Brill’s New Pauly
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Subject: Classical Studies
Edited by: Hubert Cancik and Helmuth Schneider (Antiquity) and Manfred Landfester (Classical Tradition).
English translation edited by Christine F. Salazar (Antiquity) and Francis G. Gentry (Classical Tradition)
Brill´s New Pauly is the English edition of the authoritative Der Neue Pauly, published by Verlag J.B. Metzler since 1996. The encyclopaedic coverage and high academic standard of the work, the interdisciplinary and contemporary approach and clear and accessible presentation have made the New Pauly the unrivalled modern reference work for the ancient world. The section on Antiquity of Brill´s New Pauly are devoted to Greco-Roman antiquity and cover more than two thousand years of history, ranging from the second millennium BC to early medieval Europe. Special emphasis is given to the interaction between Greco-Roman culture on the one hand, and Semitic, Celtic, Germanic, and Slavonic culture, and ancient Judaism, Christianity, and Islam on the other hand. The section on the Classical Tradition is uniquely concerned with the long and influential aftermath of antiquity and the process of continuous reinterpretation and revaluation of the ancient heritage, including the history of classical scholarship. Brill´s New Pauly presents the current state of traditional and new areas of research and brings together specialist knowledge from leading scholars from all over the world. Many entries are elucidated with maps and illustrations and the English edition will include updated bibliographic references.
Subscriptions: see brill.com
English translation edited by Christine F. Salazar (Antiquity) and Francis G. Gentry (Classical Tradition)
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Brill´s New Pauly is the English edition of the authoritative Der Neue Pauly, published by Verlag J.B. Metzler since 1996. The encyclopaedic coverage and high academic standard of the work, the interdisciplinary and contemporary approach and clear and accessible presentation have made the New Pauly the unrivalled modern reference work for the ancient world. The section on Antiquity of Brill´s New Pauly are devoted to Greco-Roman antiquity and cover more than two thousand years of history, ranging from the second millennium BC to early medieval Europe. Special emphasis is given to the interaction between Greco-Roman culture on the one hand, and Semitic, Celtic, Germanic, and Slavonic culture, and ancient Judaism, Christianity, and Islam on the other hand. The section on the Classical Tradition is uniquely concerned with the long and influential aftermath of antiquity and the process of continuous reinterpretation and revaluation of the ancient heritage, including the history of classical scholarship. Brill´s New Pauly presents the current state of traditional and new areas of research and brings together specialist knowledge from leading scholars from all over the world. Many entries are elucidated with maps and illustrations and the English edition will include updated bibliographic references.
Subscriptions: see brill.com
Neaethus
(177 words)
[German version] (Νέαιθος/
Néaithos), Strab. 6,1,12; Ναύαιθος/
Naúaithos, Apollodorus FHG 1,180 fr. 3, from νε- or ναυ- + αἴθω - but cf. [6]). River in Bruttium to the north of Croton (Plin. HN 3,97), rising in the Sila mountains, modern Neto. Allegedly so called because it was there that the captured Trojan women burnt the Achaeans' ships (Lycophr. 921 with schol.; Str. 6,1,12: hence many Achaean settlements on the N.; schol. Theocr. 4,24; Euphorion in Steph. Byz. s.v. Ἀσκανία; Suda s.v. Ναίεθος; Et…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Nea Kome
(108 words)
[German version] Neither the name nor the location of this settlement, only mentioned under this name by Strabo (13,1,45), can be precisely confirmed. The towns of Ἐνέα κώμη/
Enéa kṓmē (Str. 12,3,23) and Αἰνέα/
Ainéa (Str. 13,1,45) may have been identical with NK.
Néa kṓmē phroúrion Mysías, mentioned by Steph. Byz. s.v. Νέαι/
Néai, and the
Nea or
Nee mentioned in Plin. HN 2,210 and 5,124 may also be the same place. It must have been somewhere on the Aesepus, on the frontier between the Troad and Cyzicene (Cyzicus). Schwertheim, Elmar (Münster) Bibliography W. Leaf, Strabon on the Troad,…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Nealce
(33 words)
[German version] (Νεάλκη/
Neálkē, Latin
Nealce). Wife of Hippomedon [1], went out with the other widows of the Seven against Thebes to bury her fallen husband (Stat. Theb. 12,122). Klodt, Claudia (Hamburg)
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Brill’s New Pauly
Nealces
(147 words)
[German version] (Νεάλκης;
Neálkēs). Hellenistic representative of the Sicyonian school of painting, which has been famous since the Classical period. In the late 3rd cent. BC he was a respected and influential court painter for his friend Aratus [2]. Plin. HN 35, 141f. refers to pictures of an Aphrodite, of a snorting and foaming horse along with its tamer, as well as one of a naval battle between Persians and Egyptians on the Nile. We have no details of N.'s style, but his craftsmanship is emphasized in an anecdote which is also often told about other artists (Plin. HN 35, 103f.). Hoesch, Nic…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Neandrea
(182 words)
[German version] (Νεανδρία/
Neandría, Νεάνδρεια/
Neándreia). Aeolian foundation of the 8th/7th cent. BC, above Alexandria [2], on the 521 m high Çiğri Dağı, which was probably already settled in the 2nd millenium BC. In mythology, Cycnus [2], lord of N., Colonae and Tenedus (?), came to the aid of his relative Priamus, king of Troy, in battle against the Greeks, and was killed by Achilles (Dictys 2,12f.; cf [3. 21f.]. N. is historically attested by its inclusion in the tribute quota lists of the Delian League with 2,000 drachm…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Neanthes
(285 words)
(Νεάνθης;
Neánthēs). [German version] [1] Of Cyzicus, Greek author of uncertain date N. of Cyzicus. References to and some fragments of the following works under this name are preserved (FGrH 84): a Greek history (Ἑλληνικά,
Hellēniká), a history of Attalus [4] I of Pergamum (Περὶ Ἄτταλον ἱστορίαι,
Perì Áttalon historíai), writings on the myths and history of the city of Cyzicus (Τὰ κατὰ πόλιν μυθικά, Ὧροι Κυζικηνῶν,
Ta katà pólin mythiká, Hȏroi Kyzikēnȏn), a biographical collection ‘On famous men (Περὶ ἐνδόξων ἀνδρῶν,
Perì endóxōn andrȏn), a piece on mysteries and cults (Περὶ τελετῶν,
P…
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Neapolis
(2,079 words)
(Νέα πόλις/
Néa pólis, Νεάπολις/
Neápolis, ‘New City’). [German version] [1] Town on the northern coast of the Aegean This item can be found on the following maps: | Macedonia, Macedones | Moesi, Moesia Town on the northern coast of the Aegean to the west of the mouth of the Nestus river, across from the island of Thasos, modern Kavalla (Str. 7a,1,36; Ps.-Scyl. 67), probably a Thasian colony but the exact period of foundation is unknown. Early in the 6th cent. BC, autonomous silver coinage modelled on that of Eretria [1] (HN 196…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Neapolitanus
(71 words)
[German version]
Tribunus militum in one of the Syrian legions. In AD 66, the governor C. Cestius [II 3] Gallus sent him to Jerusalem, in order to report on the unsettled situation there which was attributed to the behaviour of Gessius Florus (Jos. BI. 2,16,1-2). In the following year as
praefectus alae he protected the town of Scythopolis (see Beisan) against the insurgent Jews PIR2 N 36. Eck, Werner (Cologne)
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Nearchus
(948 words)
(Νέαρχος;
Néarchos). [German version] [1] Attic Black-Figure vase painter, c. 560 BC Attic black-figure vase painter and potter of the high Archaic Period,
c. 560 BC. His name appears on eight vessels; of these one painter's and four potter's signatures are certainly his. N.'s importance is based primarily on the fragment of the great
kantharos from the Acropolis with the painter's signature (Athens, NM Acr. 611 and AP 67), depicting Achilles harnessing his team of horses and the handover of weapons. By choosing the motif of harnessing - here for t…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Near Eastern archaeology
(5,605 words)
Nissen I. General Introduction (CT) [German version] A. Name and Definition (CT) Near Eastern Archaeological Studies (NEAS) developed only gradually as a separate academic discipline; it arose out of the efforts to explore the cultures of the ancient Near East after the part of it that dealt with excavations had been in the hands of enthusiastic laymen, casual diggers and construction historians for many years. The interpretive part, however, was administered by those who primarily handled written and hist…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Neboutosualeth
(123 words)
[German version] (Νεβουτοσουαληθ/
Neboutosoualēth). Name of a deity considered to be the bringer of light (
phaesphóros theá PGM XIV a 3, probably the moon goddess). N. is frequently mentioned in the Greek magical papyri in conjunction with Ἀχθιῶφιφ/
Achthiṓphiph and Ἐρεσχιγάλ/
Ereschigál, PGM IV 2484; 2749; VII 317, both chthonian gods, or with Ἐρβήθ/
Erbḗth and Πακερβήθ/
Pakerbḗth; PGM IV 2213. In magic N. denotes Hecate/Selene/Persephone (PGM IV 2524; 2743), but also represents Isis/Hecate (PGM III 46f.) and Aphrodite (PGM IV 2913). She is able to e…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Nebridius
(290 words)
[German version] [1] Praefectus praetorio Orientis, AD 365
Praefectus praetorio Orientis in AD 365. N. was born in Etruria. His career led through lesser offices, held prior to 354, via the
comitiva Orientis 354-358 and the
quaestura (sacri palatii) at the court of the Caesar Iulianus [11] 359(?)-360 and finally to the Praetorian Prefecture of Gaul (Lib. Epist. 1315). N. attained this office in 360, but withdrew into private life as a loyal follower of Constantius [2] II in 361, when Julian was readying himself for a campaign again…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Nebuchadnezzar
(437 words)
(Akkadian Nabû-kudurri-uṣur). [German version] [1] King of the Second Dynasty of Isin Most eminent king (1124-1103 BC) of the so-called Second Dynasty of Isin, who is still present in the later tradition. In addition to military successes (campaigns to Elam and against Assyria) there are religious and literary activities. It is probably in the context of the retrieval of the statue of Marduk from Elam that Marduk was placed at the head of the Babylonian pantheon. It is also about this time that the Babylonian creation poem
Enūma Eliš originated. Oelsner, Joachim (Leipzig) Bibliography J.…
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Necessity
(919 words)
[German version] A. Concept The concept of necessity (ἀνάγκη/
anánkē, Latin
necessitas) is documented as early as pre-Socratic texts, where it refers both to normative bonds and to physical regularities. In the philosophy of the classical and Hellenistic periods, as well as of Late Antiquity, it was limited to physical, logical and to some degree metaphysical necessity. Detel, Wolfgang (Frankfurt/Main) [German version] B. Pre-Socratics In pre-Socratic texts, the concept of necessity is used without distinction for cosmic regularities and for normative bonds …
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Brill’s New Pauly
Nechepso
(214 words)
[German version] (Νεχεψῶ;
Nechepsȏ). N. and Petosiris (Πετόσιρις;
Petósiris),are often referred to together as ‘the ancient Egyptians’ with N. on his own as ‘the king; ’they are the pseudonyms of the authors of a reference book on astrology written around 150-120 BC. Entitled Ἀστρολογούμενα (
Astrologoúmena) and couched in a veil of mystical terminology supposedly in iambic senarii, it contained all the important teachings on Hellenistic astrology at that early date. It is possible that there was only one single author, that is to say, the…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Necho
(316 words)
Greek form of the name of two Egyptian kings. [German version] [1] N. I. Local ruler in the western Nile Delta (
Nkw). Local ruler in the western Nile Delta
c. 672-664 BC, father of Psammetichus I, the founder of the 26th Dynasty. N. was the only one of the Delta princes to be pardoned by Assurbanipal despite his participation in an anti-Assyrian conspiracy and was reinstalled as ruler in Saïs. According to Hdt. 2,152,3, N. was killed during the Nubians' advance north (probably in 664 under Tanutamun). Jansen-Winkeln, Karl (Berlin) [German version] [2] N. II. Egyptian king of the 26. …
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Brill’s New Pauly
Neck ornaments
(655 words)
[German version] A. Greece Neck ornaments famously play a role in the myth of Eriphyle, as they do in that of Scylla (Aesch. Choe. 613-622). The comedy
Plókion by Menander also deserves mention (cf. Plut. Mor. 2,141d; Gell. 2,23,6). In Aristaen. 1,1 the stones of the necklace are organised in such a way that they give the name of Lais. Neck ornaments (ἁλύσιον/
halúsion, κάθημα/
káthēma, μάννος/
mánnos, μανιάκης/
maniákēs, ὅρμος/
hormos, πλόκιον/
plókoin) as a chain or a rope, with and without pendants, have survived in great numbers throughout the Mediterranean since…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Necromancy
(309 words)
[German version] Divination technique, a form of symbolic communication with the dead outside the cult of the dead proper. Greek νέκυια/
nékyia, νεκυομαντεία/
nekyomanteía (borrowed into Latin) described the necromancy ritual and is the title of literary and visual representations (Plin. HN 35,132; Gell. NA 16,7,12; 20,6,6; Plut. Mor. 740e-f; Lucian. Menippus). There are hints of necromancy rituals in the so-called Magical Papyri (PGM VII 285; III 278; IV 222; 3rd or 4th cents. AD). The most detailed sources from anci…
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Necropoleis
(7,045 words)
[German version] I. Introduction The Greek word νεκρόπολις/
nekrópolis, ‘city of the dead’, is attested in Antiquity only in Strabo (17,1,10,14) as the name of a suburb of Alexandria [1] (Necropolis). Modern scholarship transfers the term necropolis to cemeteries of various cultures and time periods. General definitions as to shape and size do not exist. In this article, necropolis refers only to sites of a certain size and usually lying outside the settlements themselves. The size of a necropolis, the …
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Brill’s New Pauly