
c. 102 elevated to
Augusta. Coins were not minted until 112; these describe M.'s daughter Matidia as
Augustae filia on the reverse (RIC 2,299). The cities of Marcianapolis and Colonia Marciana Traiana Thamugadi (Timga…
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Marcianopolis
(322 words)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Christianity | Moesi, Moesia | Rome City founded by Trajan and named after his sister Marcia (cf. Zos.1,42,1; 4,10,3; Greek authors call it Μαρκιανούπολις;
Markianoúpolis. M., modern Reka Devnia in north east Bulgaria, about 20 km west of Odessos, today's Warna, was the administrative centre of
Moesia inferior. M. was a junction of strategically important roads: from Constantinople to Durostorum, from Odessus to Nicopolis (modern Nikiup) and from M. to Noviodunum (Amm. Marc. 27,5,6, modern Babadag). Under Commodus M. w…
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Marcianus
(1,758 words)
[German version] [1] Greek geographer from Heraclea, between AD 200 and 530, Marcianus I Greek [1] (Μαρκιανός;
Markianós). Geographer from Heraclea [7] between AD 200 (he used the geographer Protagoras) and 530 (he is often quoted by Steph. Byz.), possibly after 400 (GGM 1, CXXX; [2. 272; 3. 997; 6. 156f.]) or even closer to Steph. Byz. [1. 46]. Personal information about him is not available. Only 21 quotes from his
Epitome of the eleven books of the
Geōgraphía by Artemidorus [3] of Ephesus have been handed down by Steph. Byz. and one as Schol. Apoll. Rhod. 3,859 (GGM 1,…
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Marcias
(44 words)
[German version] Goth, commander of the troops in the Gothic part of Gaul which Vitigis abandoned in AD 536/7 (Procop. Goth. 1,13,15-16; 29). From there, M. was called to the siege of Rome (Procop. Goth. 1,19,12; PLRE 3B, 823f.) Lütkenhaus, Werner (Marl)
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Marcina
(57 words)
[German version] Etruscan town in the
ager Picentinus (cf. Plin. HN 3,70), later inhabited by Samnites, at a distance of 120 stadia from Pompeii (Str. 5,4,13); therefore probably to be identified with Vietri sul Mare (Salerno) (archaic graves). Uggeri, Giovanni (Florence) Bibliography B. D'Agostino, Marcina?, in: Dialoghi d'Archeologia 2, 1968, 139-151 M. Frederiksen, Campania, 1984, 33.
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Marcion
(517 words)
[German version] Christian heretic, born about 85, died about 160. M. came from Sinope in Pontus, was a wealthy
nauclerus (ship owner/overseas trader, Tert. De praescriptione haereticorum 30,1;
naukleros , Navigation). About 140, he joined the Roman congregation, but broke with it in 144 (ibid. 30,2). M. then founded a counter-church (Tert. Adversus Marcionem 4,5,3) which spread rapidly in spite of immediate counteractions. The dispute with M. forced reflections on the basic concepts and contents of the C…
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Marcius
(5,160 words)
Old Roman
nomen gentile, derived from the prename Marcus. Tradition knows of a patrician branch with the (mythical) king Ancus M. [I 3] and Cn. M. Coriolanus as its most important members. The younger members of the family (from the 3rd cent.) were plebeian without a link to the patrician Marcii being evident. Important families included the Rutili, later also the Censorini, Tremuli, Reges and Rallae. In the Late Republic the family claimed descent from the kings Ancus M. and Numa Pompilius (therefore the cognomen
Rex, see M. [I 5]; RRC 346; 425; Suet. Iul. 6,1; [4. 154]) as wel…
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Marcodurum
(69 words)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Batavian Revolt Settlement in the western territory of the Ubii, possibly modern Düren or, more probably, Merken near Düren, where the
cohortes Ubiorum were destroyed during the uprising of Iulius [II 43] Civilis in AD 69 (Tac. Hist. 4,28,2). Wiegels, Rainer (Osnabrück) Bibliography A. Franke, s.v. M., RE 14, 1680f. C. B. Rüger, Germania Inferior, 1968, 82.
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Marcomagus
(131 words)
[German version] Station (It. Ant. 373,2; Tab. Peut. 3,1) on the Roman road from Augusta [6] Treverorum to Colonia Agrippinensis, modern Nettersheim-Marmagen, district of Euskirchen. It was possibly associated with a
vicus located in the Urft valley south of Nettersheim, which was probably abandoned in the 2nd half of the 3rd cent. AD (cf. [1; 2]; CIL XVII 2, 554 of AD 350-353). Wiegels, Rainer (Osnabrück) Bibliography
1 A.-B. Follmann-Schulz, Die römischen Tempelanlagen in der Provinz Germania inferior, in: ANRW II 18.1, 1986, 750-753
2 J. Hagen, Römerstraßen der Rheinprov., 21931, …
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Marcomanni
(1,393 words)
[German version] A Germanic tribe belonging to the Suebi (border people [26. 161f.]) that was probably forced from the middle Elbe region into the upper and middle Main region by the migrations of the Cimbri and Teutoni. The M. supplied mercenaries: from 72 BC for the Sequani in their war against the Haedui, in 60 BC for the Dacians during the destruction of the Boii kingdom in Bohemia, in 58 for Ariovistus against Caesar (Caes. B Gall. 1,51,2). Severely defeated by Claudius [II 24] Drusus probabl…
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Marcomannus
(141 words)
[German version] Author of a commentary - based, among others, on Hermagoras [1] (of Temnus) - on Cicero's rhetorical works, from which Marius [II 21] Victorinus quotes, in part polemically [1. 173, l. 25ff.; 299, l.13ff.]. It is also used in the rhetoric of Consultus Fortunatianus [1. p. 98,26f.] and Sulpicius Victor [1. p. 339,2ff.; 340,14-341,28], as well as (according to title and subscription) of Iulius [IV 24] Victor, works which in part still belong to the 4th cent. Since Victorinus seems t…
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Marcomer
(85 words)
[German version] Frankish
dux, later
rex, broke through the Limes in AD 388 and probably destroyed the punitive expedition army led by Quintinus. In 389 he negotiated with Valentinianus II and provided hostages. In 391/2, M. avoided an attack by Arbogastes and in 392 entered into a
foedus with Eugenius [1] (Greg. Tur. Franc. 2,9). In 395 he presumably fled to Stilicho or was arrested by him and was interned in Etruria (Claud. Carm. 8; 18; 21). PLRE 1, 557. Kehne, Peter (Hannover)
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Marculus
(114 words)
[German version] Donatist ( Donatus [1]) bishop in Numidia, maltreated with a delegation of bishops in Vegesela (Numidia) by Macarius. M. was taken prisoner and - probably on 29 Nov. 347 AD - executed, according to the Donatist Acts [1] by being pushed off a high cliff. He was buried as a martyr in Nova Petra and revered by the Donatists. There is archaeological evidence for a
memoria domni Marchuli in Vegesela (Ksar el Kelb in Algeria). Schindler, Alfred (Heidelberg) Bibliography
1 J.-L. Maier, Le dossier du donatisme, Bd. 1: Des origines à la mort de Constance II (303-361), 1987, 275-291
2 A. …
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Marcus
(4,055 words)
(Μάρκος;
Márkos). I. Greek [German version] [I 1] The Evangelist, [1] (Lat. Marcus). The author of the second Gospel (Mk) could be a missionary (Iohannes) M. who is often mentioned in the NT especially in close association with Paulus (Acts 12:12:25; Phm 24 among others) (for example, for the first time Papias around AD 130, see Euseb. Hist. eccl. 3,39,15). The fact that evidence of a closeness to Paul's theology can barely be found [3] is an argument against this identification, while the straightforwardn…
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Marde
(113 words)
[German version] (Μάρδη/
Márdē, Μάρδις/
Márdis, Lat.
Maride). Fortress on the southern edge of the Izala mountain range (Ṭūr Abdīn), modern Mardin. Apart from a dubious identification with the ancient Oriental settlement of Mardaman, there are no indications that M. was of major significance prior to late antiquity. In Amm. Marc. 19,9,4, M. is one of the
castella praesidiaria against the Persians. Under Iustinianus (AD 527-565) M. was refortified (Procop. Aed. 2,4,14) and according to Byzantine, Syrian and Armenian sources, it continued to be an impor…
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Mardi
(244 words)
[German version] (Μάρδοι;
Márdoi). Near Eastern tribes in Armenia (Ptol. Geog. 5,12,9), Media and Hyrcania south of the Caspian Sea in the modern Elburz Mountains/northern Iran (Str. 11,13,3), called Amardi here (Str. 11,6,1; 7,1; Plin. HN 6,36; Steph. Byz. s.v. Ἀμαρδοί/
Amardoí, s.v. Μ.), in Margiane (Str. 11,8,8; Plin. HN 6,47); also one of the four Persian nomadic tribes (Hdt. 1,125,4) living above the Elymaïs region (Str. 11,13,6; Plin. HN 6,134; Arr. Ind. 40,6) in modern Ansan. Persian M. served in the Achaemenid army (Hdt. 1,84,2…
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Mardion
(34 words)
[German version] (Μαρδίων;
Mardíōn). Slave or statesman of Cleopatra VII. The propaganda of Octavian declared him, a eunuch, to be responsible for leading the Egyptian state (PP VI 14615). Ameling, Walter (Jena)
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Mardonius
(427 words)
(Μαρδόνιος/
Mardónios < old Persian
Marduniya). [German version] [1] Aristocratic Persian, son of Gobryas [3] Aristocratic Persian, son of the Gobryas [3] who plotted with Darius [1] I against Gaumāta (Gaubaruva; Hdt. 6,43,1 et passim) and a sister of Darius (Hdt. 7,5,1), grandson of M. [3. DB IV 84], husband of the daughter of Darius, Artazostra (Hdt. 6,43,1; [2. PFa 5,1f., 110, 118]) and father of Artontes (Hdt. 9,84,1). As a young man M. reorganized the political affairs of the Ionian cities on behalf of th…
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Marduk
(490 words)
[German version] The city god and chief god of Babylon was only a local god of lowly importance prior to the rise of the city to political prominence under Ḫammurapi (18th cent. BC). The name ‘M.’ (better perhaps: Maruduk) probably derives from an unknown Mesopotamian substrate language although Babylonian scholars interpreted it to mean ‘bull-calf of the sun’, based on the logographic writing of M. in the Sumerian language. Early in time M. was already equated with the Sumerian god of healing and…
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Marduk-apla-iddin(a)
(237 words)
Name of two Babylonian kings. [German version] [1] M. I. Kassite king Antepenultimate king of the dynasty of the Kassites (1171-1159 BC; Cossaei). Oelsner, Joachim (Leipzig) [German version] [2] M. II. King of the Chaldaeans (721-710 BC and 703) from the Chaldaean tribe ( Chaldaei) of the Bīt Jakīn; the Merodachbaladan of the OT (in Ptolemy: Μαρδοκέμπαδος/
Mardokémpados). As King of the Sealand he paid a tribute to the Assyrian Tiglatpilesar III in 729, and subsequently in 721 he succeeded as the leader of an anti-Assyrian coalition in Babylon (in the…
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Marea
(225 words)
[German version] Town west of Alexandria [1], situated on the southern bank of Lake Mareotis in a famous wine-growing area (Str. 17,799); Egyptian
mrt, modern Kaum al-Idrís, regarded in the Egyptian temple lists as in the 3rd district of lower Egypt, in Roman times however itself the capital of the Mareotis. M. is first attested in Hdt. 2,18, where it is stated that the inhabitants felt that they were Libyans. From the beginning of the 26th dynasty to the Persian period, the border garrison against Libya was situated …
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Mare Germanicum
(573 words)
[German version] (North Sea). This shelf sea, a marginal sea of the Atlantic ( Oceanus), assumed its present form in the Jura. In the west, it is separated from the Atlantic by the Straits of Dover, in the north-west, by the line of the Orkney and Shetland Islands. In the east, the Skagerrak separates it from the Baltic Sea ( Mare Suebicum). There are few bordering archipelagos north-west and south-east. The Mare Germanicum (MG) extends over an area of 0.58 million km2, it contains 0.054 km3 of water, its medium depth is around 94 m, its greatest depth is 725 m near Arendal in th…
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Mare Nostrum
(941 words)
[German version] (μεγάλη θάλασσα/
megálē thálassa, Mediterranean). Because of various earth movements that are still ongoing (rising, sinking; formation of numerous islands, e.g. the archipelago between Greece and Anatolia and Cyprus, Crete, Sicily, Sardinia, Corsica, the Balearic Islands; still active volcanoes and earthquakes) the appearance of the Mare Nostrum (MN) changed constantly (connections to the various adjoining seas, e.g. the Atlantic, the Miocene seas in the northern foothills of the Al…
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Mare Pamphylium
(122 words)
[German version] Sea bay that carves in deeply on the south coast of Asia Minor on the Lycian, Pamphylian and Cilician coastal fringe between the promontories of Hiera Akra (modern Gelidonya Burun) and Anemurium (cf. Plin. HN 5,96; 102; 129), modern Gulf of Antalya. Occasionally, the Gulf of Iskenderun ( Alexandria [3]) was included in the Mare Pamphylium (MP) as well (Dionys. Per. 508 = GGM 2,135), or it was even equated with the
Aigýption pélagos (Αἰγύπτιον πέλαγος, App. proemium 6f.). Shipwrecks near Ulu Burun and Gelidonya Burnu document the stormy nature of MP tha…
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Mares
(120 words)
[German version] [1] Tribe, Mares [1] (Μᾶρες;
Mâres). One of the five tribes which formed the 19th tax district under Darius [1], probably west of Colchis. Mentioned only by Hecataeus (FGrH 1 F 205) and Hdt. 3,94,2; 7,79 where they are described together with the Moschi, Tibareni, Macrones and Mossynoeci as lightly armed soldiers with small leather shields and javelins. von Bredow, Iris (Bietigheim-Bissingen) [German version] [2] Progenitor of the Ausones, Mares [2] (Μάρης;
Márēs). Progenitor of the Ausones. Because his Centaur-like figure appears too fabulous, he is …
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Mare Suebicum
(492 words)
[German version] (Baltic Sea). Shallow marginal sea of the Atlantic or the North Sea (
mare Germanicum ); since about 8000 BC the connection with the North Sea has been broken in various ways. Subdivisions are the shallow Kattegat and the shallow Bælt Sea, the actual Baltic Sea with various basins and depths up to 50 m (west of Bornholm), 100 m (east of Bornholm), 249 m (east of Gotland), 459 m (east of Landort, maximum depth of the Mare Suebicum (MS)) and larger islands (Fyn and Sjæland in th…
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Mare Tyrrhenum
(151 words)
[German version] The Tyrrhenian Sea, the western part of the Mediterranean Sea ( Mare Nostrum), bordered by the Italian west coast, the Sicilian north coast and by Corsica and Sardinia. The name goes back to the Greek name of the Etruscans (Τυρσανοί/
Tyrsanoí; Τυρσηνικὸν πέλαγος/
Tyrsēnikòn pélagòs in Thuc. 4,24). The Romans spoke of the
Tuscum mare (Varro, Rust. 3,9,17; Cic. Orat. 3,19,69; Liv. 5,33,8) or, in contrast to the
mare superum (Adriatic), of the
mare inferum (Cic. Att. 9,5,1). Before Roman rule was established in the Punic Wars, the Mare Tyrrhenum was freque…
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Marganeis
(125 words)
[German version] (Μαργανεῖς/
Marganeîs). Small community west of Olympia in the plain north of the Alpheius between the modern villages of Phloka and Strephi, dependent on Elis as
períoikoi . Exact location unknown. In the war of the Spartans against Elis in 401 BC on the Spartan side (Xen. Hell. 3,2,25; Diod. Sic. 15,77,4, Μάργανα/
Márgana), in the peace of 400 BC autonomous (Xen. Hell. 3,2,30), in 294 in the battle at Nemea again on the side of the Spartans (Xen. Hell. 4,2,16), but claimed by Elis (Xen. Hell. 6,5,2). Last mentioned in 364 BC as an…
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Margiana
(202 words)
[German version] (Μαργιανή/
Margianḗ < Ancient Persian
Marguš > New Persian
Marv). Fertile eastern Iranian country through which the Murġāb flows (Ptol. 6,10,1; Plin. HN 6,16; Str. 2,1,14; 11,10,1; in the Avesta M. is regarded as one of the most beautiful of countries created by Ahura Mazdā) in modern Turkmenistan. Ptol. 6,10 names the Derbicci, Massageti, Parni, Daae and Topuri as inhabitants of M. and also mentions individual cities, among which Antioch [7] Margiane (Giaur-Qala with the original Achaeme…
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Margidunum
(184 words)
[German version] On the great Roman road of the
Fosse Way between Lincoln and Leicester lay various Roman settlements; one of the largest was M., near East Bridgeford, Nottinghamshire. Originally a Roman fort (late Claudian/early Neronian period), abandoned in around AD 70 [1; 2]. M. probably served as a military supply base, since the local iron ore was intensively smelted. After the end of the military occupation, the civilian settlement continued on both sides of the
Fosse Way, possibly in conjunction with a
mansio (or
mutatio). Residential and other buildings were modest. Th…
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Marginalized groups
(2,172 words)
[German version] A. Definition Since the 1920s sociologists (Chicago School) have studied the phenomenon of marginalized groups (MG). In the German-speaking countries scholars have used the term (
Randgruppen) since the 60s. MG are defined as minorities ‘who are seen by the majority as outside of the social norm, and who therefore have the status of social outsiders ... groups who are socially declassed and/or are socially despised. A significant percentage of them live in poverty’ [3. 666]. Population groups whose values,…
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Margites
(369 words)
[German version] (Μαργίτης/
Margítēs < μάργος/
márgos, ‘mad’). Greek mock epic. First attributed it to Homerus [1] by Aristotle (Poet. 1448b 30ff.; Eth. Nic. 1141a 14) on the basis of literary-historical considerations. Probably to be dated in the 6th cent. BC at the earliest (the note of the Byzantine commentator Eustratios CAG 20 p. 320,36 that Archilochus and Cratinus had already testified to the Homeric origins is without significance; the quote in Ps.-Pl. Alc. 2, 147c is not by Aristotle). The
Margites is written in hexametres combined with (occasional?) iambic lines (c…
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Margus
(305 words)
(Μάργος;
Márgos). [German version] [1] Strategos 255 BC M. from Carynea, probably serving as nauarch of the Achaean fleet contingent during the Illyrian War, was killed in 229 BC near Paxos ‘after faithfully serving the koinon of the Achaeans ’(Pol. 2,10). During the reformation of the league, he killed the tyrant of Bura in 275, thus forcing Iseas, the tyrant of Carynea, to resign and to have his town join the league (Pol. 2,41). Before Aratus [2] he played a prominent part and in 255 he was the first to be elected sole
strategos (Pol. 2,43). Cobet, Justus (Essen) [German version] [2] Ptolemai…
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Mari
(444 words)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Mesopotamia (Syrian town, modern Tall Ḥarīrī, on the Euphrates, 15 km from the border to Iraq). French excavations since 1933 document three periods: the pre-Sargonic period (24th cent. BC) with an enormous palace (from it about 40 administrative documents were recovered which are similar to those from the archives at Ebla) and several temples (containing numerous statuettes of praying persons, some of them with inscriptions). The second, poorly…
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Maria
(1,540 words)
I. Roman women [German version] [I 1] Name of two sisters of C. Marius [I 1] Name of two sisters of C. Marius [I 1]; one was the wife of M. Gratidius [2] and mother of C. Marius [I 7] Gratidianus, the other one was the mother of C. Lusius [I 1]. Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) [German version] [I 2] Possibly wife of Honorius Mentioned by Claudianus (Laus Serenae 69), possibly wife of Honorius [2], the brother of Theodosius I, therefore the mother of Serena and Thermantia. Groß-Albenhausen, Kirsten (Frankfurt/Main) Bibliography J. R. Martindale, Notes on the Consuls of 381 and 382, in: Hi…
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Mariaba
(509 words)
[German version] (Μαρίαβα;
Maríaba). Capital of the Sabaean kingdom in the south-west of Arabia Felix, today the town of Mārib (15° 26′ N, 45° 16′ O). M. is mentioned as the metropolis of the Sabaeans in Str. 16,768, according to Eratosthenes, and in Str. 16,778, according to Artemidorus. It can be found as
Mariba in Plin. HN 6,160 as well as in R. Gest. div. Aug. 26; Ptol. 6,7,37 lists the metropolis Μαράβα/
Marába (variant Μάρα/
Mára, Βάραβα/
Báraba). The name form Marsyaba (Str. 16,782) is surely a contamination of Mariaba and Saba. Sabaean inscriptions also render the…
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Mariades
(73 words)
[German version] (Μαριάδης;
Mariádes). Citizen and councillor of Antioch on the Orontes. M. was excluded from the
boulḗ for embezzlement of public funds. He fled to the Persian Empire and betrayed the city when it was invaded by Sapor
c. AD 260. Sapor had him executed shortly afterwards. Or. Sib. 13, 89-102; SHA Tyr. Trig. 2,2-3; Amm. Marc. 23,5,3; Zos. 1,27; 3,32,5; Ioh. Mal. 12,295-296. PIR2 M 273. Groß-Albenhausen, Kirsten (Frankfurt/Main)
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Mariamme
(392 words)
[German version] [1] Granddaughter of Aristobulus II. and Iohannes Hyrcanus II. (Hebrew
Mirjam; the form
Mariamne in Fr. Hebbel's drama is a corruption from later MSS). Granddaughter of Aristobulus [2] II. and Iohannes Hyrcanus [3] II. Born
c. 53/52 BC, M. was a celebrated beauty. Married to Herod ( Herodes [1]) the Great, she became involved in the intrigues and conflicts between Hasmoneans and Herodeans. In 29 Herod had her executed on suspicion of unfaithfulness based on the calumnies of his sister Salome (Jos. Ant. Iud. 15,218-236). Bringmann, Klaus (Frankfurt/Main) Bibliography A…
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Mariana
(186 words)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Sardinia et Corsica | | Coloniae City on La Marana plateau on the Tyrrhenian coast in the north-east of Corsica, on the left bank of the Guola (modern Golo), 2 miles to the east of its mouth (Ptol. 3,2,5). Descended from a colony of veterans under Marius [I 1] around 100 BC (Plin. HN 3,12,1; Mela 2,122; Sen. Dial. 7,9; Solin. 3,2,5). Topography: near the
insula episcopalis of La Canonica the
decumanus with
porticus is situated, surrounded by shops and houses from the high Imperial period. Necropoleis from the Imperi…
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Mariandyni
(262 words)
[German version] (Μαριανδυνοί;
Mariandynoí). Originally a Plāïc-speaking (Paphlagonian) population in northern Anatolia, overlayered by groups of Thracian descent. Area of settlement: to the east of the watershed between the lower Sangarius and Hypius [1], to the south of the coastal area Thyni(a)s (up to Kales), to the west of the Caucones in the area of the lower Billaeus and the Paphlagonian area on the middle Ladon, to the north of Abant and Köroğlu Dağları (Str. 8,3,17; 12,3,4). Subjugated by …
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Mariandynus
(109 words)
[German version] (Μαριανδυνός;
Mariandynós). Aeolian (Steph. Byz. s.v. Μαριανδυνία), son of Phineus and Idaea [3] (daughter of Dardanus) or of a Scythian woman; also identified as the son of Cimmerius or of Phrixus (schol. Apollo. Rhod. 1,1126; 2,140. 723. 780). As a son of Titias he has two brothers: Priolas and Bormus. Following the latter's death, M. turned to aulody (song with flute accompaniment), in which he instructed Hyagnis (schol. Aesch. Pers. 940). M. reigned over a part of Paphlagonia, …
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Marianus
(317 words)
I Greek [German version] [1] Poet c. AD 500 Early Byzantine poet, contemporary of emperor Anastasius I (AD 491-518). According to Suda s.v. M., he originally was a descendent of a Roman family of senators, emigrated to Eleutheropolis in Palestine with his father and was a
patríkios under Anastasius, composed iambic paraphrases of the works of Hellenistic authors ( Theocritus; Apollonius [2] Rhodius' ‘Argonautica; Callimachus' ‘Hecale, ‘Hymns, ‘Epigrams; Aratus [4]; Nicander's‘Theriaka). Possibly identical with M. [2]. Damschen, Gregor (Halle/Saale) Bibliography
1 J. Geffcken,…
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Marica
(253 words)
[German version] Goddess who was worshipped in a grove between the estuary of the Liris and Minturnae (modern Minturno), probably as early as the beginning of the 7th cent. BC. A temple which was still frequented in the late Republican period can be dated to the late 6th cent. According to Plutarch (Marius 39), once something had been carried into the temple it was not allowed to remove it. Archaeological findings - anatomical votive offerings ( Consecratio) and representations of babies ( Kourotr…
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Mariccus
(44 words)
[German version] A Boian; in AD 69, as ‘self-styled saviour and divine protector’ of Gaul, he instigated an uprising in the territory of the Haedui; this was put down by Vitellius. M. was executed (Tac. Hist. 2,61). Haedui; Boii Spickermann, Wolfgang (Bochum)
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Marina
(126 words)
[German version] [1] M. Severa Mother of the emperor Gratianus, around AD 370 First wife of Valentinianus I, mother of the emperor Gratianus [2], whose elevation to Augustus she helped effect; removed from the court and divorced before AD 370 because of some fraud, in 375 called back to the court by Gratianus. PLRE I, 828, 2. Groß-Albenhausen, Kirsten (Frankfurt/Main) [German version] [2] Youngest daughter of Arcadius and Eudoxia, AD 403-449 Youngest daughter of Arcadius and Eudoxia [1], born 403, died AD 449; built a palace in Constantinople; following the example…
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Marinianus
(210 words)
[German version] [1] Jurist, teacher of law in Rome, 4th cent. Jurist from Galatia in Asia Minor, belonging to the group around Symmachus. M was a teacher of law in Rome (Symmachus, Ep. 3,23,2) and in AD 383
vicarius Hispaniae (Cod. Theod. 9,1,14). PLRE I, 559f. Giaro, Tomasz (Frankfurt/Main) Bibliography D. Liebs, Die Jurisprudenz im spätantiken Italien, 1987, 64, 98. [German version] [2] Flavius Avitus M. Consul in AD 423 Attested in AD 422 as praetorian prefect of Italia, Illyria and Africa, and in 423 as
consul, perhaps
patricius. Along with his wife he contributed to the renov…
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Marinus
(2,215 words)
[German version] I. Greek (Μαρῖνος;
Marînos). [German version] [I 1] M. of Tyre Greek geographer, 2nd cent. AD Greek geographer, known only through his immediate successor Claudius Ptolemaeus, who mentions M. as a source in his ‘Introduction to the Representation of the Earth (γεωγραφικὴ ὑφήγησις/
geōgraphikḗ hyphḗgēsis, = ‘G.). Arabic texts which mention M. all trace back to the ‘G. [8. 189]. Place names used by M. allow his work to be dated to between AD 107 and 114/5; cities are mentioned with the name of Trajan refering to his Dacian Wars (ended AD 107…
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Marion
(166 words)
M. was installed by Cassius [I 10] Longinus as ruler (‘
tyrannos ’) of the city of Tyre in 43/2 BC. M. supported the Hasmonean Antigonus [5], who had returned from exile, in his attempt to regain ground in Galilee and Judea against Herod ( Herodes [1]). Herod drove M. out of Galilee, but gave gifts to some of the captured Tyrian soldiers and sent them home (Jos. BI. 1,238f.; Ant. Iud. 14,297f.). [German version] [1] Ruler of the city of Tyre, 43/2 v.Chr. Marion M. was installed by Cassius [I 10] Longinus as ruler (‘
tyrannos’) of the city of Tyre in 43/2 BC. M. supported the Hasmonean An…
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Maris
(51 words)
[German version] (Μάρις). Son of king Amisodarus. Fights under Sarpedon on the side of Troy with his brother Atymnius [1]. When he tries to avenge his brother, who has been killed by Nestor's son Antilochus, he is killed by the latter's brother Thrasymedes (Hom. Il. 16,317ff.). Banholzer, Iris (Tübingen)
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Marissa
(172 words)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Pompeius (Hebrew
Mārēšā,
Mārešā, ‘settlement on the heights’; Gr. Μάρισ(σ)α;
Máris(s)a). City in the south-west of Judea (
Palaestina ). M. became Edomite (Edom) after the Exile and was probably an important administrative centre. It is known to us from frequent OT references (Jos 15:44; 2 Chr 14:8f.; 20:37 inter al.), non-biblical sources (e.g. Flavius Josephus) and numerous archaeological finds from
Tell Sandaḫanna (‘Hill of St. Anna’; also known as
Tell Mārēšā) located
c. 2 km south of the modern Bet-Guvrin. Tra…
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Maritima
(114 words)
[German version] (
M.
Avaticorum, Mela 2,78;
oppidum M., Plin. HN 3,34; Μαρίτιμα κολωνία, Ptol. 2,10,5;
colonia M., Geogr. Rav. 5,3; 4,28). Capital of the Avatici (Gallia Narbonensis). It was preceded as a settlement by a pre-Roman
oppidum, whose name is unknown. It is possible that M. was a
colonia founded under Caesar or Augustus. The site is not precisely known: on the
Étang de la Valduc or the
Étang de Berre near Miramas, or, more probably, near Martigues. Important staging-post on the trade route from Massalia to Arelate via Saint-Blaise and La Crau. Lafond, Yves (Bochum) Bibliography G…
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Maritime Law
(13 words)
see Fenus nauticum; Iactus; Nautikon daneion; Nomos nautikos; Maritime Loans
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Maritime loans
(982 words)
[German version] In ancient Greek, a maritime loan (ML) was called ναυτικά/
nautiká, ναυτικὸς τόκος/
nautikòs tókos or ναυτικὸν δάνεισμα/
nautikòn dáneisma (cf.
nautikòn dáneion ) and in Latin it was called
traiectitia or
pecunia nautica; the expression
fenus nauticum cannot be found before Diocletian. The first mention of a ML occurs in Babylonian texts; ML are documented in Greece from the 5th cent. BC on and continued into the Roman period and the Middle Ages. Although there are fewer sources available for the R…
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Marium
(306 words)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Kypros | Diadochi and Epigoni (Μάριον/
Márion). Capital of a local kingdom on the north-west coast of Cyprus near the modern
Polis tis Chrysochou. Some of its coins display the name of the city as well as the name of the dynast [1]. Finds go back to the Geometric period (900-700 BC). The export of copper from the mines of the nearby modern Limniti intensified the contact with Greece, especially with Athens (cf. IG II2 1675 l. 18). This is also demonstrated by finds from the extensive necropoleis and the locally produ…
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Marius
(5,642 words)
Oscan
praenomen ( Egnatius [I 3]). Attested as a Roman
nomen gentile from the 2nd cent. BC. The most important holder is the seven-time consul M. [I 1]; the prominent Imperial-period Spanish bearer of the name, M. [II 3], is probably a descendant of family members of that Marius. I. Republican Period [German version] [I 1] M., C. Seven-time consul, victor over Jugurtha and over the Cimbri and Teutoni, opponent of Sulla The seven-time consul; victor over Jugurtha and over the Cimbri and Teutoni. Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) [German version] A. The rise to political prominence Born
c. 157 BC…
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Market
(2,086 words)
[German version] I. Ancient Orient and Egypt The concept of the market is the subject of controversial discussions in classical Middle Eastern studies and Egyptology, since there was no term, neither in the Mesopotamian area nor in Egypt, that clearly designated the market as a place and a
modus operandi. Background of the discussion are, on the one hand, the studies regarding pre-modern societies inspired by K. Polanyi (among others by M. Finley for the classical world), according to which a market did not exist as a system of supply and dema…
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Marmarica
(468 words)
[German version] (Μαρμαρική;
Marmarikḗ). Region on the north coast of Africa between Egypt and the Cyrenaica. The borders of M. varied over time: during the time of the 30th dynasty (380-342 BC), the region of the Marmaridae stretched from the border of the Libyan district (near Apis) to the west (Ps.-Scyl. 108 [GGM 1,82-84]). According to Ptol. 4,5,2-4, however, the eastern border of the district of M. (
sic!) only began near
Pétras Mégas Limḗn (west of
Catabathmus Mégas), i.e. at the westernmost point of Egypt. Ptol. (4,4,2; 5f.) puts the western border of M. to the eas…
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Marmarium
(74 words)
[German version] (Μαρμάριον/
Marmárion). Harbour on the SW coast of Euboea, which probably had the purpose of handling the marble from the quarries of Carystus [1]; today's Marmara where, near the chapel of St. Nikolaos, the building elements of a sanctuary of Apollo Marmarios are located. References: Str. 10,1,6; Steph. Byz. s.v. M.; Nonn. Dion. 13,164; Eust. Ilia 281,4. Kalcyk, Hansjörg (Petershausen) Bibliography F. Geyer, Topographie und Geschichte der Insel Euboia, 1, 1903, 106.
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Marmax
(45 words)
[German version] (Μάρμαξ;
Mármax). Suitor of Hippodamia [1], and the first to be killed by Oenomaus (Hes. fr. 259a). His horses Parthenia and Eripha are buried together with M. M. was also called Mermnes (schol. Pind. O. 1,127b) or Mermnon. Frey, Alexandra (Basle)
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Marmor Parium
(369 words)
[German version] Hellenistic chronicle on marble from Paros; two extensive parts have survived: In the year 1627, fragment A (lines 1-93) from Smyrna came into the possession of Earl Thomas Howard of Arundel, but lines 1-45 were lost during the turmoil under Charles I. and are only known from the
editio princeps by J. Selden [1]. Lines 46-93 have been in Oxford since 1667. In 1897, fragment B (lines 101-132, FHG 1, 542-555) was discovered on Paros; today, it is kept at the local museum there. The Marmor Parium represents a Greek universal chronicle with the purpose of educating a…
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Marmot
(146 words)
[German version] Plin. HN 8,132 refers to the
Marmota marmota as ‘Alpine mouse’ (
mus Alpinus) and stresses its size (like a badger,
meles) and its hibernation (
conduntur hieme) thought to be based on its collection of food [1. 175]. The fact that its pelt is scrubbed off on the back he explains by saying that both sexes, lying on their back and holding food with their front legs, pulled themselves by their tails backwards into their den. The story of their supposed locomotion on two legs (ibid. 10,186) is, of course, not …
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Marne culture
(298 words)
[German version] Celtic cultural group in the early La Tène period (5th cent. BC) in the catchment area of the rivers Marne, Seine and Aisne (Champagne). French scholars also call it ‘Aisne-Marne culture’; already in the 19th cent., it was called ‘Marnia’ on the basis of numerous grave finds (over a hundred necropoleis with several thousand graves), being an independent group at the northwest edge of the early La Tène culture. Typical are especially the full body burials in shallow grave necropole…
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Maroboduus
(773 words)
[German version] King of the Marcomanni of a noble family (
genere nobilis, Vell. Pat. 2,108,2). In Rome, Maroboduus received the ‘favours’ of Augustus (Str. 7,1,3) early on - more is not known. After returning to his people, M. made himself king (Vell. Pat. 2,108,2) and after 9 BC, he went with the Marcomanni and other Suebian groups - probably with Roman approval - from the Main region into Bohemia which had become sparsely populated after the Boii had moved away ( Boiohaemum, Str. 7,1,3; Tac. Germ. 42,1)…
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Maron
(167 words)
[German version] (Μάρων;
Márōn). Priest of Apollo in the Thracian city of Ismarus; first mentioned in the Cicones episode in the Odyssey: For being spared during a plundering raid by Odysseus' warriors, M. gives Odysseus amongst other things a heavy wine as a present, with which Odysseus can later stun the Cyclops (Hom. Od. 9,39-61; 196-211). M.'s name appears to be derived from the name of the Thracian city of Maronea [1] whose environs were known for good wine (Hom. Od. 9,45; Archil. fr. 2); a nu…
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Maronea
(613 words)
(Μαρώνεια;
Marṓneia). [German version] [1] North Aegaean city This item can be found on the following maps: Thraci, Thracia | Colonization | Persian Wars | Punic Wars | Athenian League (Second) | Education / Culture North Aegaean city on the southwest slopes of the Ismarus, today's Maronia. Founded by Chios (1st half of the 7th cent. BC; Scyl. 678) in the tribal lands of the Cicones. Mythography associates M. with the Homeric
Márōn (Hom. Od. 9,197); first mentioned by Hecat. FGrH 1 F 159. The most important occupations were viticulture and sheep breeding. As of 529 …
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Maronites
(140 words)
[German version] Christian religious community going back to the Syrian hermit Maro(n) (Μάρω(ν)/
Márō(n), Syriac
Morun; 4th/5th cent. AD), the patron saint of a monastery on the Orontes near Apamea [3] in Syria, which became the centre of the resistance against the Monophysitism. After the death of the patriarch Anastasius II (died 609), the Antiochene ( Antioch [1]) patriarchal see remained vacant (Persian invasions); in 636, the region came under Arab rule. Its isolation in terms of geography and Church poli…
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Marpessa
(180 words)
(Μάρπησσα;
Márpēssa, ‘the robbed one’). [German version] [1] Daughter of the Aetolian river god Evenus Daughter of the Aetolian river god Evenus [3]. She is kidnapped by Idas, who escapes the persecuting Evenus with the help of his father Poseidon. M.'s father plunges into the river, which is named after him. M. is then taken from Idas by Apollo, and a fight ensues between him and the god, during the course of which Idas disarms the god of his bow (Hom. Il. 9,555ff.). Zeus settles the dispute by leaving the ch…
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Marpessus
(108 words)
[German version] (Μάρπεσσος/
Márpessos;
Marmessos,
Marmi(y)ssos). Town in the Troad, regarded as the home of the Hellespontine Sibyl (Paus. 10,12,3). Its location is derived from Paus. ibid. (‘240 stadia from Alexandria [2] Troas ’) and Lactant. Div. inst. 1,6 (
circa oppidum Gergithum). After Leaf [1. 106] calculated this to be in the area of Ballı Dağı, a definite location seems now to have been established by Cook [2. 281-283] at Dam Kale near Zerdalli, approx. 8 km north of Gergis. Schwertheim, Elmar (Münster) Bibliography
1 W. Leaf, Strabo on the Troad, 1923
2 J. M. Cook, The Troad, 1…
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Marriage
(2,531 words)
Buchholz, Stephan (Marburg/Lahn RWG) [German version] A. Beginnings in Late and Post-Antiquity (CT) The new formation of doctrines and laws on marriage in Late and Post-Antiquity was linked inseparably with the rise of the Church. Against Gnostic rejections and early Christian ideals of chastity, the extensive patristic literature showed signs of a positive evaluation of the ethical and social value of marriage. Augustine emphasized the goods of marriage--
proles,
fides,
sacramentum--although the idea that matrimony represents merely the lesser of two evils as com…
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Marriage
(3,409 words)
[German version] I. Ancient Orient Marriage in the Ancient Orient was always potentially polygamous, but in most cases it was monogamous in practice. Only kings had more than two wives. Marriage to members of inferior social groups was just as valid as marriage between them. Marriage between close relatives was basically forbidden, except between half-brothers and half-sisters who shared a father. A marriage could be concluded in any of four ways: 1) by a contract between the groom or his parents and…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Marriage, Age at
(1,038 words)
[German version] I. Object of Research and Method In pre-industrial societies, the age of husband and wife at first marriage - alongside mortality and the menopause - determined the time-span available for procreation. An extension of this period usually caused a proportional rise in fertility. At the same time, the age of the husband influenced the size of the generation gap and the social and legal relations within the
oíkos and
familia. Ancient historians have developed various methodological approaches to establish this age, which differ in the choice of the so…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Marriage contracts
(681 words)
[German version] A number of marriage contracts [MCs] are found among the Greek papyrus documents from Ptolemaic and Roman Egypt; they regulated both the moral obligations of the marriage partners and conjugal property law. They date from the period between the 4th cent. BC and the 6th cent. AD, and are (in contrast to the verbal agreements on dowries attested from Classical Athens) not to be understood as agreements between two families - as represented by the bride's father and the groom - but a…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Marrucini
(163 words)
[German version] Sabellian tribe of the Adriatic coast on the lower course of the Aternus (Ptol. 3,1,20), with the main settlement at Teate (Plin. HN 3,106; also
Teate Marrucinorum, CIL VI 2379, and
Teate Marrucino, Itin. Anton. 310), modern Chieti; neighbours of the Vestini, Paeligni and Frentani (Str. 5,4,2). In 304 BC, they concluded a peace treaty with Rome and an alliance (Liv. 9,45,18), which they upheld until the outbreak of the Social War [3] (91 BC) (App. B Civ. 1,39). Together with the Vestini, Marsi and Frentani, the …
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Marruvium
(350 words)
[German version] (Μαρούιον;
Maroúion).
Vicus, later
municipium, in Central Italy on the lacus Fucinus with a harbour settlement on the Aternus, modern S. Benedetto dei Marsi. Inhabited by Sabellian Marrubii or Marsi [2. 76], it was, from the 2nd cent. BC, dominant among its surrounding settlements (Str. 5,4,2; Sil. Pun. 8,510), and wealthy (Plin. HN 3,106). Various etymologies are cited for the place name [8]: the sea (Serv. Aen. 7,750), an eponymous commander (Cato in Prisc. 2,487,10; Serv. Aen. 7,75…
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Brill’s New Pauly