Brill’s New Pauly
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Subject: Classical Studies
Edited by: Hubert Cancik and Helmuth Schneider (Antiquity) and Manfred Landfester (Classical Tradition).
English translation edited by Christine F. Salazar (Antiquity) and Francis G. Gentry (Classical Tradition)
Brill´s New Pauly is the English edition of the authoritative Der Neue Pauly, published by Verlag J.B. Metzler since 1996. The encyclopaedic coverage and high academic standard of the work, the interdisciplinary and contemporary approach and clear and accessible presentation have made the New Pauly the unrivalled modern reference work for the ancient world. The section on Antiquity of Brill´s New Pauly are devoted to Greco-Roman antiquity and cover more than two thousand years of history, ranging from the second millennium BC to early medieval Europe. Special emphasis is given to the interaction between Greco-Roman culture on the one hand, and Semitic, Celtic, Germanic, and Slavonic culture, and ancient Judaism, Christianity, and Islam on the other hand. The section on the Classical Tradition is uniquely concerned with the long and influential aftermath of antiquity and the process of continuous reinterpretation and revaluation of the ancient heritage, including the history of classical scholarship. Brill´s New Pauly presents the current state of traditional and new areas of research and brings together specialist knowledge from leading scholars from all over the world. Many entries are elucidated with maps and illustrations and the English edition will include updated bibliographic references.
Subscriptions: see brill.com
English translation edited by Christine F. Salazar (Antiquity) and Francis G. Gentry (Classical Tradition)
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Brill´s New Pauly is the English edition of the authoritative Der Neue Pauly, published by Verlag J.B. Metzler since 1996. The encyclopaedic coverage and high academic standard of the work, the interdisciplinary and contemporary approach and clear and accessible presentation have made the New Pauly the unrivalled modern reference work for the ancient world. The section on Antiquity of Brill´s New Pauly are devoted to Greco-Roman antiquity and cover more than two thousand years of history, ranging from the second millennium BC to early medieval Europe. Special emphasis is given to the interaction between Greco-Roman culture on the one hand, and Semitic, Celtic, Germanic, and Slavonic culture, and ancient Judaism, Christianity, and Islam on the other hand. The section on the Classical Tradition is uniquely concerned with the long and influential aftermath of antiquity and the process of continuous reinterpretation and revaluation of the ancient heritage, including the history of classical scholarship. Brill´s New Pauly presents the current state of traditional and new areas of research and brings together specialist knowledge from leading scholars from all over the world. Many entries are elucidated with maps and illustrations and the English edition will include updated bibliographic references.
Subscriptions: see brill.com
Mani, Manichaeans
(1,201 words)
[German version] A. Sources Until the beginning of the 20th cent., knowledge of Manichaeism was based primarily on anti-Manichaeist literature, be it the edicts of the Roman Imperial era (from Diocletianus), the Christian (e.g. Ephrem of Edessa, Epiphanius [1] of Salamis, Augustinus, Theodor bar Konai) and Islamic heresiologists (Muḥammad ibn an-Nadīm, al-Birūnī, Šahrastānī) or the influential novel
Acta Archelai by Hegemonius (4th cent.). An early source is the polemic of the Neoplatonist Alexander of Lycopolis (
pròs tàs Manichaîou dóxas,
c. 300). Two Greek recantation fo…
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Maniolai nesoi
(116 words)
[German version] (Μανιόλαι νῆσοι;
Manióloi nêsoi). An archipelago off the coast of India, beyond the Ganges (Ptol. 7,2,31). Otherwise attested in Greek literature only in Pseudo- Palladius (
Perí tōn tēs Indíēs ethnṓn 1,5), but located by him in the vicinity of Ceylon (perhaps the Maldives or in the dangerous waters around the southern tip of India). Later often mentioned by Arabs, Persians and others. From the time of Ptolemy it was believed that these islands were so magnetic that they pulled the iron nails out of ships. Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki) Bibliography A. Herrmann, s.v. Μανιό…
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Manipulus
(242 words)
[German version] The
manipulus (maniple) was a tactical unit of the Roman legion introduced in the 4th cent. BC (Liv. 8,8,3:
et quod antea phalanges similes Macedonicis, hoc postea manipulatim structa acies coepit esse). It enabled troops to be more flexibly deployed for battle than with the phalanx. Soldiers armed with the
pilum (throwing spear) were given more room. The legion was deployed for battle in three ranks (
hastati,
principes,
triarii ), each of the first two ranks comprising ten
manipuli, each of 120 men, while the rank of the
triarii comprised ten
manipuli, each of 60 men. …
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Manius
(225 words)
Rare Roman
praenomen , principally used by the patrician families Aemilii, Sergii and Valerii and by the plebeian Acilii, most often in Upper Italy (rarely
nomen gentile: ILS 6230 and M. [I 2] below), acronym: a five-stroked M (, , in print
M'.). Two alternatives for the name's origin have been proposed since antiquity: derivation from
mane ‘in the morning’ (Varro, Ling. 6,60; Fest. 135 L.; Liber de Praenominibus 5: ‘one born in the morning’) or from
manus ‘good’ i.e. from the
di manes , euphemistically the ‘good gods’ (Zos. 2,3,2). Neither of the two has yet been convincingly argued. Rix, H…
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Manliana
(49 words)
[German version] Name of two road stations in Italy: one on the
Via Aemilia Scauri near Populonia (Tab. Peut. 4,2; Geogr. Rav. 4,32; It. Ant. 292,4) and the other on the road from Siena to Chiusi (Tab. Peut. 4,4; Geogr. Rav. 4,36; Ptol. 3,1,49). Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart)
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Manlia Scantilla
(43 words)
[German version] Wife of Didius [II 6] Iulianus, who after his acclamation as emperor (AD 193) conferred on her the title
Augusta. According to the Historia Augusta (HA Did. 8,9f.) she outlived her husband. PIR2 M 166. Eck, Werner (Cologne)
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Manlius
(3,605 words)
(in Greek usually Μάλλιος/
Mállios, often confused in MSS with Mallius and Manilius). Name of a Roman patrician family, probably of Etruscan origin [1. 227]. It attained an early political zenith in the 5th and 4th cents. BC with the Vulsones and Capitolini branches (continued by the Torquati). Sources connect the family's history primarily with the repelling of the Celts ( M. [I 8] and [I 12]. Stemmata, details of which are uncertain: [2. 1157f., 1166]). A period of decline ended in about 260 BC wi…
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Mannerism
(168 words)
[German version] Pan-Europian term for the epoch of the transition from the Renaissance to the Baroque (1530-1630). Aesthetics: anti-naturalistic emotion, irrationalism. Stylistic principle:
discordia concors (union of the incompatible). Linguistic obscuration by means of tropes, metaphors,
concetti and hypertrophying of Asianistic stylistic devices involving short sentences that combine the bizarre and monstrous with pathos and elements of contemporary language to achieve surprise effects. In 1948, E. R. Curtius adopted the term …
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Mannerists
(290 words)
[German version] The M. are a large group of 15 or more attic red-figure vase-painters whose affected style retains aspects of the Archaic. Active from c. 480 BC until near the end of the century, they favoured decorating
column-kraters,
hydriai, and
pelikai (see Pottery, shapes and types of)in an old-fashioned manner: elongated figures with small heads whose drapery has groups of stacked folds, picture frames with black ornament, and antiquated subject matter, such as Ajax and Achilles playing a board game.Their figures often gesture …
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Mannheim, Antikensaal and Antiquarium
(922 words)
Kreikenbom, Detlev (Mainz RWG) [German version] A. Historical Background of the Antikensaal (CT) The Mannheim Antikensaal (MA) ['Gallery of Antiquities'] was founded in 1769 by Prince Elector Carl Theodor (ruled 1724-1799). Decorated with casts of ancient works of art, this gallery and its furnishings were directly connected with the Palatine ruler's further attempts to develop his residence city into a centre of scholarly and artistic activities. Founded in 1763, the Academy of Sciences was a testimony to t…
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Mannus
(136 words)
[German version] (
mannulus) or
buricus (according to Porph. Hor. comm. epod. 4,14; Veg. Mulomedicina 3,2,2; for the name [1. 2, 29]) was the name given to the small horse or pony imported from Gaul (for the origin [2. 289]) in the 1st cent. BC to Rome as a luxury animal (Lucr. 3,1063; Plin. Ep. 4,2,3:
mannulus; Jer. Ep. 66,8), particularly for ostentatious ladies (Hor. Carm. 3,27,7; Prop. 4,8,15; Ov. Am. 2,16,49f.). People would harness the small, fast and temperamental animal to a two-wheeled coach (‘gig,
parva esseda,
carpentum,
covinnus; [3. 416, 464]: Mart. 12,24,8) or ride it …
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Manoeuvres
(525 words)
[German version] Military exercises (
exercitium, exercitatio militaris, decursio), for a long time little studied by historians, contributed considerably to the military success of the Roman army and appear to have been conducted on the Field of Mars (
Campus Martius ) in early times. From the late 3rd cent. BC, military exercises were developed further in both practice and theory. Cornelius [I 71] Scipio Africanus organized manoeuvres systematically in Spain in 210 BC (Pol. 10,20; Liv. 26,51,3-7) and then in Sicily…
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Mansio
(210 words)
[German version] Derived from
manēre (‘to stay’),
mansio is the term for a sojourn or stopover (Cic. Att. 8,15,2; 9,5,1) as well as the station on a Roman road where one stops for rest and food (Plin. HN 6,96; 6,102). It is also used in the sense of accommodation (SEG 26, 1392 l. 23; Suet. Tit. 10,1). Consequently
mansio also represents the stretch between two such places (Plin. HN 12,52; Lactant. De mort. pers. 45) or the travelling time taken, a day's journey (Plin. HN 12,64; CIL V 2108 = ILS 8453). Furthermore
mansio came to mean a building (CIL VI 30745 = ILS 4353; CIL VI 2158 = ILS…
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Mansuanius
(30 words)
[German version] C. M. Severus. Legate of the
legio I Italica; not identical with Cossonius Gallus (see addenda), as has been suggested (AE 1998, 1131). Eck, Werner (Cologne)
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Al-Mansur
(58 words)
[German version] (al-Manṣūr). Abū Ǧafar al-Manṣūr, second Abbasid caliph (AD 754-775). Actual founder of the dynasty, founder of Baghdad (763). Consolidated the realm by suppressing uprisings and making improvements in administration, transportation, communications, economy and commerce. He designated his son al-Mahdī as his successor despite objections. Abbasids Schönig, Hanne (Halle/Saale) Bibliography H. Kennedy, Manṣūr, in: EI 6, 427a-428b.
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Mantellum
(165 words)
[German version] (
mantellum,
mantelium, χειρόμακτρον;
cheirómaktron). A rectangular linen cloth with braiding and fringes; in cult activity it served as a hand towel carried by the servants of the sacrifice,at meals is served for cleaning hands (e.g. Xen. Cyr. 1,3,5) and as a tablecloth (Mart. 12,28). In Sappho (99 Diehl) the
cheirómaktron is mentioned as a head adornment. In its main functions as a tablecloth and towel the
mantellum corresponds with the
mappa that was also a popular gift at Saturnalia (Mart. 5,18,1). There is evidence that from the time of Nero (Suet. Nero 22) a
mappa (fl…
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Mantennius
(170 words)
[German version] [1] L. M. Sabinus Cos. suff. around AD 225 Senator. In AD 214 known as
m
agister tertium of the
sodales Augustales Claudiales (CIL XIV 2391). He must therefore already have been a senior member of the sodality. After a suffect consulship he became legate of Moesia inferior, where he is attested from 227 to 229 (AE 1972, 526 = [1. 13]). PIR2 M 172. Eck, Werner (Cologne) Bibliography
1 V. Božiloa, J. Kolendo, L. Mrozewicz, Inscriptions latines de Novae, 1992. [German version] [2] L. M. Sabinus Praefect under Commodus, AD 194 Equestrian. Father of M. [1] and M. [3]. Praetor…
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Manthurea
(75 words)
[German version] (Μανθ(ο)υρέα;
Manthouréa/Manthyréa). The name given both to the south western part of the eastern Arcadian plain near Tegea and to a deme of Tegea (Μανθυρεῖς;
Manthureîs). In M. there was originally a cult of Athena Hippia which Tegea adopted at the time of Augustus along with the cult image. Evidence: Paus. 8,44,7; 45,1; 47,1; Steph. Byz. s.v. Μ. Olshausen, Eckart (Stuttgart) Lienau, Cay (Münster) Bibliography F. Bölte, s.v. M., RE 14, 1255f.
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Mantias
(261 words)
(Μαντίας;
Mantías). [German version] [1] Athenian strategos, 360/359 BC Son of Mantitheus of Thoricus In 377/76 BC tamias of the shipyards (IG II2 1622,435f). In 360/359 BC Athenian strategos of a naval division and auxiliary troops sent to assist the Macedonian claimant Argaeus against Philip II. By delaying in Methone, he was co-responsible for Argaeus's defeat (Diod. Sic. 16,2,6 and 16,3,5; in
c. 358/7). Details about his family are distorted by
diabolḗ (‘slander, calumny’) in Demosthenes (Or. 39 and 40). For his trierarchies cf. IG II2 1604,10 and 46 as well as 1609,61f. Engels, Joh…
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Mantica
(79 words)
[German version] A Roman sack made of leather for transporting goods of all kinds including food (Apul. Met. 1,18). The
mantica was carried on the shoulder so that it lay over the back and chest (Pers. 4,24; Hor. Sat. 1,6,106), or when travelling on horseback over its hindquarters. A
manticula, a small leather sack, was carried by poorer people.
manticulari also means ‘steal’ or ‘cheat’, and the thief (‘cutpurse’) was called a
manticulator (
-arius). Hurschmann, Rolf (Hamburg)
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Mantichoras
(127 words)
[German version] (μαντιχώρας;
mantichṓras, also
martichoras, μαρτιχώρας;
martichṓras). According to Ctesias (in Aristot. Hist. an. 2,1, 501a 24ff.), an Indian animal with the body of a lion and the face of a human, with three rows of teeth. The fur was vermilion and the tail was shaped like a scorpion's so that the
mantichoras could shoot deadly spines like arrows. The voice sounded like a mixture of a shepherd's pipe and trumpet. The
mantichoras is described as fast, wild and man-eating (the meaning of the name, which is of Persian origin; cf. Ael. NA 4,21). Accordi…
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Manticlus
(112 words)
[German version] (Μάντικλος;
Mántiklos). The sanctuary of Heracles Mantiklos in Messana was founded by M. according to Pausanias (4,23,10; 26,3). M. may be a fictitious person reconstructed from an epiclesis, as the history of the First Messenian (Aristomenes) War (about 500/489 BC), with which M. is connected, contains fictitious elemants [1. 169-181]: as a son of a mantis (seer) Theoclus, M. was allegedly chosen by Aristomenes [1] beside his son to be a colonist of the Messenians during their flight to Sicily Colonization; Messenian Wars Auffarth, Christoph (Tübingen) Bibliograph…
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Mantinea
(1,467 words)
This item can be found on the following maps: Theatre | Achaeans, Achaea | Peloponnesian War | Persian Wars | Arcadians, Arcadia | Athletes | Athenian League (Second) | Education / Culture (Μαντίνεια;
Mantíneia). [German version] I. Name and landscape Older form of the name Μαντινέα, Attic and later literary form Μαντίνεια, the tribe was οἱ Μαντινεῖς;
hoi Mantineîs. The tribal name is primary, with the town name derived from it. The town lies in the northern part of the large eastern Arcadian plateau, some 12 km north of Tripolis (630 m elevation). The…
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Mantis
(894 words)
[German version] (μάντις;
mántis), the commonest Greek word for ‘seer’, ‘soothsayer’, occurs from Homer onwards throughout antiquity. A
mantis was usually a person. However, in sanctuaries with prophetic functions, the deity itself was regularly referred to as
mantis (e.g. Aesch. Cho. 559), mortals in these cases serving the deity only as a mouthpiece. This relation between deity and inspired human is expressed by Pindar in his invocation of the Muse: ‘Prophesy, Muse, but I will be your mouthpiece’ (fr. 150 Snell). Since the μαντικὴ τέχνη (
mantikḕ téchnē, ‘art of prophecy’) was p…
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Mantitheus
(317 words)
(Μαντίθεος;
Mantítheos). [German version] [1] Athenian counciller ca. 415 BC Athenian, involved in the mutilation of the Herms ( Herms, mutilation of the) while a councillor in 415 BC (And. 1,43,4), fled to Sparta and then, like Alcibiades [3], to Asia Minor, where they were arrested at Sardes. They escaped to Clazomenae in 411 (Xen. Hell. 1,1,10). In 409, M. was named as one of a delegation to the Persian King (Xen. Hell. 1,3,13), and in 408 he was entrusted with the supervision (see Epimeletai) of the Athenian conquests on the Hellespont, while Alcibiades returned to Athens. Dreyer, Boris…
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Mantius
(46 words)
[German version] (Μάντιος;
Mántios). Son of the seer Melampus, brother of Antiphates, father of Cleitus [1] and of the seer Polypheides (Hom. Od. 15,242ff.), according to Paus. 6,17,6 also of Oïcles (who in Hom. ibid. is his nephew), grandfather of Theoclymenus. Käppel, Lutz (Kiel)
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Manto
(155 words)
[German version] (Μαντώ;
Mantṓ). Daughter of Teiresias, from Thebes, like her father gifted as a seer, priestess of Apollo Ismenios (Eur. Phoen. 834ff.). When the Epigoni [2] conquer Thebes, M. is consecrated to Apollo at Delphi (Apollod. 3,85; Paus. 9,33,2; schol. Apoll. Rhod. 1,308). Diod. Sic. 4,66,5f. calls her Daphne [2], and describes her as an excellent poet, from whom even Homer took some verses. Later, M. participates in the founding of the colony of Colophon [1] in Asia Minor (with the or…
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Mantua
(314 words)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Etrusci, Etruria | Italy, languages | Colonization (Μάντουα;
Mántoua). Small (Str. 5,1,6) fortified (Plin. HN 3,130; Serv. Aen. 10,198) city in the 10th region between the swamps on the river Mincius, modern Mantova (an Etruscan origin for the name cannot be sustained; possible association with local names of watercourses, cf. the names
Abdua,
Padua,
Meduacus). For Plin. in HN 3,130 M. was an Etruscan foundation. In fact, during the Etruscan expansion in the plain of the Padus [2. 18-35] M. was a …
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Manturanum
(185 words)
[German version] (modern San Giuliano). Etruscan settlement near Barbarano Romano (south of Viterbo) on a tuff plateau at the confluence of two streams. Apart from an inscription of an Estruscan sherd, mediaeval geographers pass down the name of M. (or Marturanum). This agrarian centre, which existed from the 8th to the 3rd cent. BC, flourished during the 6th cent. Its second blooming came in the Hellenistic period. The precipices opposite the town of San Giuliano contain rock graves with chambers…
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Manturna
(79 words)
[German version] A divinity mentioned by Varro, Antiquitates Rerum Divinarum fr. 149 Cardauns (in Aug. Civ. 6,9), probably taken from the
Indigitamenta of the
pontifices (
Pontifex ), classified there as a ‘goddess of marriage’. She was invoked to keep a wife with her husband. M. is not attested elsewhere, but according to [1] should be linked to the Etruscan god Mantus, with a suffixation characteristic of Etruscan. Etruscan; Sondergötter von Stuckrad, Kocku (Erfurt) Bibliography
1 Radke, 198.
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Mantus
(131 words)
[German version] Etruscan god, eponym of Mantua, but not attested under this name in Etruscan sources. According to Servius and Schol. Veronense (on Verg. Aen. 10,198-200) M. is the Etruscan name of the Rom. god of the underworld Dis Pater, corresponding to the Greek Hades. Tarchon is said to have consecrated the Etruscan city of Mantua to him, and named it after him. As with Hades, there was no cult attached to M. Perhaps M.was regarded as god of the Underworld in Etruria too, if he is to be identified with the Etruscan
Aita (< Hades), who appears with Φ
ersipnai ( Persephone) in Etruscan tom…
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Manuale
(138 words)
[German version] Portable wooden reading desk.
Manuale was probably originally an adjectival attribute of
lectorium. Substanticised it then took on the meaning of (reading) desk [1]. The sole written reference is found in Mart. 14,84. A
manuale is illustrated on two reliefs from Neumagen [1. fig. 15-16] and in Vergil's Codex Romanus (Cod. Vaticanus Latinus 3867, VI). Two kinds of reading desk are attested: one with a base and one without. Only the latter can be defined as a
manuale as such. This is a wooden board with ends so bent as to hold in depressions both rolled-up e…
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Manumissio
(17 words)
[German version] The Latin term for Manumission (C.), the freeing of slaves. Schiemann, Gottfried (Tübingen)
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Manumission
(1,306 words)
[German version] A. Early legal systems The manumission of slaves is not attested for all ancient legal systems. Thus the Mesopotamian statutes of Eshnunna and Hammurabi make no such stipulations [1. 161]. In Hittite law too, nothing is known of manumission. The existence of manumission is, however, assumed for Egypt, although categorisation of the unfree (or rather, not entirely free) ‘bondsmen’ as slaves as such is disputed [2. 147]. This circumstance suggests that the legal systems of Greece and Rome also did not know of manumission from their beginnings. Schiemann, Gottfried (Tü…
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Manus
(730 words)
[German version]
Manus is used in Roman law in the sense of the ‘controlling and protecting hand’, expressing the family law concept of a relationship based on domination. Originally,
manus may have described the hegemony of the head of the family (
pater familias ) not merely over his children (
patria potestas ) but also over his wife. Already in the Law of the Twelve Tables (5th cent. BC), however, paternal power is treated separately. The meaning of
manus is accordingly restricted to the husband's relationship of power over his wife. Our best source for
manus are the ‘Institutions’ of …
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Manuscript fragments
(196 words)
[German version] Pages or fragments of codices ( Codex; mainly made of parchment) or printed books which were used particularly during the 15th-17th cents. in the whole of Europe as casings, pastedowns, flyleaves or reinforcing strips for individal folios, fascicules or the spine. These MS-fragments of mainly liturgical, biblical and legal content, but also fragments from private documents, are important in terms of palaeography, history and textual criticism: classical authors are rare in this co…
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Manuscripts
(3,137 words)
A. Definition [German version] 1. Term The handwritten book is the source of our knowledge of almost all ancient literature. The very few exceptions to this rule are provided by inscriptions, i.e. the
Res Gestae Divi Augusti ( Augustus) on a temple wall in Ankara, or the philosophical manifesto of Diogenes [18] of Oenoanda [14. 199-202]. A distinction is usually made, though not entirely correctly, between those books written in the ancient world, generically but not quite accurately known as papyri ( papyrus), and those produced …
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Manus iniectio
(363 words)
[German version] ‘Laying on hand’ occurs twice in connection with the most ancient type of Roman trial, the
legis actio : first, anyone wishing to accuse another may, if the defendant refuses to attend, force him to appear before the praetor by
manus iniectio, i.e. the use of force. The defendant may escape only by means of a
vindex (a person who guarantees the appearance of the defendant at a fixed later date; see
lex XII tab. 1-4). The second context for this a measure of compulsion - also involving a
vindex - was that of the enforcement of a confirmed debt (
legis actio per manus iniectionem,
lex X…
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Maon
(244 words)
[German version] [1] Town at the edge of the Judaean Desert (Hebrew
maon ‘(hidden) camp, home’). Town 13 km south of Hebron on the Ḫirbet Maīn at the edge of the Judaean Desert (1 Sam 23:24f.; 25,1f.; LXX Μαων/Μααν), also mentioned in the Arad Ostraka . [1. no. 25]. Euseb. On. 130,12 mentions M. as a settlement east of Daroma. The Roman road from Hebron to Mampsis and Elath ran along here. In the excavation campaigns in 1987-88, a synagogue from the 4th-7th cent. built on the north-south axis was uncovere…
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Mapalia
(123 words)
[German version] At the latest since Sall. Iug. 18,8 and Verg. G. 3,340,
mapalia was the common expression, for the Romans as well, for the straw huts of the Numidians. Some North African areas were also called mapalia: 1) an imperial domain between Hippo [6] Regius and Calama (Aug. Epist. 66); 2) a domain that was probably also imperial in the Bagradas Valley (CIL VIII Suppl. 4, 25902; 3) a
dioecesis Mappaliensis as a district within a Numidian diocese (PL 67,198). Huß, Werner (Bamberg) Bibliography H. Dessau, s.v. M., RE 14, 1403 M. M. Magalhães, C. A. Sertá, M., Lo spazio urbano e il nom…
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Mapharitis
(335 words)
[German version] (Μαφαρῖτις/
Mapharîtis, Peripl. m.r. 22). A region in the interior of south western Arabia Felix. In its capital Sawe (Σαυή), three travel days from the port of Muza, resided a prince by the name of Cholaebus (Χόλαιβος), in the middle of the 1st cent. AD. Compare the contemporary Sabaean inscription Sharabi-as-Sawā 1 (squeeze of inscription in [1] and [2]), according to which Kulayb Yuhamin, the tribal leader of Maāfirum, had a temple built below the city of Śawām. At the time, …
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Maple
(136 words)
[German version] (
acer). Depending on how one classifies them, there are 100-200 species of the hardwood genus
Acer L., the names for which in most European languages, including Greek ἄκαστος (ákastos) and Latin
acer and
ornus, are derived from an Indo-European tree name beginning with an a
- not from the adjective
acer (with an
ā). Apart from the Central European A
cer pseudoplatanus L. (sycamore maple),
platanoides L. (Norway maple) and
campestre L. (field or common maple), in southern Europe one finds, among other species,
Acer opalus Mill., monspessulanum L. and
orientale L. As deci…
Source:
Brill’s New Pauly
Mara
(64 words)
[German version] [1] see Mariaba see Mariaba Toral-Niehoff, Isabel (Freiburg) [German version] [2] City in Arabia Felix According to Ptol. 6,7,37 (Μάρα μητρόπολις;
Mára mētrópolis), city in the interior of Arabia Felix, mostly identified with the Sabaean capital Mārib ( Mariaba). Toral-Niehoff, Isabel (Freiburg) Bibliography City i H. v. Wissmann, Zur Geschichte und Landeskunde von Altsüdarabien (SAWW, Philos.-histor. Klasse 246), 1964, 417 (map).
Source:
Brill’s New Pauly
Mar Aba
(145 words)
[German version] (
Mār Āḇā, Μὰρ Ἀβᾶ;
Màr Abâ). Katholikos of Seleucea/ Ctesiphon [2] in AD 540-552. Converted from Zoroastrianism to Christianity, M. studied in Nisibis and then undertook extensive journeys in the Roman empire. In Alexandria [1] he impressed Cosmas [2] Indicopleustes with his erudition (the latter names him, in the Hellenized form of his name,
Patríkios, cf. Topographia Christiana 2,2). Although he spent much of his period in office in exile or, as a confessor, in prison, he nonetheless remained extremely active in church administrati…
Source:
Brill’s New Pauly
Maracanda
(443 words)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Achaemenids | Sassanids | Alexander | Graeco-Bactria | Graeco-Bactria (Μαράκανδα, ἡ Μαρακάνδα;
Marákanda,
hē Marakánda), modern Afrasiab/Samarkand, founded as an oasis city at the end of the 14th cent. BC in the fertile plain of the Polytimetus (modern Serafšān), old capital of Sogdiana (Arr. Anab. 3,30,6), the size of 60
stadia (Curt. 7,6,10). Trading centre for trade to the north and east (finds from the Tang period). There is hardly any information about the period before Alexander [4] the …
Source:
Brill’s New Pauly
Maranitae
(60 words)
[German version] (Μαρανῖται;
Maranîtai). According to Agatharchides (De Mari Erythraeo 88 GGM 1,177), Arab tribe that settled in the coastal strip of the Red Sea. Sources tell of their conflict with the
Garindaneîs (Γαρινδανεῖς), who took advantage of an absence of the M. to seize for themselves, in an underhand manner, their possessions and estates. Toral-Niehoff, Isabel (Freiburg)
Source:
Brill’s New Pauly